Religion in Hungary
In the national census of 2022, 42.5% of the population identified themselves as
History
1st–10th century
In antiquity, the lands of the
Roman Pannonia was periodically under attack by its eastern nomadic Scythian neighbours of the Great Plain, whom throughout the 2nd and 3rd century were joined by many
By the end of the 9th century, a federation of
The evidence that Christianity was practised among the Hungarians before the 950s is weak.[18] The question of the continuity of Christianity in the region since Roman times is unresolved; Christian places of worship that were built in the 3rd and 4th century in Transdanubia, the former Roman province of Pannonia, and under Carolingian rule in the 9th century, would have been rebuilt and reused by the Hungarians only in the 11th century.[19] Some Christian communities of the pre-Hungarian populations of the regions, however, likely persisted under the newcomers, and Christian slaves, as well as trade with neighbouring Christianised Slavic and Germanic lands, probably made the Hungarians acquainted with Christianity.[20] The first attested Hungarian converts to Christianity were the chieftains Bulcsú and Gyula, who adopted Eastern Christianity in the mid-10th century, followed by other local lords.[21]
11th–16th century
Medieval Hungarian chronicles incorporated many Pagan myths, and transmitted them into the folklore; these include the myth of the brothers
Hungary emerged to statehood at the turn between the 1st and the 2nd millennium, when the federation of the Magyar tribes was reformed into the
A deep change in the country's religious composition took place during the 16th century, when
17th–19th century
While the Protestant Reformation was spreading rapidly throughout Europe, the House of Habsburg, which also held the throne of the Kingdom of Hungary, bolstered the program of Counter-Reformation devised by the Catholic Church to thwart the spread of Protestantism.[33] In the Kingdom of Hungary, the Protestant nobility experienced some freedom in the 17th century, but its influence was soon curbed by the re-Catholicising efforts of the Habsburgs.[33] In 1699, the Treaty of Karlowitz ended the Great Turkish War between the Holy League, of which the Holy Roman Empire of the Habsburgs was a constituent member, and the Ottoman Empire; the former won, and Ottoman Hungary was yolden to the Kingdom of Hungary, so that Hungary was reunified and the Counter-Reformation was extended to the whole country. The sway of the Habsburg state was also strong on the internal affairs of the Catholic Church, especially during the period of the enlightened absolutism of Josephinism in the 18th century — i.e. the imperial rule of Joseph II, 1765–1790 —, when, for instance, contemplative religious orders were dissolved.[33]
The Counter-Reformation had some success, but Hungary was never entirely converted back to Catholicism and maintained a strong pluralism of religious denominations, aided by a deeply characteristic tolerant approach of the Hungarians towards religious matters, although there were some periods of conflict between Catholics and Protestants, which nonetheless begot a "fruitful tension" which enriched national and local culture.[33] At the end of the 18th century, the Calvinist and Lutheran religions regained complete freedom to be practised, although their legal status remained far from being equal to that of the Catholic Church.[33] The legislation issued in the period of the 1848 Revolution, which took place against the Habsburg dynasty, declared the equality of all accepted religions in Hungary, which included all the historical Christian denominations but excluded Judaism.[33] Jews became emancipated only in 1867, and by the end of the century their number had grown to represent over 5% of the total Hungarian population, and the liberal climate of the period led to their quick assimilation into Hungarian society.[33] According to 1890 laws, religions in Hungary were distinguished between "incorporated" ones — namely Catholicism, Calvinism, Lutheranism, Orthodox Christianity, Unitarianism and Judaism —, whose representatives held seats in the upper house of the Parliament, and "recognised" ones, which had fewer rights.[33]
20th century
After the end of
During the
In the 1960s, state pressure began to relax, and in 1964 the
21st century
Since the 1990s and throughout the early 21st century, Hungary has become more religiously diverse; all the major
Contemporary Hungary is a secular state, where the Constitution guarantees freedom of religious belief and practice, and of irreligion, to all Hungarian citizens, as well as the neutrality of the state in matters of religion, safeguarded by a complex set of legal norms.[39] The wording of the Hungarian Constitution on religious matters is similar to that of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, although the Constitution also acknowledges the right of citizens not to espouse any religious convictions.[35] The acknowledged neutrality of the state towards religions implies its separation from any particular church, that the state and churches function separately, but does not entail indifference towards religions and laicism; the state can have an active role in providing an institutional legal framework and funding for churches, in order to ensure the free exercise of religion.[24] The Constitution also affirms that religious convictions can be expressed in ways that are not contrary to laws, that citizens must not be discriminated on the basis of their religious convictions, and recognises the right of parents to determine the religious or non-religious education of their children.[35] Statutory law guarantees the equal rights of all religious organisations and for their cooperation with the state.[35]
In 2011–2012, the Constitution was changed, and a new "Act CCVI on the Right of Freedom of Conscience and Religion, and on the Legal Status of Churches, Religious Denominations, and Religious Communities" was implemented.[40] The new act, which replaced that of 1990, re-introduced a two-tiered classification of religious organisations, similar to that of 1890, distinguishing between officially registered "incorporated" churches, a higher status which also entails access to various privileges such as state funding, and "organisations conducting religious activities", with fewer rights and privileges.[40] Many churches which had been granted official registration between 1990 and 2011 lost their status once the new Act CCVI was implemented.[40] The new legislation was subject to an intense domestic and international criticism, and to lawsuits at the European Court of Human Rights.[40]
The preamble of the 2011–2012 Constitution remembers that "Stephen built the Hungarian State on solid ground and made our country part of Christian Europe a thousand years ago", recognises "the role of Christianity in preserving the nation" and that "the various religious traditions of [the] country" should be honoured.[41] In 2018, an amendment was made to guarantee "the protection of the constitutional identity and Christian culture of Hungary" as "an obligation of every organ of the State".[41] According to Balázs Schanda, judge at the Constitutional Court of Hungary, the Constitution continues to be neutral with regards to religions, and does not commit the state to the Christian religion in particular; the amendment only enshrined the protection of Hungarian culture in its historical nature, as historically characterised by Christianity.[42] It merely recognised an historical fact, that is the role played by Christianity in the history of the Hungarian nation, and does not claim that Christianity plays an exclusive role nowadays.[43]
According to the scholar István Povedák, elements from pre-Christian Paganism and shamanism, already preserved in the folk religiosity of Hungary as well as of Central and Eastern Europe, have been revived and reinvented in forms of Neopaganism, ethnic Ősmagyar vallás, which have become integrated in various dimensions of contemporary Hungarian culture, often in syncretism with Christian elements.
