Religion in the Philippines
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Overview
According to the 2020 census, at least 84% of the population is Christian; about 79% belong to the Catholic Church while about 6% belong to Protestantism and other denominations such as Philippine Independent Church, Iglesia ni Cristo, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-day Adventist Church, Apostolic Catholic Church, United Church of Christ in the Philippines, Members Church of God International (MCGI) and Pentecostals.
According to the 2015 census,
About 6.4% of the population of the Philippines is
Demographics
Religious majority according to the 2020 Census | |
Christians: | Muslims: |
above 50% | above 50% |
above 70% | above 70% |
above 85% | above 85% |
above 95% | above 95% |
The
Of the 108,667,043 household population in 2020, nearly four fifths or 85,645,362 persons[a] (78.8%) reported Roman Catholic as their religious affiliation. It was followed by Islam with 6,981,710 persons (6.4%), and Iglesia ni Cristo with 2,806,524 persons (2.6%).[4]
Affiliation | Number | Percentage | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Roman Catholic[a] | 85,645,362 | 78.8% | ||
Islam | 6,981,710 | 6.4% | ||
Iglesia ni Cristo | 2,806,524 | 2.6% | ||
Philippine Independent Church | 1,458,992 | 1.4% | ||
Seventh-day Adventist
|
862,725 | 0.8% | ||
Bible Baptist Church
|
540,364 | 0.5% | ||
United Church of Christ in the Philippines | 470,792 | 0.4% | ||
Jehovah's Witnesses | 457,245 | 0.4% | ||
Church of Christ | 429,921 | 0.4% | ||
Other religious affiliations | 8,954,291 | 8.2% | ||
None | 43,931 | 0% | ||
Not reported | 15,186 | 0% | ||
Total | 108,667,043 | 100% | ||
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[4] |
Christianity
Catholicism
Catholicism (Filipino: Katolisismo; Spanish: Catolicismo) is the predominant religion and the largest Christian denomination in the Philippines comprising 78.8% of the population (or 85,645,362 million adherents[a]) in 2020.[4] Spanish efforts to convert many on the islands were aided by the lack of a significant central authority, and by friars who learnt local languages to preach. Some traditional animistic practices blended with the new faith.[18]
The
Several Catholic holidays are culturally important as family occasions, and are observed in the civil calendar. Chief among these are Christmas, which includes celebrations of the civil New Year, and the more solemn Holy Week, which may occur in March or April. Every November, Filipino families celebrate All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day as a single holiday in honour of the saints and the dead, visiting and cleaning ancestral graves, offering prayers, and feasting.[19] As of 2018, Feast of the Immaculate Conception on December 8 was added as a special non-working holiday.[20]
Papal visits
- Pope Paul VI was the target of an assassination attempt at Manila International Airport in the Philippines in 1970. The assailant, a Bolivian Surrealist painter named Benjamín Mendoza y Amor Flores, lunged toward Pope Paul with a kris, but was subdued.
- Pope John Paul II visited the country twice, 1981 and 1995. The final Mass of the event was recorded to have been attended by 5 million people, and was at the time the largest papal crowd in history.
- Pope Benedict XVI declined the invitation of Cardinal Gaudencio Rosales and CBCP President Ángel Lagdameo to visit because of a hectic schedule.
- Pope Francis visited the country in January 2015, and the concluding Mass at the Quirino Grandstand had an estimated 7 million attendees, breaking the record at Pope John Paul's Mass at the same site twenty years prior.
Philippine Independent Church
The Philippine Independent Church (officially
Commonly shared beliefs in the Aglipayan Church are the rejection of the Apostolic Succession solely to the Petrine Papacy, the acceptance of priestly ordination of women, the free option of clerical celibacy, the tolerance to join Freemasonry groups, and the advocacy of contraception and same-sex civil rights among its members. Many saints canonised by Rome after the schism are also not officially recognised by the Aglipayan church and its members, but they recognise the popes that have been universally canonised as saints before the schism.
In 2020, the Philippine Independent Church had around 1,458,992 adherents (1.4% of the Philippine population).[4] Aglipayans in the Philippines claim to number at least 6 to 8 million members, with most from the northern part of Luzon, especially in the Ilocos Region and in the parts of Visayas like Antique, Iloilo and Guimaras provinces. Congregations are also found throughout the Philippine diaspora in North America, Europe, Middle East and Asia. With the exception of the Unitarian Iglesia ni Cristo, the church is the second-largest single Christian denomination in the country after the Roman Catholic Church (some 80.2% of the population), comprising about 6.7% of the total population of the Philippines. It has 48 dioceses plus the dioceses outside the Philippines such as the Diocese of Tampa (USA) and the Diocese of Western USA, Western Canada, and Pacific Islands. It has Fellowship congregations in the United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates, Hong Kong and Singapore. IFI is in full communion with the Anglican Churches and The Episcopal Church.[21][22][23]
Iglesia ni Cristo
Iglesia ni Cristo (English: Church of Christ; Spanish: Iglesia de Cristo) is the largest entirely locally initiated religious organisation in the Philippines comprising roughly 2.6% of religious affiliation in the country.[24][25][26][27][28] Felix Y. Manalo officially registered the church with the Philippine Government on July 27, 1914[29] and because of this, most publications refer to him as the founder of the church. Felix Manalo claimed that he was restoring the church of Christ that was lost for 2,000 years. He died on April 12, 1963, aged 76.
The Iglesia ni Cristo is known for its large evangelical missions. The largest of which was the Grand Evangelical Mission (GEM) which also occurred simultaneously on 19 sites across the country. In Manila site alone, more than 600,000 people attended the event.[30] Other programs includes the Lingap sa Mamamayan (Aid to Humanity),[31] The Kabayan Ko Kapatid Ko (My Countrymen, My Brethren) and various resettlement projects for affected individuals.[32] The church has been embroiled in corruption scandals, as well as allegations of illegal detentions in 2015, leading to widespread protests.[33][34][35] Issues about the idolization of the group's founder and the church establishment over the Bible have also surfaced, as well as the outcasting of members who question the leaders of the church.[36]
Jesus Miracle Crusade International Ministry
The Jesus Miracle Crusade International Ministry (JMCIM) is an apostolic Pentecostal religious group from the Philippines which believes in the gospel of Jesus Christ with signs, wonders, miracles and faith in God for healing. JMCIM was founded by evangelist Wilde E. Almeda on February 14, 1975.[37][38]
Members Church of God International
Members Church of God International (MCGI, Filipino: Mga Kaanib sa Iglesia ng Dios Internasyonal) is a religious organization popularly known through its Filipino television program, Ang Dating Daan (English Program "The Old Path"; in Spanish El Camino Antiguo; in Portuguese O Caminho Antigo). MCGI are one of the Christian majority in the Philippines with more than a million members internationally.
The church is known for their "Bible Expositions", where guests and members are given a chance to ask any biblical question to the "Overall Servant"
Most Holy Church of God in Christ Jesus
The Most Holy Church of God in Christ Jesus (Filipino: Kabanalbanalang Iglesia ng Dios kay Kristo Hesus),[40][41] is an independent Christian denomination officially registered in the Philippines by Teofilo D. Ora in May 1922. The church claims to restore the visible church founded in Jerusalem by Christ Jesus. It has spread to areas including California, Calgary, Dubai, and other Asian countries. According to the 2020 census, the church had 9,585 members in the Philippines.[42]
The church was founded by Bishop Teofilo D. Ora in 1922. He, along with Avelino Santiago and Nicolas Perez, split off from the Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ) in 1922. They initially called their church Iglesia Verdadera de Cristo Hesus (True Church of Christ Jesus). However, following a religious doctrine controversy, Nicolas Perez split off from the group and registered an offshoot called Iglesia ng Dios kay Kristo Hesus, Haligi at Suhay ng Katotohanan (Church of God in Christ Jesus, the Pillar and Support of the Truth). Teofilo D. Ora was bishop until his death in 1969. He was officially succeeded by Bishop Salvador C. Payawal who led the church until 1989. Subsequent bishops were Bishop Gamaliel T. Payawal (1989 to 2003) and Bishop Isagani N. Capistrano (2003–present). It was during Gamaliel Payawal's tenure when the church was renamed as Most Holy Church of God in Christ Jesus.
Apostolic Catholic Church
Apostolic Catholic Church (ACC;
As of 2020[update], the Apostolic Catholic Church has 54,543 members in the Philippines.[42] The National Council of Churches in the Philippines reports that the Apostolic Catholic Church has more than 5 million members worldwide.[45] The largest international congregations are in Japan, United States and Canada.[citation needed]
Orthodoxy
Protestantism
- Methodist)
- Association of Fundamental Baptist Churches in the Philippines (Evangelical)
- Awake International Ministries (Evangelical)
- Baptist Bible Fellowship in the Philippines (Evangelical)
- Evangelical)
- Pentecostal)
- Evangelical)
- Christ Living Epistle Ministries Inc. (Pentecostal)
- Christian and Missionary Alliance Churches of the Philippines
- Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)
- Church of God in Christ (Memphis, Tennessee)
- Pentecostal)
- Church of the Nazarene (Holiness movement)
- Citichurch Cebu (Pentecostal)
- Conservative Baptist Association of the Philippines (Baptist)
- Baptist)
- Evangelical)
- Anglican)
- Evangelical)
- Grace Christian Church of the Philippines
- Greenhills Christian Fellowship (Conservative Baptist)
- Heartland Covenant Church (formerly Jesus Cares Ministries)
- Iglesia Evangelica Metodista en las Islas Filipinas
- Iglesia Evangelica Unida de Cristo
- Jesus Flock Gateway Church (Full Gospel)
- Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide (Full Gospel)
- Jesus Miracle Crusade International Ministry (Full Gospel)
- Jesus the Anointed One Church (Pentecostal)
- Lutheran)
- Luzon Convention of Southern Baptist Churches (Baptist)
- Convention in Visayas and Mindanao of Southern Baptist Churches (Baptist)
- New Life Christian Center (Pentecostal)
- Pentecostal Global Ministries Full Gospel Church (Pentecostal)
- Pentecostal)
- Philippine Evangelical Holiness Churches
- Philippines General Council of the Assemblies of God
- Presbyterian Church of the Philippines
- Redeeming Grace Christian Centre
- The Salvation Army
- Seventh-day Adventist Church
- TEAM Ministries international
- The Blessed Word International Church (Evangelical)
- Methodist)
- Union Church Manila
- Union Espiritista Cristiana de Filipinas (established on 1905)[50]
- Methodist).
- United Evangelical Church of the Philippines
- United Methodist Church[51]
- Evangelical)
- Vineyard Christian Fellowship (Evangelical)
- Word for the World Christian Fellowship (Evangelical)
- Word of Life World Mission Church (Pentecostal)
- Words of Life Christian Ministries
- His Life Ministries (Non-Denominational)
- His Life City Church (Pentecostal)
- City of God Celebration Church (Pentecostal)
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the Philippines was founded during the Spanish-American War in 1898. Two men from Utah who were members of the United States artillery battery, and who were also set apart as missionaries by the Church before they left the United States, preached while stationed in the Philippines. Missionary work picked up after World War II, and in 1961 the Church was officially registered in the Philippines.[52] In 1969, the Church had spread to eight major islands and had the highest number of baptisms of any area in the Church. Membership was 805,209 in 2019.[53] A temple was built in 1984 which is located in Manila, and a second temple was completed in Cebu City in 2010. By 2019, four more LDS temples had been announced, they are planned to be built in Urdaneta, Cagayan de Oro, Davao, as well as a second temple in the greater Manila area.[54] As of 2023, a total of 13 temples were either operating, under construction, or announced within the country. [55]
Other Christians
- The pledge of allegiance, and singing the national anthem."[57][58] As of 2021, there were officially 235,736 active members in the Philippines in 3,504 congregations nationwide. Their 2021 observance of the annual Memorial of Christ's death attracted an attendance of 739,439 in the country.[59]
- Kingdom of Godin the gentile settings.
- The second advent of Christ is imminent. Colloquially called Sabadístas by outsiders, Filipino Adventists numbered 571,653 in 88,706 congregations as of 2007, and with an annual membership growth rate of 5.6%.[60]
- United Pentecostal Church International (Oneness) originated in the United States as an offshoot of the Pentecostal movements in the 1920s. The church is a proponent of the belief of modalism to describe God, and is non-trinitarian in its conception of God.
- Jesus Christ To God be the Glory (Friends Again) was founded by Luis Ruíz Santos in 1988.
- Churches of Christ (Churches of Christ 33 AD/the Stone-Campbellites) is a restorationist movement that distinctly believes in a set of steps or ways to attain salvation, among of which is prerequisite immersion baptism.
- Loyal Singles for Jesus Ministry, founded by EJ Tingey in 2018. He claims that true salvation is achieved by being loyal to God and women.
- True Jesus Church a "oneness" movement that started in the People's Republic of China.
- Jesus is Our Shield Worldwide Ministries (commonly known as Oras ng Himala, "Hour of Miracle[s]") was founded by Renato D. Carillo, who claims to be the end-times apostle.
- Universal Church of the Kingdom of God (UCKG Help Center) was founded by Edir Macedo in 1977 in Brazil.
- Unification Church, founded by Sun Myung Moon in what is today South Korea.
Islam
According to the
Other Abrahamic religions
Baháʼí Faith
The
Judaism
In the 1590s some Jews fleeing from the Inquisition were recorded to have come to the Philippines.[69] In 2006, Metro Manila had the largest Jewish community in the Philippines, which consisted of roughly 100 families.[69] As of 2018[update], the Jewish population comprised between 100 and 300 individuals, depending on one's definition of "Jew".[70]
The country's only synagogue,
Indian religions
Buddhism
No written records exist about the early Buddhism in the Philippines. However, archaeological discoveries and the few scant references in the other nations' historical records can tell about the existence of Buddhism from the 9th century onward in the islands. These records mention the independent states that comprise the Philippines and which show that they were not united as one country in the early days. Archaeological finds include Buddhist artifacts. The style are of Vajrayana influence.[citation needed]
Loanwords with Buddhist context appear in languages of the Philippines.[72][73] Archaeological finds include Buddhist artifacts.[74][75] The style are of Vajrayana influence.[76][77] The Philippines's early states must have become the tributary states of the powerful Buddhist Srivijaya empire that controlled the trade and its sea routes from the 6th century to the 13th century in Southeast Asia. The states's trade contacts with the empire long before or in the 9th century must have served as the conduit for introducing Vajrayana Buddhism to the islands.
Both Srivijaya empire in Sumatra and Majapahit empire in Java were unknown in history until 1918 when the Ecole Francaise d'Extreme Orient's George Coedes postulated their existence because they had been mentioned in the records of the Chinese Tang and Sung imperial dynasties. Ji Ying, a Chinese monk and scholar, stayed in Sumatra from 687 to 689 on his way to India. He wrote on the Srivijaya's splendour, "Buddhism was flourishing throughout the islands of Southeast Asia. Many of the kings and the chieftains in the islands in the southern seas admire and believe in Buddhism, and their hearts are set on accumulating good action."
