Religion in Pakistan
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Culture of Pakistan |
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The
A few aspects of
Muslims comprise a number of
Before the arrival of Islam beginning in the 8th century, the region comprising Pakistan was home to a diverse plethora of faiths, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Zoroastrianism.[21][22]
Equal rights
The Constitution limits the political rights of Pakistan's non-Muslims. Only Muslims are allowed to become the
Secularism
Aspects & Practices of secularism
There was a petition in Supreme Court of Pakistan in the year of 2015 by 17 judges to declare the nation as a "Secular state" officially.[32] Muhammad Ali Jinnah (the founder of Pakistan) wanted Pakistan to be a secular, democratic, and a liberal republic.[33] Pakistan was secular from 1947 to 1955 and after that, Pakistan adopted a constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic with Islam as its state religion.[34]
The main principles of Secularism in the Pakistani constitution were incorporated in its fundamental rights which were granted under various articles of 20, 21, 22 & 25 of the constitution[35] –
(a) Article 20 : Freedom to profess religion and to manage
(b) Article 21 : Safeguard against
(c) Article 22 : Safeguards as to
(d) Article 25 : Equality of citizens.[39]
Demographics of religion in Pakistan
1901 to 1931 census
The 1961 Census of Pakistan (Volume 1 – page 24 of Part II – Statement 2.19) released estimates on the religious composition of the country to the nearest thousandth for Muslims, Hindus, Christians, and others for 60 years prior.[40]: 93–94 [41]: 20–21 The pre-partition figures were derived from prior decadal censuses taken in administrative divisions in British India that would become part of Pakistan following partition, and included separate results for West Pakistan and East Pakistan. As the area that composes the contemporary nation of Pakistan corresponds with the historical administrative unit of West Pakistan, the figures in the table below are for West Pakistan from the 1901 census, 1911 census, 1921 census, and the 1931 census.
Religious group |
1901 [40]: 93–94 [41]: 20–21 |
1911 [40]: 93–94 [41]: 20–21 |
1921 [40]: 93–94 [41]: 20–21 |
1931 [40]: 93–94 [41]: 20–21 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
Islam | 10,957,000 | 80.39% | 13,077,000 | 81.25% | 13,554,000 | 79.53% | 16,533,000 | 77.56% |
Hinduism | 2,327,000 | 17.07% | 2,267,000 | 14.09% | 2,523,000 | 14.8% | 3,115,000 | 14.61% |
Christianity | 31,000 | 0.23% | 119,000 | 0.74% | 214,000 | 1.26% | 357,000 | 1.67% |
Others[b] | 314,000 | 2.3% | 631,000 | 3.92% | 751,000 | 4.41% | 1,312,000 | 6.15% |
Total Responses | 13,630,000[c] | 82.22% | 16,094,000[d] | 83.04% | 17,042,000[e] | 80.74% | 21,317,000[f] | 90.55% |
Total Population | 16,577,000[c] | 100% | 19,381,000[d] | 100% | 21,108,000[e] | 100% | 23,541,000[f] | 100% |
1941 census
The total population of the region that composes contemporary Pakistan was approximately 29,337,813 according to the final census prior to partition in 1941. With the exception of the
Religious group |
Pakistan[j] | Punjab[42]: 42 [g] | Sindh[43]: 28 | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa[44]: 22 |
Balochistan[45]: 13–18 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Population |
Percentage | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
Islam | 20,859,524 | 77.34% | 13,022,160 | 75.06% | 3,208,325 | 70.75% | 2,788,797 | 91.8% | 785,181 | 91.53% | 939,460 | 87.54% | 115,601 | 99.62% |
Hinduism [k] | 3,931,961 | 14.58% | 2,373,466 | 13.68% | 1,229,926 | 27.12% | 180,321 | 5.94% | 54,394 | 6.34% | 93,559 | 8.72% | 295 | 0.25% |
