Film distribution

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Release window
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Film distribution, also called film exhibition or film distribution and exhibition, is the process of making a movie available for viewing to an audience. This is normally the task of a professional

release strategy for the film, the media by which a film is to be exhibited or made available for viewing and other matters. The film may be exhibited directly to the public either through a movie theater or television, or personal home viewing (including physical media, video-on-demand, download, television programs through broadcast syndication). For commercial projects, film distribution is usually accompanied by film promotion
.

History

Initially, all mass-marketed feature films were made to be shown in movie theaters. The identity of the first theater designed specifically for cinema is a matter of debate; candidates include Tally's Electric Theatre, established 1902 in Los Angeles,[1] and Pittsburgh's Nickelodeon, established 1905.[2] Thousands of such theaters were built or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[3] In the United States, these theaters came to be known as nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).

Avg. number of movies watched in cinemas in 2013 per person per year[4]
Rank Country Number of movies viewed
1  South Korea 4.12
2  United States 3.88
3  Australia 3.75
4  France 3.44
5  India 4.14

Distributors license films to theaters granting the right to show the film for a theatrical rental rental fee. The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as film rental fees.[5] The actual percentage starts with a number higher than that and decreases as the duration of a film's showing continues, as an incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters for less than 8 weeks. There are a few movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start in only a few theaters and actually grow their theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews.[citation needed] According to a 2000 study by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% came from VHS and DVD sales to consumers; and 28% came from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[5]

Typically, one film is the featured presentation (or

trailers
) and paid advertisements.

The development of

laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision – see also videodisc
), and Internet downloads may be available and are revenue sources for film production companies.

Theatrical distribution

Pre-studio era film release

Prior to the decline of the Motion Picture Patents Company (Edison Trust) in 1915, there were two main forms of film distribution: states rights and roadshow.[7]

Under the states rights system, films were sold on a local, territorial basis. The local salesperson would then play the film as often as they desired in an attempt to make as much profit as possible. Film copyright holders would sell rights of a movie directly to the theater or franchise salesperson,[8] typically on a foot-by-foot basis for 10 cents a foot.[7] Absent major studios or national theater franchises, this system was generally the best way to ensure national release of a film, particularly for shorter films. However, in terms of profitability, the states rights system was not the most effective way to screen feature-length films since the film's producers only made money on the initial sale of each film copy.

This method also made it possible to screen films of various genre which may be illegal in one state but legal in another.[8]

With the roadshow system, the producer would enter into an agreement with each theater, with priority given to large-seating and famous theaters. Money would be made via ticket sales. A movie's showing would be limited to drive up demand and to help create a sense of prestige.[7] Although this method helped increase film earnings for the producer, given its nature, a movie's release would only be at the regional level. Some of the first road show films were the Italian film Cabiria (1914) and the American The Birth of a Nation (1915).[9]

Standard release

The standard release routine for a movie is regulated by a business model[10] called "release windows". The release windows system was first conceived in the 1970s as a strategy to keep different instances of a movie from competing with each other,[11] allowing the movie to take advantage of different markets (cinema, home video, TV, etc.) at different times.

In the standard process in 1979 in the United States, a movie was first released through

movie theaters (theatrical window), then released to pay television for a short run before being re-released in theaters. It then returned to pay television before being made available for free-to-air television.[12]

Currently, after a movie is released through movie theaters, it is released to home video and VOD services. After an additional period, it is usually released to pay television, and then made available for free-to-air television.[13]

Simultaneous release

A simultaneous release takes place when a movie is made available on many media (cinema, DVD, VOD) at the same time or with very little difference in timing.

Simultaneous releases offer great advantages to both consumers, who can choose the medium that most suits their needs, and production studios that only have to run one marketing campaign for all releases. The flip side, though, is that such distribution efforts are often regarded as experimental and thus do not receive substantial investment or promotion.

Simultaneous release approaches have gained both praise, with investor Mark Cuban claiming movies should simultaneously be made available on all media allowing viewers to choose whether to see it at home or at the theater,[14] and disapproval, with director M. Night Shyamalan claiming it could potentially destroy the "magic" of moviegoing.[15]

Cinema owners can be affected if they have to share their opportunity window, especially at the beginning of the movie lifecycle, since, according to Disney, about 95% of all box office tickets for a film are sold within the first six weeks after initial distribution.[16]

Among relevant simultaneous release attempts are

The Road to Guantanamo
(2006).

Shrinking of the theatrical window

Between 1967 and 1974, the average theatrical window in the United States between a film's theatrical release and its showing on TV was just over five years.