Both empires replaced their early Theravada Buddhist religion with Vajrayana Buddhism in the 7th century.[78]
In 2016, Buddhism was practiced by around 2% of the population, according to the Permanent Mission of the Republic of the Philippines to the United Nations.
Hinduism
The
The archipelagos of Southeast Asia were under the influence of Hindu
Another gold artifact, from the Tabon caves in the island of Palawan, is an image of Garuda, the bird who is the mount of Vishnu. The discovery of sophisticated Hindu imagery and gold artifacts in Tabon caves has been linked to those found from Oc Eo, in the Mekong Delta in Southern Vietnam.
Today Hinduism is largely confined to the Indian Filipinos and the expatriate Indian community. There are temples also for Sikhism, also located in the provinces and in the cities, sometimes located near Hindu temples. The two Paco temples are well known, comprising a Hindu temple and a Sikh temple.
There are two Hindu temples in Manila city: Hari Ram Temple (Paco) and Saya Aur Devi Mandir Temple (Paco). There is a Hindu temple called "Indian Hindu Temple" in Cebu City, Philippines. There is a Hindu Temple in Baguio, Philippines called "Baguio Hindu Temple". The population of Hindus in the Philippines is 30,634[86]
Indigenous religions (Dayawism)
Indigenous Philippine folk religions, also referred to as Anitism,[87][88] are a diverse group of native religions that have existed in the islands as the people's original faiths. Each possess their own set of belief systems and religious stories and narratives, mostly originating from beliefs held during the pre-Hispanic era, although many are also modern. Some of these beliefs have been influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism and were falsely regarded by the Spanish and American colonizers as "myths" and "superstitions" in an effort to de-legitimize the precolonial beliefs of Filipinos against Filipinos. Today, some of these native beliefs are still held by many Filipinos, both in urban and rural areas.
These religions tell the story of various narratives originating from various sources, having similarities with Indonesian and Malay religious narratives, as well as Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist, and Christian traditions. Beliefs include the notions of heaven (
Today, many ethnic peoples continue to practice and conserve their unique
The 2020 census recorded 0.23% of the population adhering to the Indigenous Philippine folk religions,[4] an increase from the previous 2010 census which notes a 0.19% adherence.[16]
Revitalization attempts
In search of a national culture and identity, away from those imposed by Spain during the colonial age, Filipino revolutionaries during the
Irreligion
The Philippine Statistics Authority in 2020 reported the number of irreligious at less than 0.1%.[4]
The
As of 2021, the Philippine Atheists and Agnostics Society is dormant and non-active, following a major internal scandal on finance matters.[16]
Religion and politics
The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines declares: The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable. (Article II, Section 6), and, No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights. (Article III, Section 5). Joaquin Bernas, a Filipino Jesuit specializing in constitutional law, acknowledges that there were complex issues that were brought to court and numerous attempts to use the separation of Church and State against the Catholic Church, but he defends the statement, saying that "the fact that he [Marcos] tried to do it does not deny the validity of the separation of church and state".[97]
On April 28, 2004, the Philippines Supreme Court reversed the ruling of a lower court ordering five religious leaders to refrain from endorsing a candidate for elective office.[98][99] Manila Judge Conception Alarcon-Vergara had ruled that the "head of a religious organization who influences or threatens to punish members could be held liable for coercion and violation of citizen's right to vote freely". The lawsuit filed by Social Justice Society party stated that "the Church's active participation in partisan politics, using the awesome voting strength of its faithful flock, will enable it to elect men to public office who will in turn be forever beholden to its leaders, enabling them to control the government".
They claimed that this violates the Philippine constitution's separation of Church and State clause. The named respondents were the
Freedom of religion
In 2023, the country was scored 4 out of 4 for religious freedom.[103]
See also
- Freedom of religion in the Philippines
- Funeral practices and burial customs in the Philippines
- Religion in pre-colonial Philippines
Notes
- ^ Catholic Charismaticnumbering 74,096 persons (0.07%)
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