Religion in the Philippines

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Religion in the Philippines 2020, Philippine Statistics Authority[1]

  Roman Catholicism (78.8%)
  Other Christians (1.9%)
  Islam (6.4%)
  Other / None (8.9%)
Catholic devotees flock to the Manila Cathedral on Maundy Thursday in 2018 for the traditional Visita Iglesia.

Roman Catholicism being its largest denomination. Sizeable minorities adhering to Islam, Indian religions, and indigenous Philippine folk religions (Anito or Anitism)
are also present.

The country is

secular and its constitution guarantees freedom of religion. Before the arrival of Spanish missionaries, the various ethnic groups residing in the territory of modern-day Philippines
practiced a variety of faiths.

Overview

According to the 2020 census, at least 84% of the population is Christian; about 79% belong to the Catholic Church while about 6% belong to Protestantism and other denominations such as Philippine Independent Church, Iglesia ni Cristo, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-day Adventist Church, Apostolic Catholic Church, United Church of Christ in the Philippines, Members Church of God International (MCGI) and Pentecostals.

syncretized with Christianity and Islam. Buddhism is practiced by 0.04%[4] of the Philippine population by the Japanese-Filipino community,[5][3] and, together with Taoism and Chinese folk religion, is also dominant in Chinese communities. There are also smaller number of followers of Sikhism, Hinduism as well.[2][3][6][7][8] Irreligion in the Philippines is very low,[9][10] with 0.04% of the Philippine population self-reporting in 2020 as having no religion.[4]

According to the 2015 census,

Evangelicals comprised 2% of the population. It is particularly strong among American and Korean communities, Northern Luzon especially in Cordillera Administrative Region, Southern Mindanao[11] and many other tribal groups in the Philippines.[citation needed] Protestants both mainline and evangelical have gained significant annual growth rate up to 10% since 1910 to 2015.[12]

About 6.4% of the population of the Philippines is

Shafi'i school.[14] There are some Ahmadiyya Muslims in the country.[15]

Demographics

Religious majority according to the 2020 Census
Christians: Muslims:
  above 50%
  above 50%
  above 70%
  above 70%
  above 85%
  above 85%
  above 95%
  above 95%

The

Protestant and 5.57% were Muslims.[16]

Of the 108,667,043 household population in 2020, nearly four fifths or 85,645,362 persons[a] (78.8%) reported Roman Catholic as their religious affiliation. It was followed by Islam with 6,981,710 persons (6.4%), and Iglesia ni Cristo with 2,806,524 persons (2.6%).[4]

Population by religious affiliation (2020)
Affiliation Number Percentage
Roman Catholic[a] 85,645,362 78.8%
Islam 6,981,710 6.4%
Iglesia ni Cristo 2,806,524 2.6%
Philippine Independent Church 1,458,992 1.4%
Seventh-day Adventist
862,725 0.8%
Bible Baptist Church
540,364 0.5%
United Church of Christ in the Philippines 470,792 0.4%
Jehovah's Witnesses 457,245 0.4%
Church of Christ 429,921 0.4%
Other religious affiliations 8,954,291 8.2%
None 43,931 0%
Not reported 15,186 0%
Total 108,667,043 100%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[4]

Christianity

King of Spain. Missionary activity during the country's colonial rule by Spain and the United States led the transformation of the Philippines into the first and then, along with East Timor, one of two predominantly Catholic nations in East Asia, with approximately 88.66% of the population belonging to the Christian faith.[2][17]

Catholicism

The Catholic Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral, built on the site of the Church of St. Vitales, the first church built in the Philippines

Catholicism (Filipino: Katolisismo; Spanish: Catolicismo) is the predominant religion and the largest Christian denomination in the Philippines comprising 78.8% of the population (or 85,645,362 million adherents[a]) in 2020.[4] Spanish efforts to convert many on the islands were aided by the lack of a significant central authority, and by friars who learnt local languages to preach. Some traditional animistic practices blended with the new faith.[18]

The

Ferdinand E. Marcos out of power and into exile in Hawaii
.

Several Catholic holidays are culturally important as family occasions, and are observed in the civil calendar. Chief among these are Christmas, which includes celebrations of the civil New Year, and the more solemn Holy Week, which may occur in March or April. Every November, Filipino families celebrate All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day as a single holiday in honour of the saints and the dead, visiting and cleaning ancestral graves, offering prayers, and feasting.[19] As of 2018, Feast of the Immaculate Conception on December 8 was added as a special non-working holiday.[20]

Papal visits

  • Pope Paul VI was the target of an assassination attempt at Manila International Airport in the Philippines in 1970. The assailant, a Bolivian Surrealist painter named Benjamín Mendoza y Amor Flores, lunged toward Pope Paul with a kris, but was subdued.
  • Pope John Paul II visited the country twice, 1981 and 1995. The final Mass of the event was recorded to have been attended by 5 million people, and was at the time the largest papal crowd in history.
  • Pope Benedict XVI declined the invitation of Cardinal Gaudencio Rosales and CBCP President Ángel Lagdameo to visit because of a hectic schedule.
  • Pope Francis visited the country in January 2015, and the concluding Mass at the Quirino Grandstand had an estimated 7 million attendees, breaking the record at Pope John Paul's Mass at the same site twenty years prior.

Philippine Independent Church

Iglesia Filipina Independiente Parish of Our Lady of Guidance in Magallanes, Cavite
St. Michael the Archangel Parish of Binakayan of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente in Kawit

The Philippine Independent Church (officially

Iglesia Filipina Independiente, IFI; colloquially known as the Aglipayan Church) is an independent Christian denomination in the form of a nationalist church in the Philippines. Its schism from the Roman Catholic Church was proclaimed in 1902 by the members of the Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina due to the mistreatment towards the Filipinos by Spanish priests and partly influenced by the execution of nationalist José Rizal
under Spanish colonial rule.

Obispo Maximo
, Gregorio Aglipay.

Commonly shared beliefs in the Aglipayan Church are the rejection of the Apostolic Succession solely to the Petrine Papacy, the acceptance of priestly ordination of women, the free option of clerical celibacy, the tolerance to join Freemasonry groups, and the advocacy of contraception and same-sex civil rights among its members. Many saints canonised by Rome after the schism are also not officially recognised by the Aglipayan church and its members, but they recognise the popes that have been universally canonised as saints before the schism.

In 2020, the Philippine Independent Church had around 1,458,992 adherents (1.4% of the Philippine population).[4] Aglipayans in the Philippines claim to number at least 6 to 8 million members, with most from the northern part of Luzon, especially in the Ilocos Region and in the parts of Visayas like Antique, Iloilo and Guimaras provinces. Congregations are also found throughout the Philippine diaspora in North America, Europe, Middle East and Asia. With the exception of the Unitarian Iglesia ni Cristo, the church is the second-largest single Christian denomination in the country after the Roman Catholic Church (some 80.2% of the population), comprising about 6.7% of the total population of the Philippines. It has 48 dioceses plus the dioceses outside the Philippines such as the Diocese of Tampa (USA) and the Diocese of Western USA, Western Canada, and Pacific Islands. It has Fellowship congregations in the United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates, Hong Kong and Singapore. IFI is in full communion with the Anglican Churches and The Episcopal Church.[21][22][23]

Iglesia ni Cristo

Iglesia ni Cristo's central temple in Quezon City

Iglesia ni Cristo (English: Church of Christ; Spanish: Iglesia de Cristo) is the largest entirely locally initiated religious organisation in the Philippines comprising roughly 2.6% of religious affiliation in the country.[24][25][26][27][28] Felix Y. Manalo officially registered the church with the Philippine Government on July 27, 1914[29] and because of this, most publications refer to him as the founder of the church. Felix Manalo claimed that he was restoring the church of Christ that was lost for 2,000 years. He died on April 12, 1963, aged 76.

The Iglesia ni Cristo is known for its large evangelical missions. The largest of which was the Grand Evangelical Mission (GEM) which also occurred simultaneously on 19 sites across the country. In Manila site alone, more than 600,000 people attended the event.[30] Other programs includes the Lingap sa Mamamayan (Aid to Humanity),[31] The Kabayan Ko Kapatid Ko (My Countrymen, My Brethren) and various resettlement projects for affected individuals.[32] The church has been embroiled in corruption scandals, as well as allegations of illegal detentions in 2015, leading to widespread protests.[33][34][35] Issues about the idolization of the group's founder and the church establishment over the Bible have also surfaced, as well as the outcasting of members who question the leaders of the church.[36]

Jesus Miracle Crusade International Ministry

The Jesus Miracle Crusade International Ministry (JMCIM) is an apostolic Pentecostal religious group from the Philippines which believes in the gospel of Jesus Christ with signs, wonders, miracles and faith in God for healing. JMCIM was founded by evangelist Wilde E. Almeda on February 14, 1975.[37][38]

Members Church of God International

Ang Dating Daan Convention Center in Apalit, Pampanga

Members Church of God International (MCGI, Filipino: Mga Kaanib sa Iglesia ng Dios Internasyonal) is a religious organization popularly known through its Filipino television program, Ang Dating Daan (English Program "The Old Path"; in Spanish El Camino Antiguo; in Portuguese O Caminho Antigo). MCGI are one of the Christian majority in the Philippines with more than a million members internationally.

The church is known for their "Bible Expositions", where guests and members are given a chance to ask any biblical question to the "Overall Servant"

Eliseo Soriano. He and his associates refute teachings of asked religions which are, according to Soriano, "not biblical" and discuss controversial passages. Besides general preaching, they also established charity works. Among these humanitarian services are The Legacy Continues Wish granting activity, MCGI Free Store, Free Meal and Free Potable Water; charity homes for the senior citizens and orphaned children and teenagers; transient homes; medical missions; full college scholarship; start-up capital for livelihood projects; vocational training for the differently-abled; free legal assistance; free bus, jeepney, and train rides for commuters and senior citizens, and; free Bibles for everyone. MCGI is now one of the major blood donor in the Philippines, as acknowledged and awarded by the Philippine National Red Cross' Jose Rizal Award, the highest honor given by PNRC.[39]

Most Holy Church of God in Christ Jesus

The Most Holy Church of God in Christ Jesus (Filipino: Kabanalbanalang Iglesia ng Dios kay Kristo Hesus),[40][41] is an independent Christian denomination officially registered in the Philippines by Teofilo D. Ora in May 1922. The church claims to restore the visible church founded in Jerusalem by Christ Jesus. It has spread to areas including California, Calgary, Dubai, and other Asian countries. According to the 2020 census, the church had 9,585 members in the Philippines.[42]

The church was founded by Bishop Teofilo D. Ora in 1922. He, along with Avelino Santiago and Nicolas Perez, split off from the Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ) in 1922. They initially called their church Iglesia Verdadera de Cristo Hesus (True Church of Christ Jesus). However, following a religious doctrine controversy, Nicolas Perez split off from the group and registered an offshoot called Iglesia ng Dios kay Kristo Hesus, Haligi at Suhay ng Katotohanan (Church of God in Christ Jesus, the Pillar and Support of the Truth). Teofilo D. Ora was bishop until his death in 1969. He was officially succeeded by Bishop Salvador C. Payawal who led the church until 1989. Subsequent bishops were Bishop Gamaliel T. Payawal (1989 to 2003) and Bishop Isagani N. Capistrano (2003–present). It was during Gamaliel Payawal's tenure when the church was renamed as Most Holy Church of God in Christ Jesus.

Apostolic Catholic Church

Botolan, Zambales

Apostolic Catholic Church (ACC;

Catholic lay organization that was founded in Hermosa, Bataan in the early 1970s by Maria Virginia P. Leonzon Vda. De Teruel.[43] In 1991 the organisation and the Roman Catholic Church had a schism; due to varying issues, it formally separated itself from the Roman Catholic Church, when John Florentine Teruel was consecrated as a patriarch and registered the church as a Protestant and Independent Catholic denomination.[44]

As of 2020[update], the Apostolic Catholic Church has 54,543 members in the Philippines.[42] The National Council of Churches in the Philippines reports that the Apostolic Catholic Church has more than 5 million members worldwide.[45] The largest international congregations are in Japan, United States and Canada.[citation needed]

Orthodoxy

Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia, New Zealand, and All Oceania). In 1999, it was asserted that there were about 560 Orthodox church members in the Philippines.[47]

Protestantism

Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
Seventh-day Adventist Church in Pasay
Bible Baptist Church in Pugo, La Union
Tagudin, Ilocos Sur
Minalin, Pampanga
Philippine Assemblies of God in Taal, Batangas

Catholicism. Protestants were 10.8% of the population in 2010.[49]
Protestant church organizations established in the Philippines during the 20th century include the following:

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

LDS Manila Philippines Temple in 2022

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the Philippines was founded during the Spanish-American War in 1898. Two men from Utah who were members of the United States artillery battery, and who were also set apart as missionaries by the Church before they left the United States, preached while stationed in the Philippines. Missionary work picked up after World War II, and in 1961 the Church was officially registered in the Philippines.[52] In 1969, the Church had spread to eight major islands and had the highest number of baptisms of any area in the Church. Membership was 805,209 in 2019.[53] A temple was built in 1984 which is located in Manila, and a second temple was completed in Cebu City in 2010. By 2019, four more LDS temples had been announced, they are planned to be built in Urdaneta, Cagayan de Oro, Davao, as well as a second temple in the greater Manila area.[54] As of 2023, a total of 13 temples were either operating, under construction, or announced within the country. [55]

Other Christians

Islam

Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mosque in Cotabato City

Shafi and Ash'ari school of jurisprudence and Theology, with small Shia and Ahmadiyya minorities.[15] Islam is the oldest recorded monotheistic
religion in the Philippines.

According to the

Muslim population of the Philippines in 2020 was 6.98 million (6.4%).[4] However, a 2012 estimate by the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos (NCMF) stated that there were 10.7 million Muslims, or approximately 11 percent of the total population.[62] Some Muslim scholars have observed that difficulties in getting accurate numbers have been compounded in some Muslim areas by the hostility of the inhabitants to government personnel, leading to difficulty in getting accurate data for the Muslim population in the country.[63] The majority of Muslims live in Mindanao and nearby islands.[64]

Other Abrahamic religions

Baháʼí Faith

The

Local Spiritual Assembly was established.[66] In the early 1960s, during a period of accelerated growth, the community grew from 200 in 1960 to 1000 by 1962 and 2000 by 1963. In 1964 the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the Philippines was elected and by 1980 there were 64,000 Baháʼís and 45 local assemblies.[67] The Baháʼís have been active in multi/inter-faith developments. The 2010 World Christian Encyclopedia estimates the Philippines has the world's sixth largest population of Baháʼís, at just over 275,000.[68]

Judaism

In the 1590s some Jews fleeing from the Inquisition were recorded to have come to the Philippines.[69] In 2006, Metro Manila had the largest Jewish community in the Philippines, which consisted of roughly 100 families.[69] As of 2018, the Jewish population comprised between 100 and 300 individuals, depending on one's definition of "Jew".[70]

The country's only synagogue,

Beth Yaacov, is located in Makati.[69] There are other Jews elsewhere in the country,[69] but these are much fewer and almost all transients,[71] either diplomats or business envoys, and their existence is almost totally unknown in mainstream society. There are a few Israelis
in Manila recruiting caregivers for Israel, some work in call centers, entrepreneurs, and a few other executives.