The scholars Zoltán Ádám and András Bozóki identify a Pagan-Christian mixed character in the 2011–2012 Constitution, as a reflection of the eclectic reference to both Christianity and ethnic Paganism which has been a feature of the political discourse of the right-wing Fidesz party and its leader Viktor Orbán, the governing forces in the 2010s.[48] Daniella Gáti quotes Magdalena Marsovszky saying that the renewed Constitution, despite the references to Christian culture, would be "ultimately not Christian as much as folk and Pagan".[49] According to Ádám Kolozsi, said syncretic, "heterogeneous mixture of Christian and Pagan elements", is part of a "wider spiritual discourse of contemporary Hungarian nationalism".[50] Such an attitude would reconcile two conflicting cultural aspects in the character of the Hungarian nation: the "Western" universal one represented by Christianity, and the "Eastern" tribal one represented by ethnic Paganism,[51] between which the identity of the Hungarians has always swungen.[52] According to László Kürti, such syncretism, present among the people and promoted by the governmental elite, would be coalescing into a new civil Hungarian religion with neoshamanism at its core.[53] Another strong political party of the 21st century, Jobbik, has on the other hand been seen as representing the "essentially Pagan, anti-Christian" fringe of the right-wing.[54] Viola Teisenhoffer noted that the Kurultáj, a major festival with a political and anthropological character holden yearly since the second half of the 2000s in Bugac, in the Southern Great Plain, is essentially connected with the Pagan revival, with many contemporary Pagan leaders and their followers taking part in the event.[55]
Religions
Christianity
The majority of Hungarians became Christian in the 11th century. Hungary's first
In the second half of the 16th century, however, the Catholic Habsburg Kings and
Using both political and apologetic efforts, most of the High Nobility composing the Diet was already predominantly Catholic by the 1640s, a process consolidated as the new reconquered estates were granted to the converted aristocracy, who supported in Counter-Reformation. Despite this, the lower nobility, the town burghers and the common people still retained a largely Protestant – especially Calvinist – identity, opposing the catholic German-likeness of the Habsburg courtly politics. Allied with the Constitutional Rights enforced by the Nobility and the military pressure of the Protestant Principality of Transylvania on the eastern border, the Catholic Counter-Reformation achieved partial results compared to the other Habsburg-controlled possessions, like Bohemia and Austria, where Catholicism was restored to the status of the sole religion of the realm.
Some of the eastern parts of the country, especially around Debrecen (nicknamed "the Calvinist Rome"), still have significant Protestant communities. The Reformed Church in Hungary is the second-largest church in Hungary with 1,153,442 adherents as of 2011.[1] The church has 1,249 congregations, 27 presbyteries, and 1,550 ministers. The Reformed Church supports 129 educational institutions and has 4 theological seminaries, located in Debrecen, Sárospatak, Pápa, and Budapest.[57]
Lutheranism is the third main historical Christian denomination in Hungary. It was introduced by Saxon settlers in the early 16th century, but after its brief efflorescence, the introduction of the Reformed Church and the Counter-Reformation made it almost non-existent amongst Hungarians up to the late 17th century. Later it was re-introduced through inward migration by Saxons and Slovaks. Today, the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Hungary is a small minority in Hungary. Despite its relatively small number of adherents, it had a strong power and influence in internal politics since Hungary's independence from the strongly Catholic Habsburg Empire.