Sikhism | 1,671,137 | 6.2% | 1,530,112 | 8.82% | 31,011 | 0.68% | 57,939 | 1.91% | 12,044 | 1.4% | 39,910 | 3.72% | 121 | 0.1% |
Christianity | 432,629 | 1.6% | 395,311 | 2.28% | 20,209 | 0.45% | 10,889 | 0.36% | 6,056 | 0.71% | 136 | 0.01% | 28 | 0.02% |
Tribal | 36,824 | 0.14% | — | — | 36,819 | 0.81% | — | — | 3 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 2 | 0% |
Jainism | 13,219 | 0.05% | 9,520 | 0.05% | 3,687 | 0.08% | 1 | 0% | 11 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Zoroastrianism | 4,249 | 0.02% | 312 | 0% | 3,838 | 0.08% | 24 | 0% | 75 | 0.01% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Judaism | 1,179 | 0.004% | 7 | 0% | 1,082 | 0.02% | 71 | 0% | 19 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Buddhism | 266 | 0.001% | 87 | 0% | 111 | 0% | 25 | 0% | 43 | 0.01% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Others | 19,226 | 0.07% | 19,128 | 0.11% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 9 | 0% | 89 | 0.01% | 0 | 0% |
Total responses | 26,970,214 | 91.9% | 17,340,103 | 100% | 4,535,008 | 100% | 3,038,067[l] | 56.1% | 857,835 | 100% | 1,073,154 | 100% | 116,047 | 100% |
Total population | 29,347,813 | 100% | 17,340,103 | 100% | 4,535,008 | 100% | 5,415,666[l] | 100% | 857,835 | 100% | 1,073,154 | 100% | 116,047 | 100% |
1951 census
After partition, when first census of Pakistan was conducted in the year 1951, It was found that the Muslim proportion in West Pakistan (contemporary Pakistan) increased from approximately 77.3 percent according to the 1941 census,
2017 census
Religion | Population | % |
---|---|---|
Muslims () | 200,352,754 | 96.47% |
Hindus () | 4,444,437 | 2.14% |
Christians () | 2,637,586 | 1.27% |
Ahmadiyya Muslims | 207,688 | 0.09% |
Others (inc. Irreligious )
|
20,767 | 0.01% |
Total | 207,684,000 | 100% |
As per
As of 2018, there are 3.63 million non-Muslim voters in Pakistan- 1.77 million were
Details
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics released religious data of Pakistan Census 2017 on 19 May 2021.[55] 96.47% are Muslims, followed by 2.14% Hindus, 1.27% Christians, 0.09% Ahmadi Muslims and 0.02% others.
These are some maps of religious minority groups. The 2017 census showed an increasing share in Hinduism, mainly caused by a higher birth rate among the impoverished Hindus of Sindh province. This census also recorded Pakistan's first Hindu-majority district, called Umerkot District, where Muslims were previously the majority.
On the other hand, Christianity in Pakistan, while increasing in raw numbers, has fallen significantly in percentage terms since the last census. This is due to Pakistani Christians having a significantly lower fertility rate than Pakistani Muslims and Pakistani Hindus as well as them being concentrated in the most developed parts of Pakistan, Lahore District (over 5% Christian), Islamabad Capital Territory (over 4% Christian), and Northern Punjab.
The Ahmadiyya movement shrunk in size (both raw numbers and percentage) between 1998 and 2017, while remaining concentrated in Lalian Tehsil, Chiniot District, where approximately 13% of the population is Ahmadi Muslim.
Here are some maps of Pakistan's religious minority groups as of the 2017 census by district:
-
Hindu proportion of each Pakistani District of each Pakistani District as of the2017 Pakistan Census
-
Christian proportion of each Pakistani District of each Pakistani District as of the2017 Pakistan Census
-
Ahmadiyya Muslim proportion of each Pakistani District of each Pakistani District as of the2017 Pakistan Census
Demographics of religion by province/territory
Punjab
Religious group |
1901[56]: 34 [57]: 62 [m] | 1911[58]: 27 [59]: 27 [n] | 1921[60]: 29 [o] | 1931[61]: 277 [p] | 1941[42]: 42 [g] | 1951[62]: 12–21 | 1998[63] | 2017[64][4] | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