Major movie studios reportedly pushed to shrink the theatrical window in an attempt to make up for the substantial losses in the DVD market suffered since the 2004 sales peak. These attempts have encountered the firm opposition of theater owners, whose profits depend solely upon attendance and therefore benefit from keeping a movie available on their screens.[10][23]

In early 2010,

2010 World Cup.[10] In response to such statements, theater owners made threats not to show the movie on their screens,[24] but later reconsidered their position before the movie was released.[25] As of 2019, most major theater chains mandated an exclusivity window of 90 days before release on physical home video and rental availability, and 74–76 days before digital sell-through.[26]

Other strategies are also being deployed in order to make up for slow DVD sales. Most major studios have considered making movies available to

Pay TV.[27]

Producers of relatively

sci-fi movie Monsters has also undergone the same release timetable.[citation needed] After Netflix bought the worldwide distribution rights to Beasts of No Nation, the film was simultaneously released theatrically and online through its subscription video-on-demand (SVOD) service on October 16, 2015.[28]

In late 2018, five of the major Hollywood studios, including

CEO Bob Iger stated that the theatrical window is working for the company and they had no plans to adjust it.[30]

COVID-19 pandemic influence

During the

Disney releasing Onward for purchase 15 days after theatrical release and streaming on Disney+ 29 days after theatrical release.[32][33] Sonic the Hedgehog, I Still Believe, and The Invisible Man also became available for in-home on-demand viewing after a theatrical run shorter than usual in the wake of widespread theatre closures.[32][31] As a result of the controversy surrounding the shrinking and even elimination of the theatrical window, in April 2020 AMC Theatres stated it would no longer screen films made by Universal Pictures after Trolls World Tour was made available for video on demand purchases simultaneous to its theatrical release.[34][35][36]

In November 2020,

HBO Max, with theaters granted a higher 60% take of box office sales.[37] In December 2020, Warner Bros. announced it would release its entire 2021 theatrical slate simultaneously in theaters and on HBO Max for 30 days.[38] AMC Theatres CEO Adam Aron criticized the plan.[39]

However, this would be short-lived, because in March 2021, it was announced that Warner Bros. would discontinue same-day releases in 2022, as part of an agreement the studio reached with Cineworld (who operates Regal Cinemas) and will instead use a 45-day exclusive release window for theaters.[40] Most recently,[when?] the parent company has reached an agreement for a 17-day and a 31-day theatrical window with Universal Pictures and has agreed on a deal with Walt Disney Pictures to show its movies in U.S. and U.K. theaters.[citation needed]

Other distribution methods

Some films may be made specifically for non-theatrical formats, being released as a "

movie studios upon completion may be distributed through these markets.[citation needed
]

Straight-to-video release

Further information: Direct-to-video

A direct-to-video release (also called "straight-to-DVD" or "straight-to-Blu-ray", depending on media used for film distribution) occurs when a movie is released on home video formats (such as VHS, DVD, etc.) without being released in theaters first, thereby not taking into consideration the "theatrical window".

As a result of strong DVD sales, straight-to-video releases achieved higher success and were noted in 2005 to have become a profitable market,[41][42] especially for independent filmmakers and distributors.[43]

Internet release

Feature films released directly to

Zeitgeist: The Movie (2007), The Cult of Sincerity (2008), Home (2009), Life in a Day (2011) and Eyes and Ears of God: Video Surveillance of Sudan
(2012).

