Religion in Kerala
Religion in Kerala is diverse. According to 2011 census of India figures, 54.73% of Kerala's population are Hindus, 26.56% are Muslims, 18.38% are Christians, and the remaining 0.33% follow other religions or have no religion.[2] As of 2020, Hindus, Muslims, Christians and others account for 41.5%, 43.9%, 13.9% and 0.7% of the total child births in the state, respectively.[3]
The historical legends regarding the origin of Kerala are Hindu in nature. Kerala produced several saints and movements.
Hinduism
Several saints and movements existed.
Some of the most notable temples are:
Islam
- Islam is the second-largest practiced religion in Kerala (26.56%), only surpassed by Hinduism.[8] The calculated Muslim population (Indian Census, 2011) in Kerala state is 8,873,472.[9][10]
- Most of the Muslims in Kerala follow the
- Muslims in Kerala share a common language (Malayalam) with the Hindus and rest of the population and have a culture commonly regarded as the Malayali culture.[12]
- A number of different communities, some of them having distant ethnic roots, exist as status groups in Kerala.[13]
History
Kerala has been a major spice exporter since 3000 BCE, according to
Islam arrived in
The known earliest mention about
The Muslims were a major financial power to be reckoned with in the old kingdoms of Kerala and had great political influence in the
The
The arrival of the
A large number of Muslims of Kerala found extensive employment in the Persian Gulf countries in the following years (c. 1970s). This widespread participation in the "Gulf Rush" produced huge economic and social benefits for the community. Great influx funds from the earnings of the employed followed. Issues such as widespread poverty, unemployment and educational backwardness began to change.[40]
Politics
Politically speaking, Muslims in Kerala have exhibited more unanimity than any other major community in modern-day Kerala.[53]
- Ever since the country gained independence British rule in 1947, an overwhelming majority of Muslims at the former Malabar District (Northern Kerala) has supported the Muslim League.[53]
- In southern Kerala, the community generally supported the Indian National Congress and in northern Kerala a small proportion vote Communist.[53]
Christianity
Christianity is followed by 18.38% of the population of Kerala.
The arrival of Europeans in the 15th century and discontent with Portuguese interference in religious matters fomented schism into Catholic and Orthodox communities. Further schism and rearrangements led to the formation of the other Indian Churches.
The 2011
The
Around 61% of Christians in the state are
In 2023, the BBC reported on the Christian tradition of photographing funerals in Kerala. [83]
Judaism
Judaism arrived in Kerala with spice traders, possibly as early as the 7th century BC.
The only verifiable historical evidence about the Kerala Jews goes back only to the Jewish Copper Plate Grant of Bhaskara Ravi Varman in 1000 AD.
Jainism
Jainism, one of the three most ancient Indian religious traditions still in existence, has very small presence (0.01%) in Kerala, in south India. According to the 2011 India Census, Kerala only has around 4500 Jains, most of them in the city of Cochin and in Wayanad district.
Medieval Jain inscriptions are mostly found on the borders of Kerala proper, such Wynad in north-east,
Some of the Jain temples in Kerala were taken over by the Hindus at a later stage. The temple images are worshiped as Hindu gods and considered as part of the Hindu pantheon. It is not uncommon for Hindus and Jains to worship their deities in the same temple.[86]
Buddhism
Buddhism probably flourished for 200 years (650-850) in Kerala. The Paliyam Copper Plate of the Ay King, Varaguna (885-925 AD)[87] shows that the Buddhists benefited from royal patronage in the 10th century.
The religion's popularity declined following the onset of Advaita Vedanta propagated by sage Shankaracharya.[88]
However there remain Buddhist sites and traditions across Kerala.
Parsi (Zoroastrianism)
There were a number of Parsi families settled in Kerala, particularly around Kozhikode and Thalassery area. They practiced Zoroastrianism and even built the 160-year-old dadgah (fire temple) at S. M. Street, Kozhikode which is still in existence. They were mostly wealthy families who immigrated during the 18th century from Gujarat and Bombay. The community included famous families such as the Hirjis or Marshalls.[89] Some famous Malayali Parsis included the reputed Dr. Kobad Mogaseb, who was the first medical doctor from Kozhikode who graduated from London, as well as Kaikose Rudreshan who funded the Basel Evangelical Mission Parsi High School, Thalassery.[90]
Tribal and other religious faiths
Various groups classified as tribes in Kerala still dominate various remote and hilly areas of Kerala.[91] They have retained various rituals and practices of their ancestors despite influences of mainstream religions.