Islam | 7,951,155 | 76.25% | 8,494,314 | 76.49% | 8,975,288 | 75.49% | 10,570,029 | 75.28% | 13,022,160 | 75.06% | 20,200,794 | 97.89% | 71,574,830 | 97.22% | 107,541,602 | 97.77% |
Hinduism [q] | 1,944,363 | 18.65% | 1,645,758 | 14.82% | 1,797,141 | 15.12% | 1,957,878 | 13.94% | 2,373,466 | 13.68% | 33,052 | 0.16% | 116,410 | 0.16% | 211,641 | 0.19% |
Sikhism | 483,999 | 4.64% | 813,441 | 7.33% | 863,091 | 7.26% | 1,180,789 | 8.41% | 1,530,112 | 8.82% | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Christianity | 42,371 | 0.41% | 144,514 | 1.3% | 247,030 | 2.08% | 324,730 | 2.31% | 395,311 | 2.28% | 402,617 | 1.95% | 1,699,843 | 2.31% | 2,063,063 | 1.88% |
Jainism | 5,562 | 0.05% | 5,977 | 0.05% | 5,930 | 0.05% | 6,921 | 0.05% | 9,520 | 0.05% | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Zoroastrianism | 300 | 0.003% | 377 | 0.003% | 309 | 0.003% | 413 | 0.003% | 312 | 0.002% | 195 | 0.001% | — | — | — | — |
Judaism | 9 | 0.0001% | 36 | 0.0003% | 16 | 0.0001% | 6 | 0% | 7 | 0% | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Buddhism | 6 | 0.0001% | 168 | 0.002% | 172 | 0.001% | 32 | 0.0002% | 87 | 0.001% | 9 | 0% | — | — | — | — |
Ahmadiyya | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 181,428 | 0.25% | 158,021 | 0.14% |
Others[r] | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 8 | 0.0001% | 0 | 0% | 19,534 | 0.11% | 35 | 0% | 48,779 | 0.07% | 15,328 | 0.01% |
Total Population | 10,427,765 | 100% | 11,104,585 | 100% | 11,888,985 | 100% | 14,040,798 | 100% | 17,350,103 | 100% | 20,636,702 | 100% | 73,621,290 | 100% | 109,989,655 | 100% |
Sindh
Religious group |
1941[43]: 28 | 1951[62]: 22–26 [s] | 1998[63] | 2017[64][4] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
Islam | 3,208,325 | 70.75% | 5,535,645 | 91.53% | 27,796,814 | 91.32% | 43,234,107 | 90.34% |
Hinduism | 1,229,926 | 27.12% | 482,560 | 7.98% | 2,280,842 | 7.49% | 4,176,986 | 8.73% |
Tribal | 36,819 | 0.81% | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Sikhism | 31,011 | 0.68% | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Christianity | 20,209 | 0.45% | 22,601 | 0.37% | 294,885 | 0.97% | 408,301 | 0.85% |
Zoroastrianism | 3,838 | 0.08% | 5,046 | 0.08% | — | — | — | — |
Jainism | 3,687 | 0.08% | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Judaism | 1,082 | 0.02% | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Buddhism | 111 | 0% | 670 | 0.01% | — | — | — | — |
— | — | — | — | 43,524 | 0.14% | 21,661 | 0.05% | |
Others | 0 | 0% | 1,226 | 0.02% | 23,828 | 0.08% | 13,455 | 0.03% |
Total Population | 4,535,008 | 100% | 6,047,748 | 100% | 30,439,893 | 100% | 47,854,510 | 100% |
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Religious group |
1881[65]: 95 | 1891[65]: 95 | 1901[66]: 34–36 | 1911[65]: 307–308 | 1921[67]: 345–346 | 1931[68]: 373–375 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
Islam | 1,451,444 | 92.1% | 1,714,490 | 92.3% | 1,890,479 | 92.19% | 2,039,994 | 92.86% | 2,062,786 | 91.62% | 2,227,303 | 91.84% |
Hinduism | 111,892 | 7.1% | 118,881 | 6.4% | 129,306 | 6.31% | 119,942 | 5.46% | 149,881 | 6.66% | 142,977 | 5.9% |
Sikhism | 7,880 | 0.5% | 18,575 | 1% | 25,733 | 1.25% | 30,345 | 1.38% | 28,040 | 1.25% | 42,510 | 1.75% |
Christianity | 4,728 | 0.3% | 5,573 | 0.3% | 5,119 | 0.25% | 6,585 | 0.3% | 10,610 | 0.47% | 12,213 | 0.5% |
Jainism | — | — | — | — | 37 | 0.002% | 4 | 0% | 3 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Zoroastrianism | — | — | — | — | 46 | 0.002% | 49 | 0.002% | 20 | 0.001% | 60 | 0.002% |
Judaism | — | — | — | — | 4 | 0% | 14 | 0.001% | 0 | 0% | 11 | 0% |
Buddhism | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 2 | 0% |