See also

References

  1. ^ "Tally's Electric Theatre". Cinema Treasures. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
  2. ^ McNulty, Timothy (2005-06-19). "You saw it here first: Pittsburgh's Nickelodeon introduced the moving picture theater to the masses in 1905". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 2007-01-25.
  3. ^ "Pre-Nickelodeon/ Nickelodeon". A Theater Near You: Washington Theater Memorabilia from the collection of Robert Headley. University of Maryland Special Collections. Archived from the original on 30 July 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
  4. ^ "Koreans are No. 1 moviegoers in the world". The Korea Times.
  5. ^ a b "PBS Frontline: The Monster that Ate Hollywood: Anatomy of a Monster: Now Playing ... And playing ... And playing ..." pbs.org. Retrieved June 23, 2007.
  6. ^ "Timeline/Fun Facts," Broadcasting & Cable, Nov. 21, 2011.
  7. ^ a b c J.A. Aberdeen (2005). "The Early Film Business - Distribution: States Rights or Road Show". Cobblestone Entertainment. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
  8. ^
    ISBN 9780814330081
    . Retrieved March 9, 2015.
  9. ISBN 9780786460625
    . Retrieved March 9, 2015.
  10. ^ a b c Ethan Smith; Lauren Cathode (12 February 2010). "Movie Studios Push to Unlock VHS Release Dates". Wall Street Journal.
  11. ^ a b "Hollywood's death spiral". Slate Magazine. 25 July 2005.
  12. ^ a b "Pay-Cable Men Assurance To Theatres: "Don't Worry"". Variety. February 28, 1979. p. 17.
  13. ^
    Daily Variety
    . p. 8.
  14. ^ "Mark Cuban's distribution revolution". Slate Magazine. 24 October 2005.
  15. ^ "Director Warns of Big Screens' Extinction". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  16. ^ "DVDS of films to be sold 3 months after cinema release". The Telegraph. 19 February 2010. Archived from the original on 2022-01-11.
  17. ^ "Ask FCC To Ban Theatre Pix On TV Til Cable Gets 1st Crack". Variety. October 9, 1974. p. 57.
  18. ^ Gelman, Morrie (October 8, 1980). "Hirschfield: Stake In New Media Crucial". Variety. p. 5.
  19. Daily Variety
    . p. 1.
  20. ^
    Daily Variety
    . p. 182.
  21. Daily Variety
    . July 16, 1985. p. 1.
  22. ^ "Theatrical Release Window". NATO. 2013-07-20. Retrieved 2019-09-15.
  23. ^ a b Lauren A.E. Schuker; Ethan Smith (22 May 2010). "Hollywood Eyes Shortcut to TV". Wall Street Journal.
  24. ^ Pamela McClintock. "'Alice' stirs more exhib ire". Variety. Archived from the original on February 5, 2013. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  25. ^ Reuters Editorial (19 February 2010). "Disney and UK theater chain reach deal on 'Alice'". Reuters. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  26. ^ "Netflix Forgoes Wide Release for Martin Scorsese's 'The Irishman'". The Hollywood Reporter. 27 August 2019. Retrieved 2019-10-05.
  27. ^ "Relativity Media To Stream Movies On Netflix Instead Of Premium Cable". Slashfilm. 6 July 2010.
  28. ^ Hurwitz (March 3, 2015). "Netflix to stream 'Beasts of No Nation'". USA TODAY.
  29. ^ Lang, Brent (2017-02-23). "Studios Push for $50 Early Home Movie Rentals, but Negotiations Are Complex (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved 2018-11-07.
  30. ^ Lindahl, Chris (2020-02-04). "Disney Soothes Exhibitors, Says It Loves Theaters Just As Much As Disney+". IndieWire. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
  31. ^ a b c "All the movies streaming early amid coronavirus theater closures: 'Onward,' 'Sonic the Hedgehog,' 'I Still Believe'". USA Today. Retrieved 2020-03-19.
  32. ^ a b "NBCUniversal will break the theatrical window to release 'The Invisible Man' and other movies on-demand". TechCrunch. 16 March 2020. Retrieved 2020-03-17.
  33. ^ Gartenberg, Chaim (2020-03-20). "Disney releases Onward for digital purchase two weeks after its theatrical premiere". The Verge. Retrieved 2020-03-20.
  34. ^ AMC bans Universal films from its theaters over Trolls World Tour CNN, April 29, 2020
  35. ^ AMC, largest cinema chain in US, announces boycott of Universal theguardian.com April 29, 2020
  36. ^ Universal and AMC are quarreling: What it says about Hollywood cnbc.com April 30, 2020
  37. ^ Rubin, Rebecca (2020-11-18). "'Wonder Woman 1984' to Debut Both on HBO Max and in Theaters". Variety. Retrieved 2020-12-05.
  38. ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved 2020-12-05.
  39. ^ Keane, Sean. "AMC Theatres boss criticizes Warner Bros. for HBO Max 2021 release plans". CNET. Retrieved 2020-12-05.
  40. ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony; Tartaglione, Nancy (March 23, 2021). "Regal Cinemas To Reopen In April; Parent Cineworld & Warner Bros Reach Multi-Year Deal To Show WB Films In U.S. & UK". Deadline. Retrieved March 24, 2021. Cineworld and Warner Bros have also hatched a multi-year agreement that will see the No. 2 global exhibitor show the studio's 2021 theatrical and HBO Max day-and-date titles in the U.S. as of their theatrical release. Then, beginning in 2022, Warner Bros theatrical films will have a 45-day window of theatrical exclusivity at Cineworld's Regal chain.
  41. ^ Scott Hettrick. "Spending on DVDs up 10%". Variety. Archived from the original on February 8, 2013. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  42. ^ "DVD Exclusive Online". Archived from the original on 15 May 2006.
  43. ^ Lerman, Laurence (September 17, 2001). "Independents' 'Bread and Butter'". Video Business 21 (38): Section: Video Premieres

External links

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