Indian religions

Buddhism

Seng Guan Temple in Manila

No written records exist about the early Buddhism in the Philippines. However, archaeological discoveries and the few scant references in the other nations' historical records can tell about the existence of Buddhism from the 9th century onward in the islands. These records mention the independent states that comprise the Philippines and which show that they were not united as one country in the early days. Archaeological finds include Buddhist artifacts. The style are of Vajrayana influence.[citation needed]

Loanwords with Buddhist context appear in languages of the Philippines.[72][73] Archaeological finds include Buddhist artifacts.[74][75] The style are of Vajrayana influence.[76][77] The Philippines's early states must have become the tributary states of the powerful Buddhist Srivijaya empire that controlled the trade and its sea routes from the 6th century to the 13th century in Southeast Asia. The states's trade contacts with the empire long before or in the 9th century must have served as the conduit for introducing Vajrayana Buddhism to the islands.

Both Srivijaya empire in Sumatra and Majapahit empire in Java were unknown in history until 1918 when the Ecole Francaise d'Extreme Orient's George Coedes postulated their existence because they had been mentioned in the records of the Chinese Tang and Sung imperial dynasties. Ji Ying, a Chinese monk and scholar, stayed in Sumatra from 687 to 689 on his way to India. He wrote on the Srivijaya's splendour, "Buddhism was flourishing throughout the islands of Southeast Asia. Many of the kings and the chieftains in the islands in the southern seas admire and believe in Buddhism, and their hearts are set on accumulating good action."

Both empires replaced their early Theravada Buddhist religion with Vajrayana Buddhism in the 7th century.[78]

In 2016, Buddhism was practiced by around 2% of the population, according to the Permanent Mission of the Republic of the Philippines to the United Nations.

Filipinos of Japanese descent[80][81] and there are several prominent Buddhist temples in the country like Seng Guan Temple in Manila and Lon Wa Buddhist Temple
in Mindanao.

Hinduism

Hindu temple in Manila

The

Majapahit Empire on what is now Malaysia and Indonesia, introduced Hinduism and Buddhism to the islands.[82] Ancient statues of Hindu-Buddhist gods have been found in the Philippines dating as far back as 600 to 1600 years from present.[83]

The archipelagos of Southeast Asia were under the influence of Hindu

Tamil people, Gujarati people and Indonesian traders through the ports of Malay-Indonesian islands. Indian religions, possibly an amalgamated version of Hindu-Buddhist arrived in Philippines archipelago in the 1st millennium, through the Indonesian kingdom of Srivijaya followed by Majapahit
. Archeological evidence suggesting exchange of ancient spiritual ideas from India to the Philippines includes the 1.79 kilogram, 21 carat gold Hindu goddess Agusan (sometimes referred to as Golden Tara), found in Mindanao in 1917 after a storm and flood exposed its location.

Another gold artifact, from the Tabon caves in the island of Palawan, is an image of Garuda, the bird who is the mount of Vishnu. The discovery of sophisticated Hindu imagery and gold artifacts in Tabon caves has been linked to those found from Oc Eo, in the Mekong Delta in Southern Vietnam.

Nandi – the sacred bull, linked chains, inscribed gold sheets, gold plaques decorated with repoussé images of Hindu deities.[85]

Today Hinduism is largely confined to the Indian Filipinos and the expatriate Indian community. There are temples also for Sikhism, also located in the provinces and in the cities, sometimes located near Hindu temples. The two Paco temples are well known, comprising a Hindu temple and a Sikh temple.

There are two Hindu temples in Manila city: Hari Ram Temple (Paco) and Saya Aur Devi Mandir Temple (Paco). There is a Hindu temple called "Indian Hindu Temple" in Cebu City, Philippines. There is a Hindu Temple in Baguio, Philippines called "Baguio Hindu Temple". The population of Hindus in the Philippines is 30,634[86]

Indigenous religions (Dayawism)

Mount Pulag is one of the many sacred grounds of adherents of the Indigenous Philippine folk religions.
The Agusan image statue discovered in Mindanao, Philippines and dated circa 900–950 CE.

Indigenous Philippine folk religions, also referred to as Anitism,[87][88] are a diverse group of native religions that have existed in the islands as the people's original faiths. Each possess their own set of belief systems and religious stories and narratives, mostly originating from beliefs held during the pre-Hispanic era, although many are also modern. Some of these beliefs have been influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism and were falsely regarded by the Spanish and American colonizers as "myths" and "superstitions" in an effort to de-legitimize the precolonial beliefs of Filipinos against Filipinos. Today, some of these native beliefs are still held by many Filipinos, both in urban and rural areas.

These religions tell the story of various narratives originating from various sources, having similarities with Indonesian and Malay religious narratives, as well as Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist, and Christian traditions. Beliefs include the notions of heaven (

shamans
(babaylan, katalonan, mumbaki, baglan, machanitu, walian, mangubat, bahasa, etc.) and community elders.

Today, many ethnic peoples continue to practice and conserve their unique

indigenous religions, notably in ancestral domains, although foreign and foreign-inspired Hispanic and Arabic religions continue to interfere with their life-ways through conversions, land-grabbing, inter-marriage, and/or land-buying. Various scholarly works have been made regarding Anitism and its many religious aspects, although much of its stories and traditions are still undocumented by the international community.[89][90][87][91]

The 2020 census recorded 0.23% of the population adhering to the Indigenous Philippine folk religions,[4] an increase from the previous 2010 census which notes a 0.19% adherence.[16]

Revitalization attempts

In search of a national culture and identity, away from those imposed by Spain during the colonial age, Filipino revolutionaries during the

Philippine revolution proposed to revive the indigenous Philippine folk religions and make them the national religion of the entire country. The Katipunan opposed the religious teachings of the Spanish friars, saying that they "obscured rather than explained religious truths." After the revival of the Katipunan during the Spanish–American War, an idealized form of the folk religions was proposed by some, with the worship of God under the ancient name of Bathala, which applies to all supreme deities under the many ethnic pantheons in the Philippines.[92]

Irreligion

The Philippine Statistics Authority in 2020 reported the number of irreligious at less than 0.1%.[4]

The

International Humanist and Ethical Union, as one among secular organizations that promotes free thought and scientific development in the Philippines.[96]
The 2015 Philippine Census reported the religion of about 0.02% of the population as "none".

As of 2021, the Philippine Atheists and Agnostics Society is dormant and non-active, following a major internal scandal on finance matters.[16]

Religion and politics

EDSA II
Eduardo Manalo at the INC Central Temple
in Quezon City in December 2018.

The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines declares: The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable. (Article II, Section 6), and, No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights. (Article III, Section 5). Joaquin Bernas, a Filipino Jesuit specializing in constitutional law, acknowledges that there were complex issues that were brought to court and numerous attempts to use the separation of Church and State against the Catholic Church, but he defends the statement, saying that "the fact that he [Marcos] tried to do it does not deny the validity of the separation of church and state".[97]

On April 28, 2004, the Philippines Supreme Court reversed the ruling of a lower court ordering five religious leaders to refrain from endorsing a candidate for elective office.[98][99] Manila Judge Conception Alarcon-Vergara had ruled that the "head of a religious organization who influences or threatens to punish members could be held liable for coercion and violation of citizen's right to vote freely". The lawsuit filed by Social Justice Society party stated that "the Church's active participation in partisan politics, using the awesome voting strength of its faithful flock, will enable it to elect men to public office who will in turn be forever beholden to its leaders, enabling them to control the government".

They claimed that this violates the Philippine constitution's separation of Church and State clause. The named respondents were the

papal nuncio agreed with the decision of the lower court[100] while the other respondents challenged the decision.[101][102]

Freedom of religion

In 2023, the country was scored 4 out of 4 for religious freedom.[103]

See also

Notes

  1. ^
    Catholic Charismatic
    numbering 74,096 persons (0.07%)

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