Religion in Antarctica

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Chapel of the Snows, Antarctica

Religion in Antarctica is largely dominated by

historical monuments
.

Religious Composition Of Antarctica[1]

  Christianity (70.8%)
  No Religion (24.1%)
  Islam (3.1%)
  Hinduism (1.2%)
  Buddhism (0.5%)
  Others (0.4%)

Beginnings

Memorial cross at Cape Evans

The first

real presence. In his diary, Spencer-Smith records when he celebrated Eucharist and how many were present. He also records when he heard confession on the continent. Spencer-Smith was the first clergyman to land in Antarctica, the first to celebrate the Eucharist and the first to die and be buried there.[2]

A cross on Wind Vane Hill, Cape Evans, was erected by the

Ross Sea Party, led by Captain Aeneas Mackintosh, of Sir Ernest Shackleton’s Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914–1917, in memory of three members of the party who died in the vicinity in 1916. The cross has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 17), following a proposal by New Zealand and the United Kingdom to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting.[3]

The first

ecumenical
services.

Although they are used mostly for Christian worship, the

Buddhist and Baháʼí Faith ceremonies. Some of the buildings are among historically important sites and under protection, such as the Chilean Captain Arturo Prat Base's wooden cross and a Statue of Our Lady of the Carmel.[5]

History (including the subantarctic islands)

Christ Church Cathedral on the Falklands and whalebone arch
The Norwegian Lutheran Church at Grytviken, South Georgia

Around 1900,

Jesuits, which have had a long tradition of geophysical research in Antarctica, contributed as well to the early Antarctic missions. Notable Jesuit scholars like Edward A. Bradley, Henry F. Birkenhauer, J. Joseph Lynch and Daniel J. Linehan have been among those.[7]

The first churches south of the Antarctic Convergence and north of 60° S latitude (and thus not part of the Antarctic Treaty System) are Notre-Dame des Vents at Port-aux-Français on the main island of Kerguelen and the Norwegian Lutheran Church, a former Lutheran chapel in Grytviken, South Georgia (since 1913). After years of abandonment and weathering the harsh elements of the region (roof damaged in 1994), the Grytviken church was renovated by the keepers of South Georgia Museum and volunteers in 1996–1998 and now serves for occasional church services and marriage ceremonies.[8]

Some churches north of the Antarctic Convergence serve Antarctic territories, such as the

South Georgia and the British Antarctic Territory. Punta Arenas in the southern tip of the South American mainland (just north of Tierra del Fuego) also has a Roman Catholic cathedral, which serves the Chilean Antarctic Territory
.

Christians have increasingly turned toward Internet communications for fellowship in the 21st century.[9]

Notable buildings

See also: List of Antarctic churches
Orthodox cross
and Ivan Khmara's Stone on the island

Out of nearly 90 stations in Antarctica, half are only used in summer months. Most research stations have a small meeting room dual-purposed for religious assemblies.[10] Larger stations and communities use a separate room, often a makeshift steel container for religious purposes.[10]

The

Chapel of the Snows was erected in 1956 as a Christian chapel used by several denominations, at McMurdo Station, Ross Island. The Chapel offers various Protestant and Catholic services, but also allows for meetings of other religions, such as Latter-day Saints, Baháʼís and Buddhists and is used as well for secular groups (e.g. Alcoholics Anonymous
). The chapel had been rebuilt after a fire in 1978 and was reconsecrated in 1989.

Catholic sites

The majority of Catholic Antarctic sites exist due to the Argentine presence on the Continent. The Worldwide Antarctic Program [

Belgrano II Base at Coats Land.[citation needed] It is a permanent Catholic chapel made entirely of ice.[12]

Further dedicated religious buildings are the

Chapel of Santisima Virgen de Lujan, Antarctica, a Catholic chapel at Marambio Base, Seymour Island, San Francisco de Asis Chapel, a Catholic chapel at Esperanza Base, Antarctic Peninsula and Santa Maria Reina de la Paz Church, a Catholic church at the Villa Las Estrellas, South Shetland Islands. Santa María Reina de la Paz is a repurposed container allowing for 36 persons to convene.[13]

There is a small Catholic shrine near

Carmelite nuns in New Zealand.[citation needed
]

Eastern Orthodox Christian revival

A view of Trinity Church, 2005

Religious activities were halted during the Soviet Antarctic Expedition. However, this changed with the fall of the Soviet Union and Communism within Central and Eastern Europe
.

