Reineh
Reine
| ||
---|---|---|
NIG 179/236 | 229/736 | |
District | Northern | |
Area | ||
• Total | 10,902 dunams (10.902 km2 or 4.209 sq mi) | |
Population (2022)[1] | ||
• Total | 19,397 | |
• Density | 1,800/km2 (4,600/sq mi) |
Reineh (
History
Archaeological remains dating from the
have been found here.A 2,000-year-old Jewish workshop for creating stone vessels has been unearthed in Reineh. It dates to the Roman period. The analysis of the site and its artifacts suggests a rigorous adherence to purity laws among Galilean Jews, akin to the practices of Jews of Judea.[8]
Pottery imported from Syria and Italy in the 14th–16th century CE found here, indicate that the village had a strong economy in the Mamluk period.[7]
Ottoman period
In 1517, the village was included in the
In 1837, Reineh was badly damaged in the Galilee earthquake. William McClure Thomson travelled in the region three weeks afterwards, and described how Reineh, (which he called Rumaish), was mostly destroyed, with thirty deaths occurring as people were crushed in their homes. Many more would have suffered the same had they not been at evening prayers at the church there, which was a small building that was not seriously damaged.[13][14] A total of 200 people were killed in Reineh.[15]
In 1838; the population of Reineh was described as being
In 1875
In 1881, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described it: "A large village of well-built houses, containing about 500 Christians and Moslems. There are two springs south of the village; one, called 'Ain Kana. It is surrounded by arable ground and olive-groves. There is a church in the village."[19]
A population list from about 1887 showed that Reineh had about 1150 inhabitants; half Muslims and half Christians.[20]
British Mandatory period
In the
The 1927 earthquake hit Reineh worse than the other villages in the area, and afterwards the Christians started rebuilding in the area called "New Reineh".[25]
In the 1945 statistics Reineh (Er Reina) had a population of 1,290; 500 Christians and 790 Muslims.[26] The total land area was 16,029 dunams; 15,899 owned by Arabs and the rest, 130 dunams, were public land.[27] Of this, 915 were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 10,451 for cereals, 10 for citrus and bananas,[28] while 139 dunams were classified as built-up (urban) areas.[29]
1948–1949
Reineh was conquered by Israeli forces in July 1948, during Operation Dekel.[30] In September, 14 Arab residents were reportedly killed by Israeli authorities after they had been detained near the village, brought into Reineh and accused of smuggling weapons. The victims included a young Bedouin woman, and Yusuf al-Turki, a member of the "Land of Israel Workers Alliance".[31]
In December 1948/January 1949 it was proposed that
Cana
In 1878 Claude Reignier Conder suggested that the small spring south of Reineh, named "Ain Kana", was the location of biblical Cana.[21][34]
Archaeology
In Reineh, Israel, archaeologists uncovered a Jewish factory for producing stone vessels dating back to the Roman period. The site, which includes a chalk cave functioning as both a quarry and a workshop, provides evidence that Galilean Jewish communities adhered to purity laws with the same rigor as those in Judea. The site yielded numerous findings, such as stone cores and partially completed vessels, which are consistent with types used in Jewish ritual purification practices. The Reineh workshop is the fourth of its kind in Israel, with similar workshops found at Hizma and at Jebel Mukaber (both in the vicinity of Jerusalem) and another one close to Reineh.[8]
The discovery of the workshop in Reineh contributed to the historical understanding of Jewish religious life in ancient Galilee. It suggests that the observance of purity laws, previously thought to be weaker in Galilee compared to Judea, was in fact similarly strict. This is supported by the production scale of stone vessels, which were preferred over pottery due to religious beliefs about purity derived from Levitical law.[8]
See also
References
- ^ a b "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
- ^ a b c d Mokary, 2017, Er-Reina
- ^ Israel populations: Reine
- ^ a b c Zidan, 2016, Er-Reina (North), Highway 79
- ^ a b Jaffe, 2012, Er-Reina
- ^ a b c d e Kapul, 2018, Er-Reina
- ^ a b c Bisharat, 2017, Er-Reina
- ^ a b c "2,000-year Old Stoneware Factory in Israel Shows Galilee Jews Were as Zealous as Judeans". Haaretz. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
- ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 188. Note that they have a typo; they write a total of 9000 Akçe, while the correct sum is 9480
- ^ Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied from the Safad-district was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9
- ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 167
- ^ Seetzen, 1854, p. 150
- ^ Thomson, 1859, p. 429
- ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, p. 209
- ^ Nicholas N. Ambraseys (1997). "The earthquake of 1 January 1837 in Southern Lebanon and Northern Israel" (PDF). p. 934.
- ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3 2nd appendix, p. 132
- ^ Robinson and Smith, 1856, p. 630
- ^ Guérin, 1880, p. 165: "Le 22 juin, après un jour de repos passé à Nazareth, je me remets en marche à cinq heures du matin, dans la direction du nord-est, puis du nord-nord-est. A cinq heures trente-trois minutes, je passe à côté d'une source abondante, appelée A'ïn er-Reineh. Près du petit bassin qui la recueille a été placé, en guise d'auge, un sarcophage antique, dont la cuve est ornée extérieurement de disques et de guirlandes de fleurs assez élégamment sculptés. Cette source arrose des jardins plantés de figuiers et de grenadiers. Le village de Reineh s'étend sur les pentes méridionales d'une colline à laquelle il est adossé. Il renferme environ huit cents habitants, moitié Musulmans et moitié Grecs schismatiques. Il faut joindre à ceux-ci quelques protestants. Une mission anglaise s'est, en effet, établie en cet endroit depuis plusieurs années, et y a fondé une école."
- ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 363
- ^ Schumacher, 1888, p. 182
- ^ a b Conder, 1878, p. 154
- ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Nazareth, p. 38
- ^ Barron 1923, Table XVI, p. 51
- ^ Mills 1932, p. 75
- ^ Reineh church enlargement, Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 8
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 62
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 110
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 60
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. 421
- ^ Adam Raz, Classified docs reveal massacres of Palestinians in '48 – and what Israeli leaders knew Haaretz, 9 December 2021. Archived 2021-12-09 at archive.today
- ^ Morris, 2004, p.516 note 84, p. 541; p. 517
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. 517
- ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 374: "'Ain Kana: A of good supply perennial water, flowing in a stream in the valley. The spring is surrounded with masonry, and near it is a masonry tank."
Bibliography
- Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine – via Internet Archive.
- Bisharat, Eyad (2017-10-03). "Er-Reina". Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel (129).
- Conder, C.R. (1878). Tent Work in Palestine: A Record of Discovery and Adventure. Vol. I. R. Bentley & Son – via Internet Archive.
- Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund – via Internet Archive.
- ISBN 0-860549-05-4. (p. 683)
- Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.
- Guérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale – via Internet Archive.
- Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
- Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
- Jaffe, Gilad Bezal'el (2012-12-31). "Er-Reina Final Report". Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel (124).
- Kapul, Reuven (2018-02-26). "Er-Reina". Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel (129).
- Karmon, Y. (1960). "An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine" (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 10 (3, 4): 155–173, 244–253.
- Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine – via Internet Archive.
- Mokary, Abdalla (2012-09-19). "Er-Reina Final Report". Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel (124).
- ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
- Neubauer, A. (1868). La géographie du Talmud: mémoire couronné par l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres (in French). Paris: Lévy – via Internet Archive. (p. 277)
- Palmer, E. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund – via Internet Archive. (p. 132)
- Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster – via Internet Archive.
- Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1856). Later Biblical Researches in Palestine and adjacent regions: A Journal of Travels in the year 1852. London: John Murray.
- Schumacher, G. (1888). "Population list of the Liwa of Akka". Quarterly Statement – Palestine Exploration Fund. 20: 169–191 – via Internet Archive.
- Seetzen, U.J. (1854). Ulrich Jasper Seetzen's Reisen durch Syrien, Palästina, Phönicien, die Transjordan-länder, Arabia Petraea und Unter-Aegypten (in German). Vol. 2. Berlin: G. Reimer.
- Thomson, W.M. (1859). The Land and the Book: Or, Biblical Illustrations Drawn from the Manners and Customs, the Scenes and Scenery, of the Holy Land. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). New York: Harper & brothers – via Internet Archive. (p. 439)
- Zidan, Omar (2016-12-29). "Er-Reina (North), Highway 79". Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel (128).
External links
- Information on Reina on Palestinian web site
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 6: IAA, Wikimedia commons