Religion in Kerala

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Religions of Kerala
)

Religion in Kerala (2011 census)[1]

  Hinduism (54.73%)
  Islam (26.56%)
  Christianity (18.38%)
  Other / None (0.33%)
Palayur Saint Thomas Church of Syrian Christians.

Religion in Kerala is diverse. According to 2011 census of India figures, 54.73% of Kerala's population are Hindus, 26.56% are Muslims, 18.38% are Christians, and the remaining 0.33% follow other religions or have no religion.[2] As of 2020, Hindus, Muslims, Christians and others account for 41.5%, 43.9%, 13.9% and 0.7% of the total child births in the state, respectively.[3]

The historical legends regarding the origin of Kerala are Hindu in nature. Kerala produced several saints and movements.

Advaita. Hindus represent the biggest religious group in all districts except Malappuram, where they are outnumbered by Muslims.[4] Various tribal people in Kerala have retained the religious beliefs of their ancestors.[4][5] In comparison with the rest of India, Kerala experiences relatively little sectarianism.[6]

Hinduism

Ananthapura Lake Temple, Kasaragod
Vadakkunnathan Temple dedicated to Shiva at Thrissur

Several saints and movements existed.

Jyotirmath. Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri was another religious figure who composed Narayaniyam, a collection of verses in praise of Krishna
.

Some of the most notable temples are:

Sree Poornathrayesa Temple, Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple, Trikkur Mahadeva Temple, Manalarkavu Devi Temple and Rajarajeshwara Temple. Temples in Kerala follow elaborate rituals and traditionally only priests from the Nambudiri
caste could be appointed as priests in major temples. But in 2017 as per the state government's decision, the priests from the historically backward caste communities are now being appointed as priests.

Malayali Hindus practice ceremonies such as Chorunu (first feeding of rice to a child) and Vidyāraṃbhaṃ.[7]

Islam

  • Islam is the second-largest practiced religion in Kerala (26.56%), only surpassed by Hinduism.[8] The calculated Muslim population (Indian Census, 2011) in Kerala state is 8,873,472.[9][10]
  • Most of the Muslims in Kerala follow the
    School (Sunni Islam), followed by Salafi movement.[11]
  • Muslims in Kerala share a common language (Malayalam) with the Hindus and rest of the population and have a culture commonly regarded as the Malayali culture.[12]
  • A number of different communities, some of them having distant ethnic roots, exist as status groups in Kerala.[13]

History

Ancient Silk Road map showing the then trade routes. The spice trade was mainly along the water routes (blue).
Names, routes and locations of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (1st century CE)
Muslims of Kerala, coastal Karnataka, southern Tamil Nadu, and Sri Lanka unlike from rest of South Asia
Cheraman Juma Masjid at Kodungallur, Thrissur

Kerala has been a major spice exporter since 3000 BCE, according to

Phoenicians were the first to enter Malabar Coast to trade Spices.[16] The Arabs on the coasts of Yemen, Oman, and the Persian Gulf, must have made the first long voyage to Kerala and other eastern countries.[16] They must have brought the Cinnamon of Kerala to the Middle East.[16] The Greek historian Herodotus (5th century BCE) records that in his time the cinnamon spice industry was monopolized by the Egyptians and the Phoenicians.[16]

Islam arrived in

Kothamangalam in the eastern part of Ernakulam district.[30]

The known earliest mention about

Madayi Mosque in Kannur records its foundation year as 1124 CE.[37][30][35]

The Muslims were a major financial power to be reckoned with in the old kingdoms of Kerala and had great political influence in the

Muslims of Kerala.[43] A 13th century granite inscription, written in a mixture of Old Malayalam and Arabic, at Muchundi Mosque in Kozhikode mentions a donation by the king to the mosque.[44]

The

Arabs had the monopoly of trade in Malabar Coast and Indian Ocean until the Portuguese Age of Discovery.[34]

The arrival of the

A large number of Muslims of Kerala found extensive employment in the Persian Gulf countries in the following years (c. 1970s). This widespread participation in the "Gulf Rush" produced huge economic and social benefits for the community. Great influx funds from the earnings of the employed followed. Issues such as widespread poverty, unemployment and educational backwardness began to change.[40]

Politics

Muslims in Kerala
- District-wise.

Politically speaking, Muslims in Kerala have exhibited more unanimity than any other major community in modern-day Kerala.[53]

Christianity

Relationship of the Nasrani groups.

Christianity is followed by 18.38% of the population of Kerala.