The St. Ivan Rilski Chapel, a Bulgarian Orthodox chapel at St. Kliment Ohridski Base, South Shetland Islands was built in 2003 and is the first Eastern Orthodox edifice in Antarctica, and was the southernmost Eastern Orthodox building of worship in the world till 2011 when St Volodymyr (Vladimir the Great) Chapel at Ukrainian Vernadsky Research Base was erected.

The

German Democratic Republic and Switzerland who died in the performance of their duties while serving as members of Soviet and Russian Antarctic expeditions. It has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 9) following a proposal by Russia to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting.[3]

In 2002

Trinity Church, Antarctica, a Russian Orthodox church at Bellingshausen Station, South Shetland Islands.[15][16] The Church is being positioned as a widely visible landmark[10] and is maintained by the Moscow Patriarch.[17] It was first maintained by a single priest. In the meanwhile two priests maintain the services, which are being exchanged annually. They both contribute to the maintenance of the overall station.[18] 29 January 2007, saw the first church wedding on Antarctica, between a Chilean and Russian.[18][19] The first baptism (for adults) also took place there.[20]

Islam

While the

Muslims to Antarctica in 1991,[21] there are no mosques on the continent or on any of the outlying islands, as there is yet no consensus as to observing Islamic religious customs.[22]

It would also be impossible to fast for the month of Ramadan for an entire solar day during the summer in the Southern Hemisphere, so alternatives to this problem have been proposed by multiple sources. It has been reported that Muslim scientists on Antarctica use Mecca time for Ramadan fasting. [citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Religious Composition Of Antarctica - WorldAtlas". worldatlas.com. 25 April 2017.
  2. ^ a b Paveley, Rebecca (31 May 2019). "'Inspiring' eucharist held in Antarctica". London: Church Times. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  3. ^ a b "List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2012)" (PDF). Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  4. ^ William Menster, Strong Men South, 1949 Bruce Pub. Co. Milwaukee
  5. ^ HSM 35: Virgin of Carmen Statue in Antarctic Protected Areas Database)
  6. ^ Compare Geology and Religion: A History of Harmony and Hostility, Martina Kölbl-Ebert, S. 142, Geological Society, 2009
  7. ISBN 0-12-440652-1 ([1], p. 24, at Google Books
    )
  8. ^ "Grytviken Church (Whalers Church)". Wondermondo. 31 December 2011.
  9. ^ "Priests No Longer Needed as Digital Antarctica Embraces Online Religion". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group, syndicated by Australian Associated Press. 23 July 2015.
  10. ^
    ISBN 0-15-101520-1
  11. ^ "Base Esperanza Guia Para Turistas". Archived from the original on 18 May 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2008. [2] www.marambio.aq/esperanza.htm
  12. ^ Worldwide Antarctic Program Church in Antarctica Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ Church in Antarctica Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine www.waponline.it
  14. ^ HSM 9: Buromsky Island Cemetery Antarctic Protected Areas Database
  15. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk: "Flat pack church for Russian workers" BBC
  16. ^ "Flock of Antarctica's Orthodox temple celebrates Holy Trinity Day Serbian Orthodox Church". 29 May 2004.
  17. ^ First Orthodox church in Antarctica, en.ria.ru
  18. ^ a b Alexandra Nikiforowa (22 December 2008). "Повесть о холодном рае. Ч.1" [Story of clod paradise, interview with Pater Gabriel Bogatschichin, 2005 wintering] (in Russian). taday.ru. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
  19. ^ "Первое в Антарктике венчание прошло на российской станции" [First ever Antarctic church wedding took place at a Russian station] (in Russian). 1 February 2007. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
  20. ^ "Патриаршее подворье в Антарктиде" [Patriarch's mission in the Antarctic] (in Russian). rian.ru. 29 March 2007.
  21. ^ Sayar, M.A. (April–June 1995). "Should We Exploit The Last Wilderness?". The Fountain. No. 10. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017. Pakistan became the first Muslim country to send an official expedition to Antarctica. Pakistan in 1992, established its Jinnah Antarctic Research Station.
  22. ^ Riedel, Katja (27 April 2016). "Faith in Antarctica – Religion in the land of eternal snow". Polar News. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Religion in Antarctica.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Antarctica&oldid=1188129608"