Religion in Thailand

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

<div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;

Religion in Thailand (2018 census)[1][2]

  Buddhism[a] (93.46%)
  Islam (5.37%)
  Christianity (1.13%)
  Other (0.03%)
Wat Phra Kaew, the most sacred Theravada Buddhist temple in Bangkok
A Thai Theravada Buddhist temple (left) and a Chinese folk religion temple (right), side by side, showing the Thai and Chinese religious heritage of the country.
The front gate of the Devasathan, the official center of Hinduism in Bangkok.
Lop Buri
.

Muslim population, mostly constituted by Thai Malays, is present especially in the southern regions. Thai law officially recognizes five religions: Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, and Sikhism.[3]

Demographics

Wat Arun, a Theravada Buddhist temple, at twilight

According to official census data, approximately 95% of Thais follow Buddhism. However, the religious life of the country is more complex than how it is portrayed by such statistics. Of the large

Church of Virtue). Despite being practised freely, these religions have no official recognition, and their followers are counted as Theravada Buddhists in statistical studies.[4] Also, many Thai and Isan practise their ethnic Tai folk religion
.

Songkhla
- have large Muslim populations, consisting of both ethnic Thai and Malay.

Jewish community in Thailand
, dating back to the 17th century.

According to the 2015 Gallup International survey, Thailand was the most religious country of the 65 countries polled, with 94% of Thais identifying as religious.[5]

Censuses

Overview

Religion Census 2010[6] Census 2015[7] Census 2018[1]
Population % Population % Population %
Buddhism 61,746,429 93.58% 63,620,298 94.50% 63,299,192 93.46%
Islam 3,259,340 4.94% 2,892,311 4.29% 3,639,233 5.37%
Christianity 789,376 1.20% 787,589 1.17% 767,624 1.13%
Hinduism 41,808 0.06% 22,110 0.03% 12,195 0.018%
Sikhism 11,124 0.02% 716 0.001%
Confucianism 16,718 0.02% 1,030 0.001% 2,009 0.002%
Other religions 70,742 0.11% 1,583 0.002%
Not religious 46,122 0.07% 2,925 0.005% 2,082 0.003%
Unknown 3,820 0.005% - - 4,085 0.006%
Total 65,981,660 100% 67,228,562 100% 67,726,419 100%

Religions by region

According to the 2015 census,[7] 67,328,562 Thailand residents in the different regions of the country belonged to the following religious groups:

Religion Bangkok % Central Region % Northern Region % Northeastern Region % Southern Region %
Buddhism 8,197,188 93.95% 18,771,520 97.57% 11,044,018 96.23% 18,698,599 99.83% 6,908,973 75.45%
Islam 364,855 4.18% 247,430 1.29% 35,561 0.31% 16,851 0.09% 2,227,613 24.33%
Christianity 146,592 1.68% 214,444 1.11% 393,969 3.43% 13,825 0.07% 18,759 0.21%
Hinduism 16,306 0.19% 5,280 0.03% 207 0.002% 318 0.001% - -
Sikhism - - - - 378 0.003% - - 491 0.005%
Other religions - - 294 0.00% 1,808 0.16% - - 359 0.004%
Not religious 289 0.00% 473 0.002% 1,001 0.01% 436 0.002% 726 0.008%
Religion in Thailand (2015)[2]
Religion Percent
Buddhism
94.50%
Islam
4.29%
Christianity
1.17%
Hinduism
0.03%
Unaffiliated/others
0.01%

Religions by province

According to the 2010 census, Thailand residents in the different provinces of the country belonged to the following religious groups:

Religion Buddhism % Islam % Christianity % Hinduism % Confucianism % Sikhism % Other religions % Not religious % Unknown % Total
Bangkok[8] 7,686,022 92.54% 382,385 4.60% 157,534 1.89% 22,820 0.27% 6,800 0.08% 7,183 0.08% 24,330 0.29% 17,091 0.20% 1,053 0.01% 8,305,218
Amnat Charoen[9]
281,675 99.28% 267 0.09% 1,649 0.58% 59 0.02% 13 0.01% 13 0.01% 53 0.02% 283,729
Ang Thong[10]
249,847 98.25% 3,994 1.57% 213 0.08% 172 0.07% 7 0.01% 7 0.01% 42 0.01% 9 0.01% 254,292
Bueng Kan[11]
360,468 99.37% 242 0.07% 1,913 0.53% 96 0.03% 21 0.01% 12 0.01% 3 0.01% 362,754
Buriram[12]
1,261,658 98.96% 1,911 0.15% 7,508 0.59% 745 0.06% 278 0.02% 131 0.01% 1,746 0.14% 911 0.07% 25 0.01% 1,274,912
Chachoengsao[13]
663,790 92.76% 46,041 6.43% 4,457 0.62% 231 0.03% 43 0.01% 55 0.01% 626 0.09% 360 0.05% 715,603
Chai Nat[14]
304,407 99.61% 592 0.19% 424 0.14% 35 0.01% 23 0.01% 18 0.01% 47 0.02% 41 0.01% 305,587
Chaiyaphum[15]
961,401 99.74% 944 0.10% 1,185 0.12% 227 0.02% 59 0.01% 57 0.01% 9 0.01% 16 0.01% 9 0.01% 963,907
Chanthaburi[16]
475,653 97.95% 1,937 0.40% 5,922 1.22% 129 0.03% 65 0.01% 40 0.01% 1,016 0.21% 849 0.17% 485,611
Chiang Mai[17]
1,592,164 91.66% 6,789 0.39% 133,761 7.70% 790 0.05% 365 0.02% 189 0.01% 546 0.03% 2,420 0.14% 17 0.01% 1,737,041
Chiang Rai[18]
1,065,169 90.81% 3,167 0.27% 103,450 8.82% 478 0.04% 212 0.02% 52 0.01% 139 0.01% 245 0.02% 15 0.01% 1,172,928
Chonburi[19]
1,463,280 94.08% 23,269 1.50% 56,878 3.66% 1,155 0.07% 610 0.04% 426 0.03% 6,139 0.39% 3,601 0.23% 1,555,358
Chumphon[20]
462,822 98.94% 3,545 0.76% 1,040 0.22% 115 0.02% 88 0.02% 11 0.01% 79 0.01% 101 0.02% 467,801
Kalasin[21]
821,714 99.66% 1,058 0.13% 1,348 0.16% 72 0.01% 30 0.01% 33 0.01% 203 0.02% 76 0.01% 824,534
Kamphaeng Phet[22]
790,017 99.08% 1,571 0.20% 3,775 0.47% 226 0.03% 124 0.01% 94 0.01% 746 0.09% 838 0.11% 797,391
Kanchanaburi[23]
789,692 98.52% 2,849 0.35% 7,833 0.97% 203 0.02% 204 0.02% 20 0.01% 145 0.01% 573 0.07% 801,519
Khon Kaen[24]
1,731,964 99.43% 2,593 0.15% 6,251 0.36% 517 0.03% 232 0.01% 370 0.02% 39 0.01% 2 0.01% 2 0.01% 1,741,969
Krabi[25]
235,594 65.04% 125,476 34.64% 517 0.14% 120 0.03% 59 0.01% 34 0.01% 305 0.08% 93 0.02% 5 0.01% 362,203
Lampang[26]
729,866 98.21% 1,422 0.19% 10,730 1.44% 68 0.01% 108 0.01% 37 0.01% 665 0.08% 243 0.03% 3 0.01% 743,143
Lamphun[27]
410,259 99.40% 631 0.15% 1,698 0.41% 30 0.01% 12 0.01% 16 0.01% 96 0.02% 412,741
Loei[28]
543,592 99.55% 544 0.10% 1,778 0.33% 12 0.01% 17 0.01% 73 0.01% 16 0.01% 546,031
Lopburi[29]
765,821 99.47% 1,525 0.20% 1,304 0.17% 141 0.02% 55 0.01% 51 0.01% 294 0.04% 733 0.10% 769,925
Mae Hong Son[30]
Maha Sarakham[31]
Mukdahan[32]
Nakhon Nayok[33]
Nakhon Pathom[34]
928,954 98.42% 2,162 0.23% 9,803 1.04% 444 0.05% 108 0.01% 38 0.01% 1,574 0.17% 810 0.09% 943,892
Nakhon Phanom[35]
Nakhon Ratchasima[36]
Nakhon Sawan[37]
Nakhon Si Thammarat[38]
1,353,244 93.30% 94,914 6.54% 1,323 0.09% 250 0.02% 167 0.01% 29 0.01% 538 0.03% 1,450,466
Nan[39]
444,201 98.10% 329 0.07% 8,071 1.78% 27 0.01% 10 0.01% 19 0.01% 156 0.03% 452,814
Narathiwat[40]
93,968 14.02% 575,585 85.90% 212 0.03% 44 0.01% 161 0.02% 30 0.01% 2 0.01% 670,002
Nong Bua Lamphu[41]
484,770 99.75% 448 0.09% 650 0.13% 57 0.01% 13 0.01% 19 0.01% 17 0.01% 485,974
Nong Khai[42]
817,218 99.48% 575 0.07% 3,416 0.42% 214 0.03% 61 0.01% 32 0.01% 10 0.01% 821,526
Nonthaburi[43]
1,282,703 96.14% 41,816 3.13% 7,760 0.59% 656 0.05% 373 0.01% 89 0.01% 172 0.01% 473 0.03% 40 0.01% 1,334,083
Pathum Thani[44]
1,271,785 95.83% 35,867 2.70% 9,807 0.74% 1,367 0.10% 706 0.05% 99 0.01% 6,592 0.50% 845 0.06% 78 0.01% 1,327,147
Pattani[45]
94,507 15.52% 513,841 84.37% 221 0.04% 77 0.01% 58 0.01% 49 0.01% 237 0.39% 23 0.01% 3 0.01% 609,015
Phang Nga[46]
200,324 77.48% 57,081 22.08% 786 0.30% 98 0.04% 23 0.01% 46 0.01% 2 0.01% 174 0.07% 258,534
Phatthalung[47]
423,199 87.99% 56,282 11.70% 973 0.20% 79 0.02% 109 0.02% 24 0.01% 248 0.05% 58 0.01% 3 0.01% 480,976
Phayao[48]
412,121 98.74% 487 0.12% 4,275 1.02% 35 0.01% 19 0.01% 14 0.01% 103 0.02% 321 0.07% 4 0.01% 417,380
Phetchabun[49]
929,722 98.90% 2,774 0.30% 5,818 0.62% 392 0.04% 499 0.05% 57 0.01% 407 0.04% 400 0.04% 7 0.01% 940,076
Phetchaburi[50]
460,327 97.41% 10,398 2.20% 1,411 0.30% 61 0.01% 52 0.01% 5 0.01% 128 0.03% 206 0.04% 472,589
Phichit[51]
Phitsanulok[52]
Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya[53]
827,251 95.01% 37,056 4.26% 3,024 0.35% 330 0.04% 78 0.01% 44 0.01% 458 0.05% 57 0.01% 2,373 0.27% 870,671
Phrae[54]
423,310 99.04% 551 0.13% 3,118 0.73% 45 0.01% 52 0.01% 35 0.01% 184 0.04% 101 0.02% 2 0.01% 427,398
Phuket[55]
418,025 79.52% 83,969 15.97% 19,058 3.63% 1,011 0.19% 67 0.01% 104 0.02% 930 0.18% 2,453 0.47% 91 0.02% 525,709
Prachinburi[56]
Prachuap Khiri Khan[57]
Ranong[58]
Ratchaburi[59]
781,901 98.14% 2,802 0.35% 10,108 1.27% 411 0.05% 205 0.03% 90 0.01% 474 0.06% 757 0.10% 796,748
Rayong[60]
Roi Et[61]
Sa Kaeo[62]
553,526 99.56% 721 0.13% 1,393 0.25% 90 0.01% 31 0.01% 14 0.01% 54 0.01% 132 0.02% 555,961
Sakon Nakhon[63]
Samut Prakan[64]
Samut Prakan[65]
Samut Songkhram[66]
Saraburi[67]
Satun[68]
89,715 32.64% 184,552 67.14% 403 0.15% 17 0.01% 152 0.06% 16 0.01% 8 0.01% 274,863
Sing Buri[69]
197,857 98.94% 891 0.45% 1,149 0.57% 50 0.03% 3 0.01% 7 0.01% 23 0.01% 2 0.01% 199,982
Sisaket[70]
1,047,650 99.21% 1,677 0.16% 5,818 0.55% 196 0.02% 30 0.01% 41 0.01% 312 0.03% 255 0.02% 1,055,979
Songkhla[71]
1,102,830 74.46% 374,728 25.30% 2,635 0.18% 218 0.01% 214 0.01% 37 0.01% 271 0.01% 88 0.01% 1,481,021
Sukhothai[72]
Suphan Buri[73]
Surat Thani[74]
978,368 96.93% 22,521 2.23% 2,313 0.23% 460 0.05% 238 0.02% 42 0.01% 2,469 0.24% 2,940 0.29% 1,009,351
Surin[75]
Tak[76]
Trang[77]
511,698 85.44% 85,609 14.29% 1,216 0.20% 74 0.01% 13 0.01% 26 0.01% 200 0.03% 40 0.01% 598,877
Trat[78]
Ubon Ratchathani[79]
Udon Thani[80]
Uthai Thani[81]
Uttaradit[82]
Yala[83]
100,778 23.27% 331,747 76.59% 453 0.10% 69 0.02% 61 0.01% 40 0.01% 16 0.01% 3 0.01% 433,167
Yasothon[84]
482,651 98.91% 453 0.09% 4,689 0.96% 140 0.03% 28 0.01% 15 0.01% 487,976
Total 61,746,429 100% 3,259,340 100% 789,376 100% 41,808 100% 16,718 100% 11,124 100% 66,922 100% 46,122 100% 3,820 100% 65,981,660

Indic Religions

Chiang Rai Province
.

Buddhism

Buddhism in Thailand is largely of the Theravada school. Over 90% of Thailand's population adheres to this school.

Thai Buddhism is practised alongside various indigenous religions, such as Chinese indigenous religion by the large Thai of Chinese origins, Hinduism among Thai of Indian origin and Siamese Thai people,[85] Thai folk religion among Northeastern Thai, Northern Thai and Northern Khmer people, and Peranakan folk religion for Peranakans.

Buddhist temples in Thailand are characterised by tall golden stupas, and the Buddhist architecture of Thailand is similar to that in other Southeast Asian countries, especially Cambodia and Laos, which share a cultural and historical heritage with Thailand.

Hinduism

Several thousand Hindus of Indian origin live in Thailand, mainly in the larger cities. Besides this group of "traditional Hindus", Thailand in its earliest days was under the rule of the

Ayutthaya was named for Ayodhya, the Indian birthplace of the Rama
, the protagonist of the story. There is a class of
Ganesh, Indra, Shiva, Vishnu, Lakshmi and other Hindu-Buddhist gods are a common sight (for example the Erawan Shrine area). Another relic of Hinduism is Garuda
, now a symbol of the monarchy.

Gurudwara Siri Guru Singh Sabha in Bangkok.

Sikhism

The first

Pahurat area and imitates the Golden Temple in Amritsar Punjab, India
. A tiny but influential community of Sikhs live in the country's cities, most engaged in retail commerce.

Folk religions

Phuket
at night.
Samut Sakhon Province
.

Chinese folk religion

Many within the large Thai Chinese population (excluding the Peranakans) practise various Chinese religions, including the worship of local gods, Chinese ancestral worship, Taoism, Confucianism and Chinese salvationist religions.[4] One of the latter, Yiguandao (Thai: Anuttharatham), spread to Thailand since the 1970s, and it has grown so popular to come into conflict with Buddhism; in 2009 there were more than 7,000 Yiguandao churches in the country and approximately 200.000 people convert each year into the religion.[87] Despite the large number of followers and temples these religions have no state recognition, their temples are not counted as places of worship, and their followers are counted as "Theravada Buddhists" in officially released religious figures.[4] Chinese temples are called sanchao in Thai language.[4]

The Chinese folk religion of Thailand has developed local features, including the worship of local gods.

Qingming, are widely celebrated, especially in Bangkok, Chonburi, and other parts of Thailand where there are large Chinese populations.[88] Thai of Teochew and Hoklo origin generally worship Guanyin and Mazu, while Cantonese origin worship Guan Yu
.

Peranakan folk religion

The

Peranakans in the city of Phuket practise a nine-day vegetarian festival between September and October. During the festive season, devotees will abstain from meat and mortification of the flesh by Chinese mediums is also commonly seen. The rites and rituals are devoted to the veneration of Tua Pek Kong. Such traditions were developed during the 19th century in Phuket by the local Chinese with influences from Malay and Southern Thai culture.[89]

Thai folk religion

Most of

ancestors
. They are very similar to the Chinese folk religion.

Abrahamic religions

Haroon Mosque, one of the oldest mosques in Bangkok

Islam

According to the 2015 census, Thailand has 2,892,311 Muslims, or 4.29% of the total population. 2,227,613 of these Muslims are concentrated in the southern region of the country, where they represent up to 24.33% of the population.[7]

Christianity

Thai architecture

Christianity was introduced by European missionaries as early as the 1550s, when Portuguese mercenaries and their chaplain arrived in Ayutthaya. Historically, it has played a significant role in the modernisation of Thailand, notably in social and educational institutions.[90] As of 2015 just over one percent of the population of Thailand are Christians.[7] Of that group, 400,000 are estimated to be Catholics.[91]

Thailand's Department of Religion, currently under the Ministry of Culture, has formally recognised five major Christian churches/denominations: the

(Mormons) have been active in Thailand for decades, though their converts are comparatively few. Also present are Jehovah's Witnesses, with over 5,200 members and 140 congregations.

Judaism

Phuket, Chiang Mai, and Ko Samui
, but no community there.

Freedom of religion

A Buddhist monk talking to a Catholic priest in a temple in Kanchanaburi

The constitution “prohibits discrimination based on religious belief," and allows all persons to practise any religion of their choice. Religious groups can operate freely with or without government registration.

The government has a quota for the number of foreign missionaries working in the country: 1,357 Christian, six Muslim, 20 Hindu, and 41 Sikh. Benefits include longer visa stays.

In 2022, violence against religious groups was reported in the Deep South; however it is difficult to separate this from ethnic violence.[93] Due to this violence, in 2023, the country was scored 3 out of 4 for religious freedom.[94]

Notes

  1. ^ Including Thai and Chinese indigenous religions.

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b "Population by religion, region and area, 2018". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Population by religion, region and area, 2015" (PDF). NSO. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
  3. ^ "US State Dept 2022 report".
  4. ^ a b c d e Kataoka 2012.
  5. ^ "Losing Our Religion? Two Thirds of People Still Claim to Be Religious". Gallup International. 2015-06-08. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
  6. ^ "Population by religion, region and area, 2010" (PDF). NSO. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  7. ^ a b c d "Population by religion, region and area, 2015" (PDF). NSO. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  8. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Bangkok: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  9. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Amnat Charoen: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  10. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Ang Thong: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  11. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Bueng Kan: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  12. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Buriram: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  13. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Chachoengsao: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  14. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Chai Nat: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  15. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Chaiyaphum: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  16. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Chanthaburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  17. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Chiang Mai: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  18. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Chiang Rai: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  19. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Chonburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  20. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Chumphon: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  21. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Kalasin: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  22. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Kamphaeng Phet: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  23. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Kanchanaburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  24. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Khon Kaen: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  25. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Krabi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  26. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Lampang: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  27. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Lamphun: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  28. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Loei: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  29. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Lopburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  30. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Mae Hong Son: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  31. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Maha Sarakham: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  32. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Mukdahan: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  33. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nakhon Nayok: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  34. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nakhon Pathom: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  35. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nakhon Phanom: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  36. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nakhon Ratchasima: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  37. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nakhon Sawan: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  38. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nakhon Si Thammarat: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  39. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nan: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  40. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Narathiwat: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  41. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nong Bua Lamphu: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  42. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nong Khai: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  43. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nonthaburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  44. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Pathum Thani: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  45. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Pattani: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  46. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phang Nga: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  47. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phatthalung: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  48. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phayao: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  49. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phetchabun: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  50. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phetchaburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  51. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phichit: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  52. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phitsanulok: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  53. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  54. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phrae: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  55. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phuket: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  56. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Prachinburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  57. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Prachuap Khiri Khan: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  58. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Ranong: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  59. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Ratchaburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  60. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Rayong: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  61. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Roi Et: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  62. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Sa Kaeo: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  63. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Sakon Nakhon: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  64. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Samut Prakan: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  65. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Samut Sakhon: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  66. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Samut Songkhram: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  67. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Saraburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  68. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Satun: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  69. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Sing Buri: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  70. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Sisaket: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  71. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Songkhla: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  72. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Sukhothai: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  73. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Suphan Buri: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  74. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Surat Thani: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  75. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Surin: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  76. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Tak: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  77. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Trang: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  78. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Trat: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  79. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Ubon Ratchathani: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  80. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Udon Thani: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  81. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Uthai Thani: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  82. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Uttaradit: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  83. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Yala: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  84. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Yasothon: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  85. ^ a b "The new Brahmins". Bangkok Post. 15 October 2015.
  86. ^ "Hinduism Around the World" (PDF). Hindu American Foundation. 2014: 3. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  87. ^ Yusheng Lin (2015). "Yiguandao and Buddhism in Thailand" (PDF). Kyoto University's Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research.
  88. ^ Tong Chee Kiong; Chan Kwok Bun (2001). Rethinking Assimilation and Ethnicity: The Chinese of Thailand. pp. 30–34. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  89. .
  90. ^ Spitz, Maternus (1912). "Siam". The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 10 January 2018.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  91. ^ "Pope Francis to visit Thailand November 20–23". Thai PBS. Agence France-Presse. 13 September 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
  92. ^ "The Jewish Community of Thailand". Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  93. ^ United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. US State Dept 2022 report.
  94. ^ Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08

Sources

  • Kataoka, Tatsuki (December 2012). "Religion as Non-religion: The Place of Chinese Temples in Phuket, Southern Thailand". Southeast Asian Studies. 1 (3). Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University: 461–485. .

See also