Dinkoism
Dinkoism in a parody religion created by atheist communities in the state, centred around the 'worship' of Dinkan, a mouse superhero from the discontinued children's magazine Balamangalam.
Demographics
Census Year |
Hindus | Decadal Growth rate (%) | Muslims | Decadal Growth rate (%) | Christians | Decadal Growth rate (%) | Total Population |
Decadal Growth rate (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1901 | 4,378,305 | 68.5% | N/A | 1,119,473 | 17.5% | N/A | 891,767 | 13.9% | N/A | 6,389,545 | 100.0% | N/A |
1911 | 4,762,393 | 66.8% | +8.77 | 1,263,602 | 17.7% | +12.87 | 1,101,289 | 15.5% | +23.50 | 7,127,284 | 100.0% | +11.55 |
1921 | 5,052,039 | 64.9% | +6.08 | 1,360,180 | 17.5% | +7.64 | 1,376,354 | 17.7% | +24.98 | 7,788,573 | 100.0% | +9.28 |
1931 | 6,021,982 | 63.4% | +19.20 | 1,624,112 | 17.1% | +19.40 | 1,856,024 | 19.5% | +34.85 | 9,502,118 | 100.0% | +22.00 |
1941 | 6,699,600 | 61.8% | +11.25 | 1,883,786 | 17.4% | +11.60 | 2,263,888 | 20.9% | +21.98 | 10,847,274 | 100.0% | +14.16 |
1951 | 8,344,351 | 61.6% | +24.55 | 2,374,598 | 17.5% | +26.05 | 2,825,720 | 20.9% | +24.82 | 13,544,669 | 100.0% | +24.87 |
1961 | 10,282,568 | 60.9% | +23.23 | 3,027,639 | 17.9% | +27.50 | 3,587,365 | 21.2% | +26.95 | 16,897,572 | 100.0% | +24.75 |
1971 | 12,683,277 | 59.4% | +23.35 | 4,162,718 | 19.5% | +37.49 | 4,494,089 | 21.1% | +25.28 | 21,340,084 | 100.0% | +26.29 |
1981 | 14,801,347 | 58.2% | +16.70 | 5,409,687 | 21.3% | +30.00 | 5,233,865 | 20.6% | +16.46 | 25,444,899 | 100.0% | +19.24 |
1991 | 16,668,587 | 57.3% | +12.62 | 6,788,354 | 23.3% | +25.49 | 5,621,510 | 19.3% | +7.41 | 29,078,451 | 100.0% | +14.28 |
2001 | 17,920,105 | 56.3% | +7.51 | 7,863,842 | 24.7% | +15.84 | 6,057,427 | 19.0% | +7.75 | 31,841,374 | 100.0% | +9.50 |
2011 | 18,282,492 | 54.9% | +2.02 | 8,873,472 | 26.6% | +12.84 | 6,141,269 | 18.4% | +1.38 | 33,406,061 | 100.0% | +4.91 |
Indicates Least growth rate | Indicates Most growth rate | Source: Census of India (1901 - 2011) |
Religious demographics of Travancore (1816-1941)
Census year | Total population | Hindus | Christians | Muslims | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1816 - 1820 | 906,587[95] | 752,371[95] | 82.99% | 112,158[95] | 12.37% | 42,058[95] | 4.64% |
1881 | 2,401,158[96] | 1,755,610[96] | 73.12% | 498,542[96] | 20.76% | 146,909[96] | 6.12% |
1891 | 2,557,736[97] | 1,871,864[97] | 73.18% | 526,911[97] | 20.60% | 158,823[97] | 6.21% |
1901 | 2,952,157[95] | 2,063,798[95] | 69.91% | 697,387[95] | 23.62% | 190,566[95] | 6.46% |
1911 | 3,428,975[95] | 2,298,390[95] | 67.03% | 903,868[95] | 26.36% | 226,617[95] | 6.61% |
1921 | 4,006,062[95] | 2,562,301[95] | 63.96% | 1,172,934[95] | 29.27% | 270,478[95] | 6.75% |
1931 | 5,095,973[95] | 3,137,795[95] | 61.57% | 1,604,475[95] | 31.46% | 353,274[95] | 6.93% |
1941 | 6,070,018[98] | 3,671,480[98] | 60.49% | 1,963,808[98] | 32.35% | 434,150[98] | 7.15% |
Religious Demographics of Malabar District (1871 - 1951)
Religion | 1871[99] | 1951[100] | |
1 | Hinduism | 72.43% | 63.25% |
---|---|---|---|
2 | Islam | 25.72% | 33.49% |
3 | Christianity | 1.43% | 3.24% |
Population by religion, per 2011 census
Religion | Population | % | Population below 6 yrs of age[101] | % | Dist. with highest Population | Dist. with lowest Population | Population growth since 2001 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hindus | 18,282,492 | 54.73 | 1,632,777 | 47.01 | Thiruvananthapuram | Wayanad