Others | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Total Responses[t] | 1,575,943 | 100% | 1,857,519 | 100% | 2,050,724 | 96.48% | 2,196,933 | 57.53% | 2,251,340 | 44.35% | 2,425,076 | 51.77% |
Total Population[t] | 1,575,943 | 100% | 1,857,519 | 100% | 2,125,480 | 100% | 3,819,027 | 100% | 5,076,476 | 100% | 4,684,364 | 100% |
Religious group |
1941[44]: 22 | 1951[62]: 9–11 | 1998[63] | 2017[64][4] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
Islam | 2,788,797 | 91.8% | 5,858,080 | 99.89% | 20,808,480 | 99.47% | 35,428,857 | 99.79% |
Hinduism | 180,321 | 5.94% | 2,432 | 0.04% | 5,368 | 0.03% | 6,373 | 0.02% |
Sikhism | 57,939 | 1.91% | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Christianity | 10,889 | 0.36% | 3,823 | 0.07% | 38,974 | 0.19% | 50,018 | 0.14% |
Judaism | 71 | 0.002% | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Buddhism | 25 | 0.001% | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Zoroastrianism | 24 | 0.001% | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Jainism | 1 | 0% | — | — | — | — | — | — |
— | — | — | — | 48,703 | 0.23% | 7,204 | 0.02% | |
Others | 0 | 0% | 215 | 0.004% | 16,808 | 0.08% | 9,512 | 0.03% |
Total Responses[t] | 3,038,067 | 56.1% | 5,864,550 | 100% | 20,919,976 | 100% | 35,501,964 | 100% |
Total Population[t] | 5,415,666 | 100% | 5,864,550 | 100% | 20,919,976 | 100% | 35,501,964 | 100% |
Balochistan
Religious group |
1901[69]: 5 | 1911[70]: 9–13 | 1921[71]: 47–52 | 1931[72]: 149 | 1941[45]: 13–18 | 1951[62]: 2 | 1998[63] | 2017[64][4] | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
Islam | 765,368 | 94.4% | 782,648 | 93.76% | 733,477 | 91.73% | 798,093 | 91.88% | 785,181 | 91.53% | 1,137,063 | 98.52% | 6,484,006 | 98.75% | 12,255,528 | 99.28% |
Hinduism | 38,158 | 4.71% | 38,326 | 4.59% | 51,348 | 6.42% | 53,681 | 6.18% | 54,394 | 6.34% | 13,087 | 1.13% | 39,146 | 0.6% | 49,378 | 0.4% |
Sikhism | 2,972 | 0.37% | 8,390 | 1.01% | 7,741 | 0.97% | 8,425 | 0.97% | 12,044 | 1.4% | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Christianity | 4,026 | 0.5% | 5,085 | 0.61% | 6,693 | 0.84% | 8,059 | 0.93% | 6,056 | 0.71% | 3,937 | 0.34% | 26,462 | 0.4% | 33,330 | 0.27% |
Zoroastrianism | 166 | 0.02% | 170 | 0.02% | 165 | 0.02% | 167 | 0.02% | 75 | 0.01% | 79 | 0.01% | — | — | — | — |
Judaism | 48 | 0.01% | 57 | 0.01% | 19 | 0% | 17 | 0% | 19 | 0% | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Jainism | 8 | 0% | 10 | 0% | 17 | 0% | 17 | 0% | 11 | 0% | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Buddhism | 0 | 0% | 16 | 0% | 160 | 0.02% | 68 | 0.01% | 43 | 0.01% | 1 | 0% | — | — | — | — |
— | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 9,800 | 0.15% | 2,469 | 0.02% | |
Others | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0% | 5 | 0% | 75 | 0.01% | 12 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 6,471 | 0.1% | 3,703 | 0.03% |
Total Population | 810,746 | 100% | 834,703 | 100% | 799,625 | 100% | 868,617 | 100% | 857,835 | 100% | 1,154,167 | 100% | 6,565,885 | 100% | 12,344,408 | 100% |
Azad Jammu and Kashmir
Religious group |
1941[46]: 337–352 | |
---|---|---|
Pop. | % | |
Islam | 939,460 | 87.54% |
Hinduism | 93,559 | 8.72% |
Sikhism | 39,910 | 3.72% |
Christianity | 136 | 0.01% |
Others | 89 | 0.01% |
Total population | 1,073,154 | 100% |
Gilgit–Baltistan
Religious group |
1941[46]: 337–352 | |
---|---|---|
Pop. | % | |
Islam | 115,601 | 99.62% |
Hinduism | 295 | 0.25% |
Sikhism | 121 | 0.1% |
Christianity | 28 | 0.02% |
Tribal | 2 | 0% |
Total population | 116,047 | 100% |
Islam
The mosque is an important religious as well as social institution in Pakistan.[77][78] Many rituals and ceremonies are celebrated according to Islamic calendar.
