Reims campaign

Coordinates: 50°57′29″N 1°51′11″E / 50.9580°N 1.8530°E / 50.9580; 1.8530
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Reims campaign
Part of the Hundred Years' War

Edward III before Reims
Date28 October 1359 – 8 May 1360
Location50°57′29″N 1°51′11″E / 50.9580°N 1.8530°E / 50.9580; 1.8530
Result

French Victory

Belligerents
Kingdom of England Kingdom of France
Commanders and leaders
Earl of Warwick
Dauphin Charles

The Reims campaign took place during the Hundred Years' War. It occurred after the French de facto government rejected the terms of the Treaty of London and consequently Edward III of England organised and commanded an expeditionary army to gain by force what he had failed to win by diplomacy. On 28 October 1359 Edward landed at Calais, and advanced to Reims, where he hoped to be crowned king of France. The strenuous resistance of the citizens frustrated this scheme, and Edward marched into Burgundy, and then he made his way back towards Paris. Failing in an attack on the capital, he was glad to conclude, on 8 May 1360, preliminaries of peace at Brétigny, near Chartres. This treaty, less onerous to France than that of London, took its final form when Edward and John ratified the treaty in Calais on 9 October 1360. By it Edward renounced his claim to France in return for Aquitaine and other French territories in full sovereignty.[1]

Prelude

After his defeat and capture at the

Black Prince to England, where he remained a prisoner of Edward III of England
.

In March 1359 the

Etienne Marcel in Paris it was further weakened. This treaty was however repudiated by Charles, the regent of France, with the consent of the Estates General, and so Edward prepared for war.[2]

The

Henry, Duke of Lancaster to satisfy them by leading them on a plundering expedition.[2]

Expedition

Having raised an immense force, and furnished it with everything that could be needed during a long campaign, Edward III sailed from

Guillen on the borders of the duchy, encamped there on 19 February, and remained till mid-Lent.[2]

On 10 March Duke Philip bought Edward III off by a payment of two hundred thousand gold 'moutons',[6] and he then marched to Paris and encamped between Montlhéry and Châtres, lodging at the castle of Saint-Germain-lès-Arpajon. Edward did not succeed in provoking Charles, the regent of France, to battle, and on 6 April marched towards the Loire, intending to refresh his men in Brittany and commence operations again later in the year.[2] However, on 13 April 1360 (Black Monday), the English army was hit by a hailstorm and suffered a loss of over 1,000.[7] Meanwhile, on 15 March, a French fleet had appeared at Winchelsea, carrying a large force of soldiers, who plundered the town and were at last driven to their ships.

These events improved the French position and Charles, the regent of France, now pressed for peace. The

Edward, the Black Prince took the principal part on the English side in the negotiations, and the preliminary truce arranged at Chartres on 7 May was drawn up by proctors acting in his name and the name of Charles, Duke of Normandy, the regent of France.[8] The terms of the Treaty of Brétigny at Brétigny, near Chartres were agreed on 8 May.[2]

Aftermath

By the terms of the Treaty of Brétigny the whole of the ancient province of Aquitaine, together with Calais, Guisnes, and Ponthieu, was ceded to Edward. Edward renounced his claim to the crown, to the provinces north of the Loire, and to the overlordship of Flanders. The right to Brittany was left undecided, and provision was made that any future struggle for the duchy between the two competitors should not involve a breach of the treaty. The ransom to be paid for King John II, was fixed at three million gold crowns, at an exchange rate of two to the noble, six thousand to be paid in four months, and hostages to be delivered, and the king to be then set free. It is noted that a nineteen or twenty year old Geoffrey Chaucer was captured at this siege but was ransomed by Edward III for £16. These terms were slightly more favourable to the French compared to the Treaty of London.

Edward returned thanks in the

cathedral of Chartres, and then embarked at Honfleur,[9] landing at Rye on 18 May. On 9 October Edward crossed to Calais, and on the 24 October, with some amendments, finally ratified the Treaty of Brétigny,[10] in the church of Saint-Nicolas, received payment and hostages, and liberating John II, to whom he accorded the title of king of France.[11] Edward returned to England at the beginning of November and kept Christmas at Woodstock.[12]

Notes

  1. ^ Tout 1911, p. 995.
  2. ^ a b c d e Hunt 1889, p. 62.
  3. ^ Hunt 1889, p. 62 cites Fœdera iii. 452; Hardy 1869, p. 404.
  4. ^ Hunt 1889, p. 62 cites Jehan le Bel, vol. ii. p. 251).
  5. ^ Hunt 1889, p. 62 cites Cont. Will, of Nangis, ii. 297.
  6. ^ Hunt 1889, p. 62 cites Fœdera, iii 473; Hardy 1869, p. 406.
  7. ^ History.com, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/hail-kills-english-troops, viewed on 3 January 2021
  8. ^ Hunt 1889, p. 95.
  9. ^ "Not Harfleur as Froissart has it, for it was then in French hands" (Hunt 1889, p. 62)
  10. ^ Hardy 1869, p. 411.
  11. ^ Hunt 1889, p. 62 cites Fœdera, iii. pp. 515 sq; Hardy 1869, p. 411.
  12. ^ Hunt 1889, p. 63 cites Walsingham, i. 294.

References

  • Rymer, Thomas (composer) (1869). Hardy, Sir Thomas Duffus (ed.). Syllabus (in English) of the documents relating to England and other kingdoms contained in the collection known as "Rymer's Foedera.". Vol. I. Public Record Office. pp. 404, 406, 411.
  • Hunt, William (1889). "Edward the Black Prince" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 17. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 58.

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