The proportion of Protestantism in Hungary has decreased from around 27% in the early 20th century to about 16% in the early 21st century.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was legally recognized in Hungary in June 1988 and its first meetinghouse in the country was dedicated in October of the following year by President Thomas S. Monson. In June 1990, the Hungary Budapest Mission was created, followed by the first stake in June 2006. The mission, its districts, and the Budapest Hungary Stake together contain twenty-two wards and branches serving approximately 5000 members.[58]
Judaism
Historically, Hungary was home to a significant
Islam
The influence of
Buddhism
In recent decades
"Navayana" Buddhism or Ambedkarite Buddhism, a recent Buddhist denomination emerged among the Dalits of India, a form of Buddhism socially and politically engaged for the betterment of the conditions of marginalised peoples, has been spread also to the Romani ethnic minority of Hungary.[64]
Paganism
Hungary has seen the rise of a varied movement of
Ősmagyar vallás is itself a composite and heterogeneous movement comprising diverse currents and organisations, which often both intertwine and conflict with each other; the scholar Ádám Kolozsi identified three of them:
The heterogeneity of Ősmagyar vallás is due to the fact that little is known about the pre-Christian Hungarian religion, apart that it was led by shaman-like magicians, called
Among Ősmagyar vallás organisations, the Hungarian Religious Fellowship (Magyar Vallás Közössége) and the Old Hungarian Church (Ősmagyar Egyház)
Among non-native Neopaganisms, the Ankh Church of Eternal Life (Ankh Örök Élet Egyháza)
Other religions
Demographics
Census statistics, 1920–2022
Religion | 1920 | 1930 | 1941 | 1949 | 1992 | 1998 | 2001 | 2011 | 2022 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Christianity | 7,503,050 | 94.0 | 8,238,104 | 94.8 | 8,909,799 | 95.6 | 9,049,973 | 98.3 | 9,632,801 | 92.9 | 8,151,998 | 79.4 | 7,583,670 | 74.4 | 5,384,200 | 54.2 | 4,086,250 | 42.5 |
—Catholicism | 5,278,119 | 66.1 | 5,832,238 | 67.2 | 6,353,054 | 68.2 | 6,488,755 | 70.5 | 7,030,182 | 67.8 | 5,934,326 | 57.8 | 5,558,456 | 54.5 | 3,870,565 | 38.9 | 2,808,990 | 29.2 |
——Roman Catholic Church | 5,102,466 | 63.9 | 5,631,146 | 64.8 | 6,119,218 | 65.7 | 6,240,399 | 67.8 | 7,030,182 | 67.8 | 5,934,326 | 57.8 | 5,289,521 | 51.9 | 3,691,389 | 37.1 | 2,643,855 | 27.5 |
——Greek Catholic Church | 175,653 | 2.2 | 201,092 | 2.3 | 233,836 | 2.5 | 248,356 | 2.7 | – | – | – | – | 268,935 | 2.6 | 179,176 | 1.8 | 165,135 | 1.7 |
—Calvinism | 1,670,990 | 20.9 | 1,813,144 | 20.9 | 1,934,853 | 20.8 | 2,014,718 | 21.9 | 2,167,121 | 20.9 | 1,817,259 | 17.7 | 1,622,796 | 15.9 | 1,153,454 | 11.6 | 943,982 | 9.8 |
—Lutheranism | 496,799 | 6.2 | 533,846 | 6.2 | 557,193 | 6.0 | 482,157 | 5.2 | 435,498 | 4.2 | 400,413 | 3.9 | 304,705 | 3.0 | 215,093 | 2.2 | 176,503 | 1.8 |
—Faith Church | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3,708 | 0.04 | 18,220 | 0.2 | 22,647 | 0.2 |
—Jehovah's Witnesses | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 21,688 | 0.2 | 31,727 | 0.3 | 22,249 | 0.2 |
— Baptist Christianity |
– | – | 9,399 | 0.1 | 17,917 | 0.2 | 18,879 | 0.2 | – | – | – | – | 17,705 | 0.2 | 18,211 | 0.2 | 17,662 | 0.2 |
—Eastern Orthodox Church | 50,917 | 0.6 | 39,839 | 0.5 | 38,317 | 0.4 | 36,015 | 0.4 | – | – | – | – | 14,520 | 0.1 | 13,710 | 0.1 | 15,578 | 0.2 |
—Pentecostalism | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8,428 | 0.1 | 9,326 | 0.1 | 8,947 | 0.1 |
—Unitarianism | 6,225 | 0.1 | 6,266 | 0.1 | 8,465 | 0.1 | 9,449 | 0.1 | – | – | – | – | 6,541 | 0.1 | 6,820 | 0.1 | 6,552 | 0.1 |
—Adventism | – | – | 410 | 0.005 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5,840 | 0.1 | 6,213 | 0.1 | 5,011 | 0.1 |
—Methodism | – | – | 67 | 0.001 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1,484 | 0.01 | 2,416 | 0.02 | 2,776 | 0.03 |
—Anglicanism | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 403 | 0.004 | 270 | 0.003 | 372 | 0.004 |
—Other Christians | – | – | 2,795 | 0.03 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 17,396 | 0.2 | 38,175 | 0.4 | 54,981 | 0.6 |
Buddhism | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5,223 | 0.05 | 9,758 | 0.1 | 11,042 | 0.1 |
Islam | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3,201 | 0.03 | 5,579 | 0.1 | 7,983 | 0.1 |
Judaism | 473,329 | 5.9 | 444,552 | 5.1 | 400,760 | 4.3 | 133,861 | 1.5 | – | – | 20,534 | 0.2 | 12,871 | 0.1 | 10,965 | 0.1 | 7,635 | 0.1 |
Hinduism | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1,767 | 0.02 | 2,865 | 0.03 | 3,307 | 0.03 |
Other religions | – | – | 594 | 0.01 | – | – | 8,678 | 0.1 | – | – | – | – | 3,376 | 0.03 | 17,921 | 0.2 | 85,646 | 0.9 |
No religion | – | – | 1,959 | 0.02 | 3,841 | 0.04 | 12,287 | 0.1 | – | – | – | – | 1,483,369 | 14.5 | 1,806,409 | 18.2 | 1,549,610 | 16.1 |
Not stated | 10,496 | 0.1 | 303 | 0.003 | 1,674 | 0.02 | 1,522 | 0.02 | 725,830 | 7.0 | 2,094,468 | 20.4 | 1,104,333 | 10.8 | 2,698,844 | 27.2 | 3,852,533 | 40.1 |
Total population | 7,986,875 | 8,685,109 | 9,316,074 | 9,204,799 | 10,369,000 | 10,267,000 | 10,198,315 | 9,937,628 | 9,603,634 |
Line chart of the trends, 1920–2022
Census statistics 1920–2022:[1]
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Religion by administrative division
Religion | Christianity | Catholicism | Calvinism | Lutheranism | Orthodox Christianity | Other Christians | Judaism | Other religions | Not religious | Not answered | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Budapest / Central Hungary | 594,988 | 35.3 | 408,823 | 24.3 | 126,920 | 7.5 | 26,162 | 1.5 | 4,839 | 0.3 | 28,244 | 1.7 | 4,839 | 0.3 | 12,076 | 0.7 | 324,157 | 19.2 | 749,282 | 44.5 |
Pest County | 560,881 | 42.1 | 378,260 | 28.4 | 127,504 | 9.6 | 29,490 | 2.2 | 2,084 | 0.2 | 23,543 | 1.2 | 861 | 0.1 | 4,206 | 0.3 | 215,027 | 16.1 | 552,558 | 41.4 |
Central Transdanubia | 433,703 | 41.1 | 311,825 | 29.5 | 88,926 | 8.4 | 19,593 | 1.9 | 1,101 | 0.1 | 12,258 | 1.2 | 322 | 0.03 | 2,444 | 0.2 | 181,362 | 17.2 | 437,817 | 41.5 |
Fejér County | 157,600 | 38.0 | 112,374 | 27.1 | 38,548 | 9.3 | 6,132 | 1.5 | 546 | 0.1 | 4,830 | 1.2 | 137 | 0.03 | 1,001 | 0.2 | 82,154 | 19.8 | 173,934 | 41.9 |
Komárom-Esztergom County | 112,718 | 37.5 | 80,049 | 26.6 | 25,763 | 8.6 | 3,405 | 1.1 | 219 | 0.1 | 3,282 | 1.1 | 91 | 0.03 | 713 | 0.2 | 57,817 | 19.2 | 129,292 | 43.0 |
Veszprém County | 158,555 | 47.3 | 119,402 | 35.6 | 24,615 | 7.3 | 10,056 | 3.0 | 336 | 0.1 | 4,146 | 1.2 | 94 | 0.03 | 730 | 0.2 | 41,391 | 12.3 | 134,591 | 40.1 |
Western Transdanubia | 516,879 | 52.9 | 441,540 | 45.2 | 29,501 | 3.0 | 34,987 | 3.6 | 985 | 0.1 | 9,866 | 1.0 | 306 | 0.03 | 1,680 | 0.2 | 86,147 | 8.8 | 371,246 | 38.0 |
Győr-Moson-Sopron County | 233,808 | 50.2 | 193,990 | 41.6 | 16,309 | 3.5 | 18,696 | 4.0 | 385 | 0.1 | 4,428 | 0.9 | 138 | 0.03 | 842 | 0.2 | 47,533 | 10.2 | 183,624 | 39.4 |
Vas County | 142,674 | 57.2 | 120,122 | 48.1 | 6,870 | 2.7 | 12,947 | 5.2 | 315 | 0.1 | 2,420 | 1.0 | 72 | 0.03 | 430 | 0.2 | 16,539 | 6.6 | 89,798 | 36.0 |
Zala County | 140,397 | 56.8 | 127,428 | 51.5 | 6,322 | 2.6 | 3,344 | 1.3 | 285 | 0.1 | 3,018 | 1.2 | 96 | 0.04 | 408 | 0.2 | 22,075 | 8.9 | 97,824 | 39.6 |
Southern Transdanubia | 395,377 | 46.2 | 321,308 | 37.6 | 49,727 | 5.8 | 13,316 | 1.6 | 590 | 0.1 | 10,436 | 1.2 | 278 | 0.03 | 2,198 | 0.3 | 124,936 | 14.6 | 332,634 | 38.9 |
Baranya County | 153,717 | 43.4 | 126,403 | 35.7 | 18,718 | 5.3 | 3,393 | 1.0 | 292 | 0.1 | 4,911 | 1.4 | 114 | 0.03 | 1,192 | 0.3 | 56,491 | 16.0 | 142,508 | 40.2 |
Somogy County | 144,821 | 49.3 | 119,740 | 40.8 | 17,123 | 5.8 | 4,610 | 1.6 | 141 | 0.1 | 3,207 | 1.1 | 126 | 0.04 | 700 | 0.2 | 36,346 | 12.4 | 111,477 | 38.0 |
Tolna County | 96,836 | 46.6 | 75,165 | 36.1 | 13,886 | 6.7 | 5,313 | 2.6 | 157 | 0.1 | 2,318 | 1.1 | 38 | 0.02 | 306 | 0.1 | 32,099 | 15.4 | 78,649 | 37.8 |
Northern Hungary | 541,744 | 49.6 | 396,575 | 36.3 | 118,789 | 10.9 | 9,701 | 0.9 | 706 | 0.1 | 15,973 | 1.5 | 282 | 0.03 | 1,824 | 0.2 | 130,695 | 12.0 | 416,830 | 38.2 |
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County | 316,075 | 50.7 | 203,081 | 32.6 | 102,718 | 16.5 | 2,646 | 0.4 | 406 | 0.1 | 7,224 | 1.2 | 162 | 0.03 | 847 | 0.1 | 67,947 | 10.9 | 237,993 | 38.2 |
Heves County | 132,398 | 46.3 | 113,841 | 39.8 | 12,457 | 4.4 | 905 | 0.3 | 241 | 0.1 | 4,954 | 1.7 | 65 | 0.02 | 602 | 0.2 | 40,414 | 14.1 | 112,413 | 39.3 |
Nógrád County | 96,839 | 52.1 | 79,653 | 42.8 | 3,614 | 1.9 | 6,150 | 3.3 | 59 | 0.03 | 3,795 | 2.0 | 55 | 0.03 | 375 | 0.2 | 22,334 | 12.0 | 66,424 | 35.7 |
Northern Great Plain | 633,310 | 45.1 | 287,644 | 20.5 | 312,551 | 22.3 | 10,498 | 0.7 | 1,647 | 0.1 | 20,970 | 1.5 | 369 | 0.03 | 2,926 | 0.2 | 255,260 | 18.2 | 512,466 | 36.5 |
Hajdú-Bihar County | 201,275 | 38.8 | 67,769 | 13.0 | 123,735 | 23.8 | 1,025 | 0.2 | 709 | 0.1 | 8,037 | 1.5 | 185 | 0.04 | 1,802 | 0.3 | 124,154 | 23.9 | 191,725 | 36.9 |
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County | 119,424 | 33.6 | 83,078 | 23.3 | 31,361 | 8.8 | 1,031 | 0.3 | 274 | 0.1 | 3,680 | 1.0 | 80 | 0.02 | 635 | 0.2 | 91,131 | 25.6 | 144,539 | 40.6 |
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County | 312,611 | 59.0 | 136,797 | 25.8 | 157,455 | 29.7 | 8,442 | 1.6 | 664 | 0.1 | 9,253 | 1.7 | 104 | 0.02 | 489 | 0.1 | 39,975 | 7.5 | 176,202 | 33.3 |
Southern Great Plain | 486,997 | 40.5 | 340,644 | 28.3 | 90,064 | 7.5 | 32,756 | 2.7 | 3,626 | 0.3 | 19,907 | 1.7 | 378 | 0.03 | 2,623 | 0.2 | 232,026 | 19.3 | 479,700 | 39.9 |
Bács-Kiskun County | 235,297 | 47.5 | 179,367 | 36.2 | 36,388 | 7.3 | 10,411 | 2.1 | 392 | 0.1 | 8,739 | 1.8 | 136 | 0.03 | 882 | 0.2 | 60,084 | 12.1 | 198,919 | 40.2 |
Békés County | 105,964 | 33.6 | 47,231 | 15.0 | 31,842 | 10.1 | 19,376 | 6.1 | 2,426 | 0.8 | 5,089 | 1.6 | 48 | 0.02 | 492 | 0.2 | 91,952 | 29.2 | 116,766 | 37.0 |
Csongrád-Csanád County | 145,736 | 37.3 | 114,046 | 29.1 | 21,834 | 5.6 | 2,969 | 0.8 | 808 | 0.2 | 6,079 | 1.5 | 194 | 0.1 | 1,249 | 0.3 | 79,990 | 20.4 | 164,015 | 41.9 |
Religion by age group
Religion | <10 | 10–19 | 20–29 | 30–39 | 40–49 | 50–59 | 60–69 | 70–79 | 80–89 | 90+ | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Christianity | 303,611 | 32.7 | 370,697 | 39.0 | 352,690 | 32.8 | 439,888 | 35.5 | 621,484 | 39.5 | 583,860 | 45.2 | 648,077 | 53.1 | 549,142 | 61.8 | 256,713 | 68.0 | 37,420 | 65.9 |
—Catholicism | 205,140 | 22.1 | 247,823 | 26.1 | 235,300 | 21.9 | 299,833 | 24.2 | 430,192 | 27.4 | 408,437 | 31.6 | 462,526 | 37.9 | 390,076 | 43.9 | 180,670 | 47.9 | 26,622 | 46.9 |
—Calvinism | 71,706 | 7.7 | 90,088 | 9.5 | 83,899 | 7.8 | 101,809 | 8.2 | 138,771 | 8.8 | 128,333 | 9.9 | 140,928 | 11.5 | 121,973 | 13.7 | 58,087 | 15.4 | 8,388 | 14.8 |
—Lutheranism | 13,755 | 1.5 | 16,857 | 1.8 | 13,639 | 1.3 | 17,418 | 1.4 | 25,907 | 1.7 | 22,528 | 1.7 | 26,569 | 2.2 | 25,037 | 2.8 | 12,808 | 3.4 | 1,985 | 3.5 |
—Other Christians | 13,010 | 1.4 | 15,929 | 1.7 | 19,852 | 1.6 | 20,828 | 1.9 | 26,614 | 1.7 | 24,562 | 1.9 | 18,054 | 1.5 | 12,056 | 1.4 | 5,148 | 1.4 | 425 | 0.7 |
Judaism | 391 | 0.04 | 565 | 0.1 | 615 | 0.1 | 838 | 0.1 | 1,456 | 0.1 | 949 | 0.1 | 940 | 0.1 | 1,270 | 0.1 | 457 | 0.1 | 154 | 0.3 |
Other religions | 1,429 | 0.2 | 2,159 | 0.2 | 6,529 | 0.6 | 6,030 | 0.5 | 6,478 | 0.4 | 4,523 | 0.4 | 1,960 | 0.2 | 712 | 0.1 | 140 | 0.04 | 17 | 0.03 |
No religion | 230,454 | 24.8 | 185,261 | 19.5 | 214,550 | 29.9 | 236,889 | 19.1 | 266,436 | 16.9 | 179,405 | 13.9 | 141,745 | 11.6 | 71,696 | 8.1 | 20,218 | 5.4 | 2,956 | 5.2 |
Not stated | 393,043 | 42.3 | 391,674 | 41.2 | 501,108 | 46.6 | 555,912 | 44.9 | 676,210 | 43.0 | 523,804 | 40.5 | 428,955 | 35.1 | 266,008 | 29.9 | 99,843 | 26.5 | 15,976 | 28.1 |
Total population | 928,928 | 950,356 | 1,075,492 | 1,239,557 | 1,572,064 | 1,292,541 | 1,221,677 | 888,828 | 377,371 | 56,820 |
Religion by education group
Religion | Lower primary school | Upper primary school | Professional secondary school professional diploma |
General secondary school maturity diploma |
University or college | Person under 15 school career underway | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Christianity | 82,817 | 44.2 | 832,462 | 47.8 | 770,849 | 44.5 | 1,151,667 | 42.4 | 838,003 | 45.7 | 488,072 | 35.0 |
—Catholicism | 56,982 | 30.4 | 583,111 | 33.5 | 552,729 | 31.9 | 793,242 | 29.2 | 571,754 | 31.2 | 328,801 | 23.6 |
—Calvinism | 19,917 | 10.6 | 189,941 | 10.9 | 164,108 | 9.5 | 264,184 | 9.7 | 189,583 | 10.3 | 116,249 | 8.3 |
—Lutheranism | 2,089 | 1.1 | 29,954 | 1.7 | 29,577 | 1.7 | 49,818 | 1.8 | 42,727 | 2.3 | 22,338 | 1.6 |
—Other Christians | 3,829 | 2.0 | 29,465 | 1.7 | 24,435 | 1.4 | 44,423 | 1.6 | 33,939 | 1.8 | 20,684 | 1.5 |
Judaism | 180 | 0.1 | 605 | 0.03 | 443 | 0.03 | 2,132 | 0.1 | 3,599 | 0.2 | 676 | 0.1 |
Other religions | 536 | 0.3 | 2,471 | 0.1 | 2,651 | 0.1 | 10,629 | 0.4 | 11,451 | 0.6 | 2,239 | 0.2 |
No religion | 22,824 | 12.2 | 243,698 | 14.0 | 255,187 | 14.7 | 421,929 | 15.5 | 284,508 | 15.5 | 321,464 | 23.1 |
Not stated | 80,911 | 43.2 | 660,219 | 38.0 | 704,637 | 40.6 | 1,129,830 | 41.6 | 696,155 | 38.0 | 580,781 | 41.7 |
Total population | 187,268 | 1,739,464 | 1,733,767 | 2,716,187 | 1,833,716 | 1,393,232 |
Typology of belief
In 2020, the outcomes of a large-sampled (53,061 people) and in depth survey on the religiousness, or beliefs, of the Hungarians were published by the Századvég Foundation in the sociological studies book Vallásosság Magyarországon.[38] The outcomes of the survey shew that while traditional Christian religiousness is witnessing an "observable disavowal" in Hungarian society, the latter may not be considered averse to belief, and large segments of the population held syncretic or "patchwork" beliefs, i.e. mixtures of theorems from various religious traditions, or esoteric beliefs, i.e. beliefs based on theorems such as reincarnation and astrology, rather than being sheer non-believers.[38] Specifically, 42.1% of the Hungarians were Christians, of whom 27% were fully devout Christians, i.e. fully believing in the theorems of Christian theology, and 15.1% were partially devout Christians, i.e. only believing in some theorems of Christian theology; at the same time, 27.9% of the Hungarians were syncretists, 5.3% were esotericists, and 24.7% were sheer non-believers.[38]
Type of belief | 18–29 | 30–39 | 40–49 | 50–59 | 60+ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Christianity | 38.0 | 35.1 | 36.0 | 46.4 | 49.7 |
—Fully believing Christians | 23.6 | 23.2 | 20.4 | 31.2 | 32.8 |
—Partially believing Christians | 14.4 | 11.9 | 15.6 | 15.2 | 16.9 |
Syncretism | 27.3 | 32.6 | 37.1 | 28.5 | 19.8 |
Esotericism |
8.5 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 2.9 | 3.2 |
Non-believers | 26.2 | 25.6 | 20.2 | 22.2 | 27.2 |
Religious organisations
Registers of government-recognised churches
Officially registered religious organisations (churches) in Hungary, according to the laws on churches of the Constitution of Hungary effective since 2012[92][α] In sequence according to the respective registration number |
Type |
---|---|
00001/2012. Hungarian Catholic Church (Magyar Katolikus Egyház) | Christianity |
00002/2012. Hungarian Reformed (Calvinist) Church (Magyarországi Református Egyház) | Christianity |
00003/2012. Hungarian Evangelical (Lutheran) Church (Magyarországi Evangélikus Egyház) | Christianity |
00004/2012. Association of Hungarian Jewish Faith Communities (Magyarországi Zsidó Hitközségek Szövetsége) | Judaism |
00005/2012. United Hungarian Israelite Faith Community (Egységes Magyarországi Izraelita Hitközség) | Judaism |
00006/2012. Hungarian Autonomous Orthodox Israelite Faith Community (Magyarországi Autonóm Orthodox Izraelita Hitközség) | Judaism |
00007/2012. Serbian Orthodox Diocese of Buda (Budai Szerb Ortodox Egyházmegye) | Christianity |
00008/2012. Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople – Hungarian Orthodox Exarchate (Konstantinápolyi Egyetemes Patriarchátus – Magyarországi Ortodox Exarchátus) | Christianity |
00009/2012. Hungarian Bulgarian Orthodox Church (Magyarországi Bolgár Ortodox Egyház) | Christianity |
00010/2012. Hungarian Romanian Orthodox Diocese (Magyarországi Román Ortodox Egyházmegye) | Christianity |
00011/2012. Hungarian Diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church – Moscow Patriarchate (Orosz Ortodox Egyház Magyar Egyházmegyéje – Moszkvai Patriarchátus) | Christianity |
00012/2012. Hungarian Unitarian Church (Magyar Unitárius Egyház)
|
Christianity |
00013/2012. Hungarian Baptist Church (Magyarországi Baptista Egyház)
|
Christianity |
00014/2012. Faith Church (Hit Gyülekezete) | Christianity |
00015/2012. Hungarian Methodist Church (Magyarországi Metodista Egyház) | Christianity |
00016/2012. Hungarian Pentecostal Church (Magyar Pünkösdi Egyház) | Christianity |
00017/2012. Saint Margaret Anglican Episcopal Church (Szent Margit Anglikán Episzkopális Egyház)
|
Christianity |
00018/2012. Transylvanian Church (Erdélyi Gyülekezet) | Christianity |
00019/2012. Seventh-day Adventist Church (Hetednapi Adventista Egyház) | Christianity |
00020/2012. Hungarian Coptic Orthodox Church (Magyarországi Kopt Ortodox Egyház) | Christianity |
00021/2012. Hungarian Islamic Fellowship (Magyar Iszlám Közösség) | Islam |
00022/2012. Church of Hungarian Muslims (Magyarországi Muszlimok Egyháza) | Islam |
00023/2012. Christ-believing Nazarene Churches (Krisztusban Hívő Nazarénus Gyülekezetek) | Christianity |
00024/2012. Hungarian Fellowship of Krishna-conscious Believers (Magyarországi Krisna-tudatú Hívők Közössége) | Hinduism |
00025/2012. Free Church of the Salvation Army in Hungary (Üdvhadsereg Szabadegyház Magyarország)
|
Christianity |
00026/2012. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Az Utolsó Napok Szentjeinek Jézus Krisztus Egyháza) | Christianity |
00027/2012. Hungarian Church of Jehovah's Witnesses (Magyarországi Jehova Tanúi Egyház) | Christianity |
00028/2012. Knowledge Gate Buddhist Church (Tan Kapuja Buddhista Egyház) | Buddhism |
00029/2012. Buddhist Mission, Hungarian Arya Maitreya Mandala Church Fellowship (Buddhista Misszió, Magyarországi Árya Maitreya Mandala Egyházközösség) | Buddhism |
00030/2012. Hungarian Karma Kagyüpa Buddhist Fellowship (Magyarországi Karma Kagyüpa Buddhista Közösség)
|
Buddhism |
00031/2012. Hungarian Chinese Chan Buddhist Church (Magyarországi Kínai Chanbuddhista Egyház)
|
Buddhism |
00032/2012. Diamond Way Buddhist Fellowship (Gyémánt Út Buddhista Közösség)
|
Buddhism |
Main other religious organisations (churches) in Hungary as of 2004–2011,[94] amongst those which were officially registered before the 2012 laws on churches[α] In alphabetical sequence according to the names in Hungarian; the list may be intrinsically incomplete |
Type |
Ankh Church of Eternal Life (Ankh Örök Élet Egyháza) | Egyptian Kemetism |
Traditional Church of the Legal Grounds of the Order of Árpád (Árpád Rendjének Jogalapja Tradicionális Egyház) | Ősmagyar vallás
Hunnic Tengrism |
Unification Church (Egyesítő Egyház) | Christianity |
Church of the Universal Love (Egyetemes Szeretet Egyháza) | New Age Spiritualism |
Independent Spiritual Order of Human Possibility (Emberi Lehetőség Független Szellemi Rend) | New Age Human Potential Movement |
Church of Esoteric Teachings – Church of the Holy Crown (Ezoterikus Tanok Egyháza – Szent Korona Egyház) | Ősmagyar vallás Scythian-Hunnic Tengrism |
Church of the Source (Forrás Egyháza) | New Age Holistic syncretism |
Church of the Fellowship of Believers in Alien, More Advanced Intelligences (Idegen, Fejlettebb Intelligenciákban Hívők Közössége Egyház) | New Age Exotheology |
Karma Decsen Özel Ling Tibetan Buddhist Fellowship (Karma Decsen Özel Ling Tibeti Buddhista Közösség) | Buddhism |
Church of Celtic-Wiccan Tradition Keepers (Kelta-Wicca Hagyományőrzők Egyháza) | Wicca |
Church of the Universal Love of the Cosmos (Kozmosz Univerzális Szeretet Egyház) | New Age Protestantism |
Association of Hungarian Witches (Magyar Boszorkányszövetség) | Contemporary witchcraft
|
Hungarian Taoist Church (Magyar Taoista Egyház) | Taoism |
Hungarian Vaishnavite Hindu Church (Magyar Vaisnava Hindu Egyház) | Hinduism |
Hungarian Religious Fellowship (Magyar Vallás Közössége) | Ősmagyar vallás Sumerian Zuism |
Hungarian Baháʼí Fellowship (Magyarországi Baháʼí Közösség) | Baháʼí Faith |
Hungarian Evangelical Brotherhood (Magyarországi Evangéliumi Testvérközösség)
|
Christianity |
Hungarian Pantholocatholic Traditional Church (Magyarországi Pantholokatholikus Tradicionális Egyház) | New Age Belief in God |
Hungarian Church of Scientology (Magyarországi Szcientológia Egyház) | Scientology |
Hungarian Xuyun Buddhist Chan Central Church (Magyarországi Xuyun Buddhista Chan Központi Egyház) | Buddhism |
Menorah Messianic Fellowship (Menóra Messiási Közösség) | Messianic Judaism |
Om Vishwa Guru Deep Hindu Religious Fellowship (Om Vishwa Guru Deep Hindu Vallási Közösség) | Hinduism |
Old Hungarian Church (Ősmagyar Egyház) | Ősmagyar vallás Sumerian Zuism |
Old Hungarian Taltos Church (Ősmagyar Táltos Egyház) | Ősmagyar vallás Uralic-Siberian Tengrism |
Sodalitas Mithraica Confessing Church (Sodalitas Mithraica Hitvalló Egyház) | Roman-Iranian Mithraism |
Szangye Menlai Gedün, Healing Buddha Fellowship (Szangye Menlai Gedün, a Gyógyító Buddha Közössége) | Buddhism |
Tenzin Sedrup Ling Rimé Buddhist Centre (Tenzin Sedrup Ling Rimé Buddhista Centrum)
|
Buddhism |
Church of the Pure Souls (Tiszta Lelkű Emberek Egyháza) | Christianity |
Church of the Hun Universe – Holy Mother Church of the Huns (Hun Univerzum Egyháza – Hunok Anyaszentegyháza) | Ősmagyar vallás Hunnic Tengrism |
Hungarian Fellowship of Vishwa Nirmala Dharma (Vishwa Nirmala Dharma Magyarországi Közössége)
|
Hinduism |
Yotengrit Church of the Ancestral Spirit of the Endless Sea (Yotengrit Tengervégtelen Ős-szellem Egyháza) | Ősmagyar vallás Uralic-Siberian Tengrism |
Voluntary tax offering to churches
Hungarian citizens are entitled to voluntarily donate 1% of their yearly income tax to officially registered religious organisations (churches) of their choice; in 2023, donations were distributed as follows.[95]
Religious organisation | Type | Donation In million HUF |
Number of donors |
---|---|---|---|
Hungarian Catholic Church (Magyar Katolikus Egyház) | Christianity | 6048 | 803,070 |
Hungarian Reformed (Calvinist) Church (Magyarországi Református Egyház) | Christianity | 2657 | 348,482 |
Hungarian Evangelical (Lutheran) Church (Magyarországi Evangélikus Egyház) | Christianity | 743 | 92,581 |
Hungarian Evangelical Brotherhood (Magyarországi Evangéliumi Testvérközösség) | Christianity | 718 | 73,381 |
Hungarian Fellowship of Krishna-conscious Believers (Magyarországi Krisna-tudatú Hívők Közössége) | Hinduism | 691 | 86,005 |
Hungarian Baptist Church (Magyarországi Baptista Egyház) | Christianity | 461 | 56,294 |
Knowledge Gate Buddhist Church (Tan Kapuja Buddhista Egyház) | Buddhism | 290 | 33,566 |
Diamond Way Buddhist Fellowship (Gyémánt Út Buddhista Közösség) | Buddhism | 203 | 24,377 |
Faith Church (Hit Gyülekezete) | Christianity | 169 | 36,108 |
Association of Hungarian Jewish Religious Communities (Magyarországi Zsidó Hitközségek Szövetsége) | Judaism | 131 | 12,612 |
Hungarian Church of Jehovah's Witnesses (Magyarországi Jehova Tanúi Egyház) | Christianity | 82 | 14,672 |
Transylvanian Church (Erdélyi Gyülekezet) | Christianity | 77 | 9,398 |
Buddhist Mission, Hungarian Arya Maitreya Mandala Church Fellowship (Buddhista Misszió, Magyarországi Árya Maitreya Mandala Egyházközösség) | Buddhism | 75 | 9,396 |
Notes
- ^ a b The Constitution of Hungary adopted in the first half of 2011 and effective since early 2012 implemented new laws on religious organisations (2011 Act CCVI), including stricter criteria for their official registration with the status of incorporated "church" (egyház), which entails various privileges including the access to state funding. Thirty-two churches were registered according to the new laws, while many religious organisations which before 2012 had been granted official registration, lost their status and privileges once the new laws were implemented. Some of these organisations merged with larger ones which remained registered as incorporated churches (for instance, this was the case with various Buddhist groups), while others continued to operate under the laws on associations, as "associations conducting religious activities" but not as officially registered incorporated churches.[93][40]
References
Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Official reports by the Hungarian Central Statistical Office:
- Csordás, Gabor; Vukovich, Gabriella; Ináncsi, Zita; Kovács, Marcell; Waffenschmidt, Jánosné (2014). Éva Varga, Krisztina Trybek (ed.). "Népszámlálás 2011: vallás, felekezet" [2011 Census: religion, denomination] (PDF) (report with retrospective data from the 1930, 1941, 1949 and 2001 censuses). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2014.
- Benedek Kovács, Mátyás Lajtai (2020). "Magyarország vallási viszonyai a népszámlálások és egyéb lakossági adatfelvételek tükrében" [Religious relations in Hungary in the light of censuses and other population data collection] (PDF). Statisztikai Szemle (study containing data from the 1869, 1880, 1890, 1900 and 1910 censuses of Hungary when it was part of doi:10.20311/stat2020.6.hu0573. Archived from the original(PDF) on 13 June 2020.
- "A népesség vallás, felekezet és nemek szerint: népszámlálások 1930, 1949, 2001, 2011, 2022" [Population by religion, denomination and gender: censuses 1930, 1949, 2001, 2011, 2022] (report with only the major subdivisions of religious denominations).
- "Population by religion and gender according to the 2001, 2011 and 2022 censuses". Census Database (report with the detailed subdivisions of religious denominations).
- ^ a b Pete 2006, pp. 1–2.
- ^ Elekes, Lederer & Székely 1961, pp. 8–17.
- ^ a b Elekes, Lederer & Székely 1961, p. 8.
- ^ a b Elekes, Lederer & Székely 1961, p. 14.
- ^ Elekes, Lederer & Székely 1961, pp. 14–17.
- ^ Elekes, Lederer & Székely 1961, pp. 17–19.
- ^ Elekes, Lederer & Székely 1961, pp. 18–19.
- ^ Elekes, Lederer & Székely 1961, pp. 17–18.
- ^ Elekes, Lederer & Székely 1961, pp. 20–23.
- ^ a b Elekes, Lederer & Székely 1961, p. 23.
- ^ Elekes, Lederer & Székely 1961, pp. 25–27.
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- ^ Kolozsi 2012b, p. 38.
- ^ Berend, Laszlovszky & Zsolt Szakács 2007, p. 320; Kolozsi 2012b, p. 39.
- ^ Berend, Laszlovszky & Zsolt Szakács 2007, pp. 319–320; Kolozsi 2012b, pp. 37–43.
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- ^ "Yotengrit Tengervégtelen Ős-szellem Egyháza" [Yotengrit Church of the Ancestral Spirit of the Endless Sea] (in Hungarian).
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- ^ "Tengri Közösség" [Tengri Fellowship] (in Hungarian).
- ^ Kolozsi 2012b, p. 60.
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