Sunni
Barelvi and Deobandi Sunni Muslims
There are two major Sunni sects in Pakistan, the Barelvi movement and Deobandi movement. Statistics regarding Pakistan's sects and sub-sects have been called "tenuous",[79] but estimates of the sizes of the two groups give a slight majority of Pakistan's population to followers of the Barelvi school, while 15–25% are thought to follow the Deobandi school of jurisprudence.[80][81][82]
Sufi
Islam to some extent syncretized with pre-Islamic influences, resulting in a religion with some traditions distinct from those of the
Ahmadiyya
According to the last Census in Pakistan, Ahmadi Muslim made up 0.22% of the population; however, the Ahmadiyya Muslim community boycotted the census. Independent groups generally estimate the population to be somewhere between two and five million Ahmadi Muslims. In media reports, four million is the most commonly cited figure.[85]
In 1974, the
Hinduism
The
Many ancient Hindu temples are located throughout Pakistan. A significant Hindu pilgrimage site known as
Cases collected by
Christianity
There are a number of church-run schools in Pakistan that admit students of all religions, including Forman Christian College,[98][99] St. Patrick's Institute of Science & Technology and Saint Joseph's College for Women, Karachi.
Pakistan is number eight on Open Doors’ 2022 World Watch List, an annual ranking of the 50 countries where Christians face the most extreme persecution.
Sikhism
In the 15th century, the Sikh faith was born in the Punjab region (of present day India and Pakistan) where Sikhism's founder Guru Nanak was born. Home to some of the world's most sacred gurdwaras, Sikhs have a become a crucial part in Pakistan's religious tourism with large numbers coming to the country particularly during festivals. Aside from religious tourists, estimates on the Sikh population permanently residing in Pakistan vary due to the community being excluded from the national census up until 2023 which marks the first inclusion of Sikhs in census data since partition (where almost 99% fled to India).[101] The results of the 2023 Census of Pakistan thus are significant in the first official Sikh count since the formation of Pakistan as a sovereign nation.
In a news article published in December 2022, there was an estimated 30,000–35,000 Sikhs in Pakistan according to Gurpal Singh.[102] Other sources, including the US Department of State, claim the Sikh population in Pakistan to be at 20,000.[103][104] Though full community counts have not yet been available, the National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) does provide the numbers of eligible voters belonging to minority religions (registered in electoral rolls):
In recent years, their numbers have increased with many Sikhs migrating from neighboring Afghanistan who have joined their co-religionists in Pakistan.[106]
Other religions
Baháʼí
The
The Baháʼís in Pakistan have the right to hold public meetings, establish academic centers, teach their faith, and elect their administrative councils.[110] Bahá'í sources claim their population to be around 30,000.[111] Shoba Das of Minority Rights Group International reported around 200 Baháʼís in Islamabad and between 2,000 and 3,000 Baháʼís in Pakistan, in 2013.[112] One more PhD thesis says that "It is an assumption that the Bahá’ís do not want to declare their exact population, which is supposed to be more or less 3,000 in total". Most of these Bahá’ís have their roots in Iran.[113]
Zoroastrianism
There are at least 4,000 Pakistani citizen practicing the Zoroastrian religion.
Kalash
The
Jainism
Several ancient Jain shrines are scattered across the country.[123] Baba Dharam Dass was a holy man whose tomb is located near the bank of a creek called (Deoka or Deokay or Degh) near Chawinda Phatic, behind the agricultural main office in Pasrur, near the city of Sialkot in Punjab, Pakistan. Another prominent Jain monk of the region was Vijayanandsuri of Gujranwala, whose samadhi (memorial shrine) still stands in the city.[123]
Buddhism
The number of Buddhist voters was 1,884 in 2017 and are mostly concentrated in Sindh and Punjab.[125]
Judaism
Various estimates suggest that there were about 1,500 Jews living in Pakistan at the time of its independence on 14 August 1947, with the majority living in Karachi and a few living in Peshawar. However, almost all emigrated to Israel after 1948. There are a few disused synagogues in both cities; while one Karachi synagogue was torn down for the construction of a shopping mall. The one in Peshawar still exists, although the building is not being used for any religious purpose. There is a small Jewish community of Pakistani origin settled in Ramla, Israel.
One Pakistani, Faisal Khalid (a.k.a. Fishel Benkhald) of Karachi claims to be Pakistan's only Jew.[126][127] He claimed that his mother is Jewish (making him Jewish by Jewish custom) but, his father is a Muslim. Pakistani authorities have issued him a passport which stated Judaism as his religion and have allowed him to travel to Israel.[128][129][130]
Irreligion
Freedom of religion in Pakistan
In 2022, Freedom House rated Pakistan’s religious freedom as 1 out of 4,[134] noting that the blasphemy laws are often exploited by religious vigilantes and also curtail the freedom of expression by Christians and Muslims, especially Ahmadi Muslims. Hindus have spoken of vulnerability to kidnapping and forced conversions. Pakistan, a Muslim-majority country of about 220 million, is often under fire for crimes against members of its religious minorities, including Christians, Ahmadi and Shi’ite Muslims, and Hindus.[135][136]
See also
- Blasphemy law in Pakistan
- Demographics of Pakistan
- List of religious populations
- Major religious groups
- Religious Minorities in Pakistan
- Shamanism in Pakistan
- Freedom of religion in Pakistan
- Pakistan National Commission for Minorities
References
- ^ a b "Salient Features of Final Results Census-2017, Table 9: Population by sex, religion and rural/urban". Retrieved 20 May 2021.