|
2.23% |
Muslims | 8,873,472 | 26.56 | 1,276,104 | 36.74 | Malappuram | Pathanamthitta | 12.84% |
Christians | 6,141,269 | 18.38 | 546,897 | 15.75 | Ernakulam | Malappuram | 1.38% |
Population by religion, per 2001 census
Religion | Population | % | Population below 6 yrs of age[4] | % | Dist. with highest Population | Dist. with lowest Population | Population growth since 1991 | Children born per women (TFR)[102] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hindus | 17,883,449 | 56.2 | 1,932,504 | 50.78 | Thiruvananthapuram | Waynad |
7.29% | 1.64 |
Muslims | 7,863,342 | 24.3 | 1,178,880 | 30.99 | Malappuram | Pathanamthitta | 15.84% | 2.46 |
Christians | 6,057,427 | 19 | 677,878 | 17.82 | Ernakulam | Malappuram | 7.75% | 1.88 |
Population from 2001 and 2011 census, with percentage by religion for each district[clarification needed]
Districts | Population(2001) | Population(2011) | Percent Hindus | Percent Muslims | Percent Christians |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kasargod |
1,203,342 | 1,307,375 | 55.83% | 37.24% | 6.68% |
Kannur | 2,412,365 | 2,523,003 | 59.83% | 29.43% | 10.41% |
Wayanad | 786,627 | 817,420 | 49.48% | 28.65% | 21.34% |
Kozhikode | 2,878,498 | 3,086,293 | 56.21% | 39.24% | 4.26% |
Malappuram | 3,629,640 | 4,112,920 | 27.60% | 70.24% | 1.98% |
Palakkad | 2,617,072 | 2,809,934 | 66.76% | 28.93% | 4.07% |
Thrissur | 2,975,440 | 3,121,200 | 58.42% | 17.07% | 24.27% |
Ernakulam | 3,098,378 | 3,282,388 | 45.99% | 15.67% | 38.03% |
Idukki | 1,128,605 | 1,108,974 | 48.86% | 7.41% | 43.42% |
Kottayam | 1,952,901 | 1,974,551 | 49.81% | 6.41% | 43.48% |
Alappuzha | 2,105,349 | 2,127,789 | 68.64% | 10.55% | 20.45% |
Pathanamthitta | 1,231,577 | 1,197,412 | 56.93% | 4.59% | 38.12% |
Kollam | 2,584,118 | 2,635,375 | 64.42% | 19.29% | 15.99% |
Thiruvananthapuram | 3,234,707 | 3,301,427 | 66.94% | 13.72% | 19.10% |
Religion | 2021[104] | % | 2020[105] | % | 2019 | % | 2018[5] | % | 2017[106] | % | 2016[107] | % | 2015[108] | % | 2014[109] | % | 2013[110] | % | 2012[111] | % | 2011[112] | % | 2010[113] | % | 2009[114] | % | 2008[115] | % | 2007[116] | % | 2006[117] | % | 2005[118] | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Muslim | 169,296 | 40.33% | 196,138 | 43.89% | 212,933 | 44.35% | 213,805 | 43.80% | 216,525 | 43.00% | 211,182 | 42.55% | 213,865 | 41.45% | 218,437 | 40.87% | 214,257 | 39.96% | 175,892 | 31.96% | 214,099 | 38.21% | 209,276 | 38.26% | 204,711 | 37.61% | 194,583 | 36.32% | 183,796 | 33.71% | 196,493 | 35.32% | 191,675 | 34.28% |
Hindu | 181,396 | 43.21% | 185,411 | 41.49% | 197,061 | 41.04% | 203,158 | 41.61% | 210,071 | 41.71% | 207,831 | 41.88% | 221,220 | 42.87% | 231,031 | 43.23% | 236,420 | 44.08% | 214,591 | 38.99% | 248,610 | 44.37% | 246,297 | 45.03% | 247,707 | 45.51% | 241,305 | 45.04% | 250,094 | 45.88% | 258,119 | 46.40% | 262,976 | 47.04% |
Christian | 59,766 | 14.24% | 62,265 | 13.93% | 68,596 | 14.28% | 69,844 | 14.31% | 75,335 | 14.96% | 76,205 | 15.35% | 79,565 | 15.42% | 83,616 | 15.65% | 84,660 | 15.78% | 102,546 | 18.63% | 94,664 | 16.90% | 88,936 | 16.26% | 90,451 | 16.62% | 94,175 | 17.58% | 98,220 | 18.02% | 96,469 | 17.34% | 98,353 | 17.59% |
Others | 9,143 | 2.18% | 2,967 | 0.66% | 1408 | 0.29% | 1,214 | 0.25% | 1,497 | 0.30% | 852 | 0.18% | 933 | 0.18% | 1,178 | 0.22% | 869 | 0.16% | 57,215 | 10.39% | 2,671 | 0.48% | 651 | 0.12% | 704 | 0.13% | 5,151 | 0.96% | 6,108 | 1.12% | 1,545 | 0.28% | 1,098 | 0.19% |
Not Stated | 166 | 0.04% | 110 | 0.02% | 115 | 0.04% | 153 | 0.03% | 160 | 0.03% | 222 | 0.04% | 430 | 0.08% | 196 | 0.03% | 146 | 0.02% | 167 | 0.03% | 224 | 0.04% | 1,806 | 0.33% | 775 | 0.14% | 524 | 0.10% | 6,936 | 1.27% | 3,700 | 0.66% | 4,980 | 0.89% |
Total | 419,767 | 100% | 446,891 | 100% | 480,113 | 100% | 488,174 | 100% | 503,588 | 100% | 496,292 | 100% | 516,013 | 100% | 534,458 | 100% | 536,352 | 100% | 550,411 | 100% | 560,268 | 100% | 546,964 | 100% | 544,348 | 100% | 535,738 | 100% | 545,154 | 100% | 556,326 | 100% | 559,082 | 100% |
See also
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- ^ "Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2020, Page Number 109" (PDF). Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division, Department of Economics & Statistics, Thiruvananthapuram. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
- ^ "Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2017, Page Number 90" (PDF). Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
- ^ http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2016.pdf[bare URL PDF]
- ^ "Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2015, Page Number 21" (PDF). Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
- ^ "Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2014, Page Number 22" (PDF). Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
- ^ "Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2013, Page Number 22" (PDF). Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
- ^ "Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2012, Table – 2.7 (a), Page Number 23" (PDF). Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
- ^ "Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2011, Table – 2.7 (a), Page Number 23" (PDF). Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
- ^ "Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2010, Table – 2.7 (a), Page Number 23-24" (PDF). Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
- ^ "Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2009, Table – 2.7 (a), Page Number 19-20" (PDF). Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
- ^ "Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2008, Table – 1.7 (a), Page Number 19-20" (PDF). Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
- ^ "Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2007, Table – 1.7 (a), Page Number 16" (PDF). Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
- ^ "Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2006, Table – 1.7 (a), Page Number 34" (PDF). Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram. 2006.
- ^ "Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2005, Table – 1.7 (a), Page Number 28" (PDF). Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram. 2005.
Further reading
- S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942), Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language, University of Madras, retrieved 3 December 2020 (The English translation of the historic book Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen written about the society of Kerala by Zainuddin Makhdoom II during sixteenth century CE, which is also the first recognised book on history of Kerala written by a native of Kerala)
- Chandran, VP (2018). Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019 (Malayalam ed.). Kozhikode: P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode.