Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia
Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia | |||||||||||||||||
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Reichsgau of Nazi Germany | |||||||||||||||||
1939–1945 | |||||||||||||||||
Danzig | |||||||||||||||||
Government | |||||||||||||||||
Gauleiter | |||||||||||||||||
• 1939–1945 | Albert Forster | ||||||||||||||||
History | |||||||||||||||||
8 October 1939 | |||||||||||||||||
1 August 1945 | |||||||||||||||||
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Today part of | Poland |
Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia (
Before 2 November 1939, the Reichsgau was called Reichsgau West Prussia.[1] Though the name resembled that of the pre-1920 Prussian province of West Prussia, the territory was not identical. Unlike the former Prussian province, the Reichsgau included the Bromberg (Bydgoszcz) region in the south and lacked the Deutsch-Krone (Wałcz) region in the west.
The province's capital was Danzig (Gdańsk), and its population without the city was (in 1939) 1,487,452. The province's area was 26,056 km2, 21,237 km2 of which was annexed Danzig and Pomeranian territory.[1] During the Reichsgau's short existence, Poles and Jews in that area were subjected by Nazi Germany to extermination as "subhumans".
History
The
After the
In 1938, German
When
The Free City of Danzig comprised the Nazi Party's Gau Danzig which had been established in March 1926. The Gauleiters of Gau Danzig were:[5]
Hans Albert Hohnfeldt (March 1926 - June 1928)
Walter Maass, Acting (August 1928 - March 1929)
Erich Koch, Acting (March 1929 - September 1930)
Arthur Greiser, Acting (October 1930), and
Albert Forster (from 15 October 1930)
On 1 September 1939 at the start of the war, Germany immediately annexed the Free City of Danzig. Following the establishment of the new Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia on 8 October, Forster was named Gauleiter and Reichsstatthalter of the expanded territory on 26 October.[6]
Population
The Reichsgau was very heterogenous, like the territory, which comprised territory of the pre-war Danzig (completely), of Germany (West Prussia Government Region) and of Poland (roughly the Pomeranian Voivodeship), the population amounted to 2,179,000 altogether, with 1,494,000 Polish citizens of mostly Polish ethnicity, 408,000 Danzig citizens of mostly German ethnicity and 277,000 German citizens of mostly German ethnicity.[7] The German occupiers considered the Danzig and Polish citizenships as naught, due to the de facto abolition of these two states. Christian Danzigers and Christian Poles of German ethnicity were granted German citizenship, Jewish Danzigers, and Jewish Poles of which ethnicity so ever were denied the German citizenship. As to Christian Danzigers and Christian Poles of Polish ethnicity the acceptance as citizens was mostly denied, but under certain circumstances granted.
Extermination and expulsion of ethnic Poles and Jews by Nazi Germany
Nazi German policy aimed at extermination of Jewish and Polish population. Mass-murder sites in the region include:
- Stutthof concentration camp, where over 85,000 died (mostly Poles);
- Kashub intelligentsia and others were murdered.[8]
Nazi policy to exterminate the Polish and Jewish populations was conducted in several phases; the first stage occurred in September 1939.[9] The main Nazi responsible for genocide conducted in the Pomeranian Voivodeship was Gauleiter Albert Forster, who was involved in the mass murder and ethnic cleansing of Jews and ethnic Poles and enlisted to his program, often under threat of violence, Polish citizens—descendants of Germanic settlers—whom the Nazis saw as Germans. Forster declared that Poles must be eradicated: "We must exterminate this nation, starting from the cradle."[10][11][12]
The Reichsgau was the site of the Stutthof concentration camp and its sub camps where over 85,000 people were executed or died of illness, starvation or mistreatment. Of the 52,000 Jews who were sent to the camp only around 3,000 would survive.[13]
During the Winter of 1939/40 between 12,000 and 16,000 people were
Commander of the Selbstschutz Ludolf von Alvensleben told his men on 16 October 1939:
You are now the master race here. Nothing was yet built up through softness and weakness... That’s why I expect, just as our Führer Adolf Hitler expects from you, that you are disciplined, but stand together hard as Krupp steel. Don’t be soft, be merciless, and clear out everything that is not German and could hinder us in the work of construction.[14]
Jews did not figure prominently among the victims in West Prussia, as the area's Jewish population was small and most had fled before the Germans arrived. However, in places where they were present, they were expelled and murdered in what was classified as "other measures" which simply meant murder.[15] In areas where Jewish families or individuals remained, a "shameful situation" was proclaimed, and Nazi authorities expected the Selbstschutz to remedy it through "direct action".[16] In August 1943 around 500 Jews from a camp in the Pomeranian Voivodeship were sent to Auschwitz, out of which 434 were immediately killed upon arrival [17]
It is estimated that, by war's end, up to 60,000 people had been murdered in the region,[18] and up to 170,000 expelled.[19] though other estimates place the figure at around 35,000.[20] Forster himself reported that, by February 1940, 87,000 people had been "evacuated" from the region.[21]
Administration
Danzig-West Prussia was divided into three government regions (
In 1939 the
- Kreis Berent
- Danzig-Land (Rural)
- Danzig-Stadt City
- Dirschau
- Elbing-Land (Rural)
- Grosses Werder
- Karthaus
- Neustadt
- Zoppot City County (detached from Neustadt)
Regierungsbezirk Danzig Governing Presidents/Regierungspräsidenten:
- 1940–1943 – Fritz Hermann
- 1943–1945 – Albert Forster
The
The Wehrmacht established there the Wehrkreis XX, based at Danzig, under the command of
- General der Artillerie Walter Heitz (11 Sep 1939 - 23 Oct 1939) (as Befehlshaber Danzig-Westpreußen)
- General der Infanterie Max Bock (23 Oct 1939 - 30 Apr 1943)
- General der Infanterie Bodewin Keitel (30 Apr 1943 - 30 Nov 1944)
- General der Infanterie Karl-Wilhelm Specht (1 Dec 1944 - ? Jan 1945)[22]
Post-war
In March 1945, the region was reclaimed by Poland, and the Nazi governor, Albert Forster, was later sentenced to death and executed for crimes against humanity. The German population (including wartime settlers, Nazis, and military officials) either fled or was expelled.
See also
References
- ^ ISBN 0-7656-0665-8
- ISBN 3-486-58206-2
- ^ "Erlaß des Führers und Reichskanzlers über die Gliederung und Verwaltung der Ostgebiete"
- ^ ISBN 3-486-58206-2
- ISBN 978-1932970210.
- ISBN 978-1932970210.
- ISBN 3-412-04100-9.
- ^ Elżbieta Maria Grot, custodian of Stutthof State Museum, "Ludobójstwo w Piaśnicy jesienią 1939 r. ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem losu mieszkańców Gdyni" ("Mass Murder in Piaśnica in Autumn 1939, with Particular Reference to the Fates of Residents of Gdynia") [1]
- Pomorze: Stages of Extermination"), Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej (Bulletin of the Institute of National Remembrance), 2004, no. 5.
- Auschwitz), Wydawnictwo Sióstr Loretanek (published by the Sisters of Loreto), 1 January 2003, p. 14.
- ^ "Szczególny niepokój wywołała wśród mieszkańców jego wyraźna zapowiedź akcji zagłady Polaków, streszcząjąca się choćby w tym jednym zdaniu: 'Musimy ten naród wytępić od kołyski począwszy.'" ("Particular concern was evoked among inhabitants by his clear declaration of his intent to exterminate Poles, summarized in his statement: 'We must exterminate this nation, starting from the cradle.'") Barbara Bojarska, Piaśnica, miejsce martyrologii i pamięci: z badań nad zbrodniami hilerowskimi na Pomorzu (Piaśnica, Place of Martyrdom and Remembrance: Investigations into Nazi Crimes in Pomorze), 1989, p. 20.
- Danzig Proconsul: Nazi Crimes in Gdańsk and East Prussia), Gdańsk, POLNORD, 2002, p. 388.
- ^ Gilbert, M (2012), The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust, Routledge, p. 252.
- ISBN 978-0-14-192581-3.
- ^ The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy.. By Christopher R. Browning, page 34.
- ^ The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy.. By Christopher R. Browning, page 35.
- ^ Jewish Forced Labor Under the Nazis: Economic Needs and Racial Aims, 1938-1944. - Page 211. Wolf Gruner, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - 2006 - "On August 21, 1943, a transport with 500 Jews from the Pomeranian Autobahn camp pulled into Auschwitz. Only sixty-six men were selected for the camp; the rest were immediately murdered."
- ^ Paweł Kosiński, Barbara Polak, "Nie zamierzam podejmować żadnej polemiki – wywiad z prof. Witoldem Kuleszą" ("'I'm Not Getting into Any Polemics': An Interview with Prof. Witold Kulesza"), Biuletyn IPN (Bulletin of the Institute of National Remembrance), no. 12-1 (35-36), grudzień-styczeń (December–January) 2003-2004, pp. 4-23.
- Biuletyn IPN (Bulletin of the Institute of National Remembrance), no. 5/2004 (maj [May] 2004).
- ^ Martin Gilbert, The Second World War, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1989, p.27.
- ^ Browning, p. 33.
- ^ Axis History
Sources
- (in German) Shoa.de - List of Gaue and Gauleiter
- (in German) Die NS Gaue at the Deutsches Historisches Museumwebsite.
- (in German) Die Gaue der NSDAP