- ^ a b "Religions in Pakistan | PEW-GRF". www.globalreligiousfutures.org.
- ^ a b c "Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Pakistan : Christians".
- ^ a b c d e f Haq, Riazul; Rana, Shahbaz (27 May 2018). "Headcount finalised sans third-party audit". Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ "Population By Religion" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan: 1.
"Population Distribution by Religion, 1998 Census" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 12 July 2020. - ISBN 9781438119137.
- ^ "Part I: "Introductory"". www.pakistani.org.
- ^ "Surviving as an Ahmadi in Pakistan | Pulitzer Center".
- ^ ISBN 0-19-512558-4.
Approximately 97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslim. The majority are Sunnis following the Hanafi school of Islamic law. Between 10 and 15 percent are Shiis, mostly Twelvers.
- ^ "Religions: Muslim 97% (Sunni 75%, Shia 20%), other". Pakistan (includes Christian and Hindu) 4%. The World Factbook. CIA. 2010. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
- ^ 2014 World Population Data Sheet (PDF). Population Reference Bureau (Report). August 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ^ Information on other countries: http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_20072008_EN_Complete.pdf [page needed]
- ^ "Country Profile: Pakistan" (PDF). Library of Congress Country Studies on Pakistan. Library of Congress. February 2005. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
Religion: About 97% of Pakistanis are Muslim, 64% of whom are Sunni and 33% Shia; the remaining 3% of population divided equally among Christian, Hindu, and other religions
- ^ "Population: 174,578,558 (July 2010 est.)". Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook on Pakistan. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
- ^ a b c GHRD Human Rights Report 2019 (PDF) (Report). Global Human Rights Defence. 7 March 2019. Archived from the original on 19 September 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
{{cite report}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ a b c "Pakistan: Islamists angry at new law against forced conversions". FRANCE 24 English. 3 January 2017. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
- ^ a b c "Country Profile: Pakistan" (PDF). Library of Congress Country Studies on Pakistan. Library of Congress. February 2005. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
About 97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslim, 85–90 percent of whom are Sunni and 10–15 percent Shia
- ^ a b c "Religions: Muslim (official) 96.4% (Sunni 85–90%, Shia 10–15%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 3.6% (2020 est.)". The World Factbook. CIA. 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
- ^ a b "The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity". Pew Research Center. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
On the other hand, in Pakistan, where 6% of the survey respondents identify as Shia, Sunni attitudes are more mixed: 50% say Shias are Muslims, while 41% say they are not.
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- ISBN 978-1-317-40619-8.
Perhaps best known as home to Asia's earliest cities, the Harappan sites of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, Pakistan's rich history includes contributions from prominent Buddhist, Hindu, Hellenistic, Jain and Zoroastrian civilizations, as well as those connected to its Islamic heritage.
- ISBN 978-0-313-33126-8.
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Nazim-ud-Din favored an Islamic state not just out of political expediency but also because of his deep religious belief in its efficacy and practicality ... Nazim-ud-Din commented:'I do not agree that religion is a private affair of the individual nor do I agree that in an Islamic state every citizen has identical rights, no matter what his caste, creed or faith be'.
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- ^ a b "Headcount finalised sans third-party audit". The Express Tribune. 26 May 2018.
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- ^ a b c d "Population Distribution by Religion, 1998 Census" (PDF). Retrieved 23 January 2023.
- ^ a b c d "Table 9 – Population by Sex, Religion and Rural/Urban" (PDF). Retrieved 23 January 2023.
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Pakistan has the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia.
- ^ "Country Profile: Pakistan" (PDF). Library of Congress. 2005. pp. 2, 3, 6, 8. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
- ^ "The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity". Pew Research Center. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
On the other hand, in Pakistan, where 6% of the survey respondents identify as Shia, Sunni attitudes are more mixed: 50% say Shias are Muslims, while 41% say they are not.
- ^ "Heart of darkness: Shia resistance and revival in Pakistan". Herald. 29 October 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
- ^ Malik, Jamal. Islam in South Asia: A Short History. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2008.
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- ^ Group, International Crisis (2022). A New Era of Sectarian Violence in Pakistan. International Crisis Group. pp. Page 8–Page 14. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
- ^ Curtis, Lisa; Mullick, Haider (4 May 2009). "Reviving Pakistan's Pluralist Traditions to Fight Extremism". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
- ^ Pike, John (5 July 2011). "Barelvi Islam". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 8 December 2003. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
By one estimate, in Pakistan, the Shias are 18%, Ismailis 2%, Ahmediyas 2%, Barelvis 50%, Deobandis 20%, Ahle Hadith 4%, and other minorities 4%. [...] By another estimate some 15% of Pakistan's Sunni Muslims would consider themselves Deobandi, and some 60% are in the Barelvi tradition based mostly in the province of Punjab. But some 64% of the total seminaries are run by Deobandis, 25% by the Barelvis, 6% by the Ahle Hadith and 3% by various Shiite organisations.
- ^ Group, International Crisis (2022). A New Era of Sectarian Violence in Pakistan. International Crisis Group. pp. Page 8–Page 14. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
Sunni Barelvis are believed to constitute a thin majority of the population
- ^ Buchen, Charlotte. "Sufism Under Attack in Pakistan" (video). The New York Times. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
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- ^ The 1998 Pakistani census states that there are 291,000 (0.22%) Ahmadi Muslims in Pakistan. However, the Ahmadiyya Muslim community has boycotted the census since 1974 which renders official Pakistani figures to be inaccurate. Independent groups have estimated the Pakistani Ahmadiyya Muslim population to be somewhere between 2 million and 5 million Ahmadi Muslims. However, the 4 million figure is the most quoted figure and is approximately 2.2% of the country. See:
- over 2 million: "Pakistan: The situation of Ahmadi Muslims, including legal status and political, education and employment rights; societal attitudes toward Ahmadi Muslims (2006 – Nov. 2008)". 4 December 2008. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
- 3 million: International Federation for Human Rights: International Fact-Finding Mission. Freedoms of Expression, of Association and of Assembly in Pakistan. Ausgabe 408/2, Januar 2005, S. 61 (PDF)
- 3–4 million: Commission on International Religious Freedom: Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. 2005, S. 130
- 4.910.000: James Minahan: Encyclopedia of the stateless nations. Ethnic and national groups around the world. Greenwood Press . Westport 2002, page 52
- "Pakistan: Situation of members of the Lahori Ahmadiyya Movement in Pakistan". Retrieved 20 March 2018.
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- ^ "Countries with the Largest Hindu Populations". 15 January 2019.
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- ^ "Pakistan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
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In Pakistan, the majority of Gujarati-speaking communities are in Karachi including Dawoodi Bohras, Ismaili Khojas, Memons, Kathiawaris, Katchhis, Parsis (Zoroastrians) and Hindus, said Gul Hasan Kalmati, a researcher who authored "Karachi, Sindh Jee Marvi", a book discussing the city and its indigenous communities. Although there are no official statistics available, community leaders claim that there are three million Gujarati-speakers in Karachi – roughly around 15 percent of the city's entire population.
- ^ "Rigveda | Hindu literature". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
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- ^ "Forced conversions of Pakistani Hindu girls". 19 September 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
- ^ "Country Profile: Pakistan" (PDF). Library of Congress Country Studies on Pakistan. Library of Congress. February 2005. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
- ^ Najam, Adil (30 March 2008). "Forman Christian (F.C.) College's Political Clout". Pakistaniat. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
- ^ Bangash, Yaqoob Khan. "FC College: an amazing transformation". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
- ^ "Pakistan is number 8 on the World Watch List".
- ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
- ^ Rana, Yudhvir (15 December 2022). "Pakistan census to have column for Sikhs | Amritsar News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
He said roughly there were around 30,000-35,000 Sikhs in Pakistan.
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- ^ "Pakistan". State.gov. 14 September 2007. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
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- ^ a b "Pakistan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008". United States Department of State. 19 September 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
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- ^ Momen, Moojan; Smith, Peter. "Bahá'í History". Draft A Short Encyclopedia of the Baha'i Faith. Bahá'í Library Online. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
- ^ Wardany, Youssef (2009). "The Right of Belief in Egypt: Case study of Baha'i minority". Al Waref Institute. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
- ^ Wagner, Ralph D. "Pakistan". Synopsis of References to the Bahá'í Faith, in the US State Department's Reports on Human Rights 1991–2000. Bahá'í Academics Resource Library. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
- ^ Das, Shobha (10 April 2013). "A Pakistani Baha'i's story". Minority Rights Group. Archived from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
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- ^ a b Ghauri, Irfan (2 September 2012). "Over 35,000 Buddhists, Baha'is call Pakistan home". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
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- ^ ISBN 9781438119137.. During the mid-20th century a few Kalasha villages in Pakistan were forcibly converted to this dominant religion, but the people fought the conversion and once official pressure was removed the vast majority continued to practice their own religion. Their religion is a form of Hinduism that recognizes many gods and spirits and has been related to the religion of the Ancient Greeks, who mythology says are the ancestors of the contemporary Kalash… However, it is much more likely, given their Indo-Aryan language, that the religion of the Kalasha is much more closely aligned to the Hinduism of their Indian neighbors that to the religion of Alexander the Great and his armies.
The Kalasha are a unique people living in just three valleys near Chitral, Pakistan, the capital of North-West Frontier Province, which borders Afghanistan. Unlike their neighbors in the Hindu Kush Mountains on both the Afghani and Pakistani sides of the border the Kalasha have not converted to Islam
- ISBN 978-1-85435-583-6.
The Kalash people are small in number, hardly exceeding 3,000, but they ... and as well as having their own language and costume, they practice animism (the worship of spirits in nature)...
- ^ Witzel, Michael (2004), "Kalash Religion (extract from 'The Ṛgvedic Religious System and its Central Asian and Hindukush Antecedents')" (PDF), in A. Griffiths; J. E. M. Houben (eds.), The Vedas: Texts, Language and Ritual, Groningen: Forsten, pp. 581–636
- ^ a b Khalid, Haroon (4 September 2016). "Sacred geography: Why Hindus, Buddhist, Jains, Sikhs should object to Pakistan being called hell". Dawn. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
- ISBN 9788120800953.
- ^ Ahmad, Imtiaz (28 May 2018). "Pakistan elections: Non-Muslim voters up by 30%, Hindus biggest minority". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
- ^ "Brothers of Pakistani man claiming to be Jewish call him insane". Israel National News. 9 April 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
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- ^ Shahid, Kunwar Khuldune (11 June 2020). "Pakistan's forced conversions shame Imran Khan". The Spectator. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
- ^ Freedom House, Retrieved 2023-04-25
- ^ "Pakistan: How real is freedom of religion? | Special Report | thenews.com.pk". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
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- ^ Figures in table are for West Pakistan, as the area that composes the contemporary nation of Pakistan corresponds with the historical administrative unit of West Pakistan.
- ^ Including Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Tribals, others, or not stated
- ^ a b Religions break up of 2,947,000 persons are not available as such those have been excluded from all relevant totals.[40]: 94 [41]: 21
- ^ a b Religions break up of 3,287,000 persons are not available as such those have been excluded from all relevant totals.[40]: 94 [41]: 21
- ^ a b Religions break up of 4,066,000 persons are not available as such those have been excluded from all relevant totals.[40]: 94 [41]: 21
- ^ a b Religions break up of 2,224,000 persons are not available as such those have been excluded from all relevant totals.[40]: 94 [41]: 21
- ^ Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1941 census data here:[42]: 42.
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan - ^ Azad Jammu and Kashmir. See 1941 census data here:[46]: 337–352
- ^ Gilgit–Baltistan. See 1941 census data here:[46]: 337–352
- ^
- ^ Including Ad-Dharmis
- ^ a b Religious data only collected in North West Frontier Province, and not in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas. Total responses to religion includes North West Frontier Province, and total population includes both North West Frontier Province and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, both administrative divisions which later amalgamated to become Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
- Lyallpur (inscribed as the Chenab Colony on the 1901 census), Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1901 census data here: [56]: 34.
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan - Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1911 census data here: [58]: 27 [59]: 27.
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan - Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1921 census data here: [60]: 29.
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan - Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1931 census data here: [61]: 277.
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan - ^ 1931-1941 census: Including Ad-Dharmis
- ^ 1911-1941 census: Including Tribals, others, or not stated
2017 census: Also includes Sikhs, Parsis, Baháʼís, others, and not stated - ^ Including Federal Capital Territory (Karachi)
- ^ a b c d e f Pre-partition populations for religious data is for North-West Frontier Province only and excludes the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (both administrative divisions later merged to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018), as religious data was not collected in the latter region at the time.
1951, 1998, and 2017 populations for religious data combine the North-West Frontier Province and Federally Administered Tribal Areas, both administrative divisions which later merged to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018.
External links
- Ministry of Religious Affairs – (Government of Pakistan) Official website