Jordanus Catalani as first Bishop.[74] The caste system became prevalent in Kerala later than any other parts of India after fourth and fifth century AD. The Nasranis were given special status outside the Varna system. Like Brahmins they were allowed to sit in front of Kings, ride on horse or elephants, to collect taxes. The Marthoma Nasranis back then also has the role of pollution neutralizers i.e., if a lower caste person hand over a substance to a Nasrani and if he in turn gives it to an upper caste, say for example Brahmin, then there would be no pollution for that Brahmin.[75]

The arrival of Europeans in the 15th century and discontent with Portuguese interference in religious matters fomented schism into Catholic and Orthodox communities. Further schism and rearrangements led to the formation of the other Indian Churches.

Anglo-Indian
Christian communities formed around this time as Europeans and natives intermarried. Protestantism took a stronghold in Kerala with missionary activity during British rule.

Denominations among all Christians in Kerala

  Syro-Malabar (40.2%)
  Syro-Malankara (7.6%)
  Malankara Syrian Orthodox (8.0%)
  Jacobite Syriac Orthodox (7.9%)
  Syrian Marthoma (6.6%)
  Syrian Chaldean (0.43%)
  CSI (4.5%)
  Pentecost (4.3%)
  Dalit Christian (2.6%)
  Latin Catholic (13.2%)
  Others (5.47%)

The 2011

churches) at 5.9%.

The

CSI Syrian Christians follow the Anglican rite. Pentecostal Saint Thomas Christians, like other Pentecostals, are riteless (nonliturgical).[79] The Saint Thomas Christians form 70.73% of the Christians of Kerala and 12.5% of the total population of Kerala.[80][81]

St. Mary's Syro Malabar Catholic Basilica - Ernakulam

Around 61% of Christians in the state are

Neyyattinkara taluk and Pathanamthitta district
.

In 2023, the BBC reported on the Christian tradition of photographing funerals in Kerala. [83]

Judaism

Judaism arrived in Kerala with spice traders, possibly as early as the 7th century BC.

Temple of Jerusalem, 10,000 Jews migrated to Kerala.[84]

The only verifiable historical evidence about the Kerala Jews goes back only to the Jewish Copper Plate Grant of Bhaskara Ravi Varman in 1000 AD.

Pardesi Synagogue in Matancherry built in 1567 and the synagogue in Parur.[citation needed
]

Jainism

Marwari Jain Temple in Kochi

Jainism, one of the three most ancient Indian religious traditions still in existence, has very small presence (0.01%) in Kerala, in south India. According to the 2011 India Census, Kerala only has around 4500 Jains, most of them in the city of Cochin and in Wayanad district.

Medieval Jain inscriptions are mostly found on the borders of Kerala proper, such Wynad in north-east,

Chitharal in Kanyakumari District. Epigraphical evidence suggests that the shrine at "Tirukkunavay", perhaps located near Cochin, was the major Jain temple in medieval Kerala (from c. 9th century AD). The so-called "Rules of the Tirukkunavay Temple" provided model and precedent for all other Jain temples of Kerala.[86] A number of images of Mahavira, Padmavati, and Parsvanatha have been recovered from Kerala.[86]

Some of the Jain temples in Kerala were taken over by the Hindus at a later stage. The temple images are worshiped as Hindu gods and considered as part of the Hindu pantheon. It is not uncommon for Hindus and Jains to worship their deities in the same temple.[86]

Buddhism

Buddhism probably flourished for 200 years (650-850) in Kerala. The Paliyam Copper Plate of the Ay King, Varaguna (885-925 AD)[87] shows that the Buddhists benefited from royal patronage in the 10th century.

The religion's popularity declined following the onset of Advaita Vedanta propagated by sage Shankaracharya.[88]

However there remain Buddhist sites and traditions across Kerala.

Parsi (Zoroastrianism)

There were a number of Parsi families settled in Kerala, particularly around Kozhikode and Thalassery area. They practiced Zoroastrianism and even built the 160-year-old dadgah (fire temple) at S. M. Street, Kozhikode which is still in existence. They were mostly wealthy families who immigrated during the 18th century from Gujarat and Bombay. The community included famous families such as the Hirjis or Marshalls.[89] Some famous Malayali Parsis included the reputed Dr. Kobad Mogaseb, who was the first medical doctor from Kozhikode who graduated from London, as well as Kaikose Rudreshan who funded the Basel Evangelical Mission Parsi High School, Thalassery.[90]

Tribal and other religious faiths

Various groups classified as tribes in Kerala still dominate various remote and hilly areas of Kerala.[91] They have retained various rituals and practices of their ancestors despite influences of mainstream religions.

Dinkoism

Dinkoism in a parody religion created by atheist communities in the state, centred around the 'worship' of Dinkan, a mouse superhero from the discontinued children's magazine Balamangalam.

Demographics

Religious Demographics of Kerala (1901-2011)[92][93][94]
Census
Year
Hindus Decadal Growth rate (%) Muslims Decadal Growth rate (%) Christians Decadal Growth rate (%) Total
Population
Decadal Growth rate (%)
1901 4,378,305 68.5% N/A 1,119,473 17.5% N/A 891,767 13.9% N/A 6,389,545 100.0% N/A
1911 4,762,393 66.8% +8.77 1,263,602 17.7% +12.87 1,101,289 15.5% +23.50 7,127,284 100.0% +11.55
1921 5,052,039 64.9% +6.08 1,360,180 17.5% +7.64 1,376,354 17.7% +24.98 7,788,573 100.0% +9.28
1931 6,021,982 63.4% +19.20 1,624,112 17.1% +19.40 1,856,024 19.5% +34.85 9,502,118 100.0% +22.00
1941 6,699,600 61.8% +11.25 1,883,786 17.4% +11.60 2,263,888 20.9% +21.98 10,847,274 100.0% +14.16
1951 8,344,351 61.6% +24.55 2,374,598 17.5% +26.05 2,825,720 20.9% +24.82 13,544,669 100.0% +24.87
1961 10,282,568 60.9% +23.23 3,027,639 17.9% +27.50 3,587,365 21.2% +26.95 16,897,572 100.0% +24.75
1971 12,683,277 59.4% +23.35 4,162,718 19.5% +37.49 4,494,089 21.1% +25.28 21,340,084 100.0% +26.29
1981 14,801,347 58.2% +16.70 5,409,687 21.3% +30.00 5,233,865 20.6% +16.46 25,444,899 100.0% +19.24
1991 16,668,587 57.3% +12.62 6,788,354 23.3% +25.49 5,621,510 19.3% +7.41 29,078,451 100.0% +14.28
2001 17,920,105 56.3% +7.51 7,863,842 24.7% +15.84 6,057,427 19.0% +7.75 31,841,374 100.0% +9.50
2011 18,282,492 54.9% +2.02 8,873,472 26.6% +12.84 6,141,269 18.4% +1.38 33,406,061 100.0% +4.91
Indicates Least growth rate Indicates Most growth rate Source: Census of India (1901 - 2011)

Religious demographics of Travancore (1816-1941)

Religious Demographics of Travancore (1816-1941)
Census year Total population Hindus Christians Muslims
1816 - 1820 906,587[95] 752,371[95] 82.99% 112,158[95] 12.37% 42,058[95] 4.64%
1881 2,401,158[96] 1,755,610[96] 73.12% 498,542[96] 20.76% 146,909[96] 6.12%
1891 2,557,736[97] 1,871,864[97] 73.18% 526,911[97] 20.60% 158,823[97] 6.21%
1901 2,952,157[95] 2,063,798[95] 69.91% 697,387[95] 23.62% 190,566[95] 6.46%
1911 3,428,975[95] 2,298,390[95] 67.03% 903,868[95] 26.36% 226,617[95] 6.61%
1921 4,006,062[95] 2,562,301[95] 63.96% 1,172,934[95] 29.27% 270,478[95] 6.75%
1931 5,095,973[95] 3,137,795[95] 61.57% 1,604,475[95] 31.46% 353,274[95] 6.93%
1941 6,070,018[98] 3,671,480[98] 60.49% 1,963,808[98] 32.35% 434,150[98] 7.15%

Religious Demographics of Malabar District (1871 - 1951)

Religious Demographics of Malabar District (1871&1951)[99][100]
Religion 1871[99] 1951[100]
1 Hinduism 72.43% 63.25%
2 Islam 25.72% 33.49%
3 Christianity 1.43% 3.24%

Population by religion, per 2011 census

Religion Population % Population below 6 yrs of age[101] % Dist. with highest Population Dist. with lowest Population Population growth since 2001
Hindus 18,282,492 54.73 1,632,777 47.01 Thiruvananthapuram
Wayanad
2.23%
Muslims 8,873,472 26.56 1,276,104 36.74 Malappuram Pathanamthitta 12.84%
Christians 6,141,269 18.38 546,897 15.75 Ernakulam Malappuram 1.38%

Population by religion, per 2001 census

Religion Population % Population below 6 yrs of age[4] % Dist. with highest Population Dist. with lowest Population Population growth since 1991 Children born per women (TFR)[102]
Hindus 17,883,449 56.2 1,932,504 50.78 Thiruvananthapuram
Waynad
7.29% 1.64
Muslims 7,863,342 24.3 1,178,880 30.99 Malappuram Pathanamthitta 15.84% 2.46
Christians 6,057,427 19 677,878 17.82 Ernakulam Malappuram 7.75% 1.88

Population from 2001 and 2011 census, with percentage by religion for each district[clarification needed]

Districts Population(2001) Population(2011) Percent Hindus Percent Muslims Percent Christians
Kasargod
1,203,342 1,307,375 55.83% 37.24% 6.68%
Kannur 2,412,365 2,523,003 59.83% 29.43% 10.41%
Wayanad 786,627 817,420 49.48% 28.65% 21.34%
Kozhikode 2,878,498 3,086,293 56.21% 39.24% 4.26%
Malappuram 3,629,640 4,112,920 27.60% 70.24% 1.98%
Palakkad 2,617,072 2,809,934 66.76% 28.93% 4.07%
Thrissur 2,975,440 3,121,200 58.42% 17.07% 24.27%
Ernakulam 3,098,378 3,282,388 45.99% 15.67% 38.03%
Idukki 1,128,605 1,108,974 48.86% 7.41% 43.42%
Kottayam 1,952,901 1,974,551 49.81% 6.41% 43.48%
Alappuzha 2,105,349 2,127,789 68.64% 10.55% 20.45%
Pathanamthitta 1,231,577 1,197,412 56.93% 4.59% 38.12%
Kollam 2,584,118 2,635,375 64.42% 19.29% 15.99%
Thiruvananthapuram 3,234,707 3,301,427 66.94% 13.72% 19.10%

[103]

Births by Religion in Kerala in 2019[5]

  Islam in Kerala (44.35%)
  Hinduism in Kerala (41.04%)
  Others (0.29%)
  Not Stated (0.04%)
Kerala's Percentage Distribution of Live Birth by Religion of the Family[103]
Religion 2021[104] % 2020[105] % 2019 % 2018[5] % 2017[106] % 2016[107] % 2015[108] % 2014[109] % 2013[110] % 2012[111] % 2011[112] % 2010[113] % 2009[114] % 2008[115] % 2007[116] % 2006[117] % 2005[118] %
Muslim 169,296 40.33% 196,138 43.89% 212,933 44.35% 213,805 43.80% 216,525 43.00% 211,182 42.55% 213,865 41.45% 218,437 40.87% 214,257 39.96% 175,892 31.96% 214,099 38.21% 209,276 38.26% 204,711 37.61% 194,583 36.32% 183,796 33.71% 196,493 35.32% 191,675 34.28%
Hindu 181,396 43.21% 185,411 41.49% 197,061 41.04% 203,158 41.61% 210,071 41.71% 207,831 41.88% 221,220 42.87% 231,031 43.23% 236,420 44.08% 214,591 38.99% 248,610 44.37% 246,297 45.03% 247,707 45.51% 241,305 45.04% 250,094 45.88% 258,119 46.40% 262,976 47.04%
Christian 59,766 14.24% 62,265 13.93% 68,596 14.28% 69,844 14.31% 75,335 14.96% 76,205 15.35% 79,565 15.42% 83,616 15.65% 84,660 15.78% 102,546 18.63% 94,664 16.90% 88,936 16.26% 90,451 16.62% 94,175 17.58% 98,220 18.02% 96,469 17.34% 98,353 17.59%
Others 9,143 2.18% 2,967 0.66% 1408 0.29% 1,214 0.25% 1,497 0.30% 852 0.18% 933 0.18% 1,178 0.22% 869 0.16% 57,215 10.39% 2,671 0.48% 651 0.12% 704 0.13% 5,151 0.96% 6,108 1.12% 1,545 0.28% 1,098 0.19%
Not Stated 166 0.04% 110 0.02% 115 0.04% 153 0.03% 160 0.03% 222 0.04% 430 0.08% 196 0.03% 146 0.02% 167 0.03% 224 0.04% 1,806 0.33% 775 0.14% 524 0.10% 6,936 1.27% 3,700 0.66% 4,980 0.89%
Total 419,767 100% 446,891 100% 480,113 100% 488,174 100% 503,588 100% 496,292 100% 516,013 100% 534,458 100% 536,352 100% 550,411 100% 560,268 100% 546,964 100% 544,348 100% 535,738 100% 545,154 100% 556,326 100% 559,082 100%

See also

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Further reading

  • S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942), Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language, University of Madras, retrieved 3 December 2020 (The English translation of the historic book Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen written about the society of Kerala by Zainuddin Makhdoom II during sixteenth century CE, which is also the first recognised book on history of Kerala written by a native of Kerala)
  • Chandran, VP (2018). Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019 (Malayalam ed.). Kozhikode: P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode.