Religious sister
A religious sister (abbreviated: Sr.)[1][2] in the Catholic Church is a woman who has taken public vows in a religious institute dedicated to apostolic works, as distinguished from a nun who lives a cloistered monastic life dedicated to prayer and labor, or a canoness regular, who provides a service to the world, either teaching or nursing, within the confines of the monastery. Nuns, religious sisters and canonesses all use the term "Sister" as a form of address.
The HarperCollins Encyclopedia of Catholicism (1995) defines "congregations of sisters [as] institutes of women who profess the simple vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, live a common life, and are engaged in ministering to the needs of society."[3]: 1194 As William Saunders writes: "When bound by simple vows, a woman is a sister, not a nun, and thereby called 'sister'. Nuns recite the Liturgy of the Hours or Divine Office in common [...] [and] live a contemplative, cloistered life in a monastery [...] behind the 'papal enclosure'. Nuns are permitted to leave the cloister only under special circumstances and with the proper permission."[4]
History
Until the 16th century, religious orders in the Western world made vows that were perpetual and solemn. In 1521, Pope Leo X allowed tertiaries of religious orders to take simple vows and live a more active life dedicated to charitable works.[5] This provision was rejected by Pope Pius V in 1566 and 1568. Early efforts by women such as Angela Merici, founder of the Ursulines (1535), and Jane Frances de Chantal, founder with Francis de Sales of the Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary (1610), were halted as the cloister was imposed by Church authorities.[3]: 1194
Into the 17th century, Church custom did not allow women to leave the
Other women's congregations with simple vows continued to be founded, at times with the approval of local bishops.[5] Vincent de Paul insisted that the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, which he founded, would have no convent but the hospital, no chapel but the parish church, and no cloister but the streets.[3]: 1194 They renew their vows annually.[10] The 19th century saw the proliferation of women's congregations engaged in education, religious instruction, and medical and social works, along with missionary work in Africa and Asia.[3]: 1101 After nearly three centuries, in 1900 Pope Leo XIII by his constitution Conditae a Christo gave his approval to these congregations with simple vows.[11][12]
20th century
The 1917 Code of Canon Law reserved the term "nun" (Latin: monialis) for women religious who took solemn vows or who, while being allowed in some places to take simple vows, belonged to institutes whose vows were normally solemn.[13] They lived under cloister, "papal enclosure", and recited the Liturgy of the Hours in common.[4] The Code used the word "sister" (Latin: soror) for members of institutes for women that it classified as "congregations"; and for "nuns" and "sisters" jointly it used the Latin word religiosae (women religious).[14]
The bishops at Vatican II, in their document
See also
- Catholic sisters and nuns in the United States
- Consecrated life
- Religious brother
- Vocational discernment in the Catholic Church
References
- ^ Ketchum, Dan (2017-09-29). "Etiquette With Nuns". Classroom. Leaf Group. Archived from the original on 2022-05-25. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
- ISBN 978-0-226-69769-7.)
- ^ ISBN 0060653388.
- ^ a b Saunders, William (2003). "The Meaning of the Terms Nun, Sister, Monk, Priest, and Brother". Catholic Education Resource Center. Archived from the original on 2018-05-29. Retrieved 2018-05-28.
- ^ a b Vermeersch, A. (2012-01-15). "Religious Life". Archived from the original on 2018-08-27. Retrieved 2018-05-27.
- ^ a b Giles, Elizabeth. "Mary Ward Archived 2021-09-04 at the Wayback Machine". The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912.
- ^ "Mary Ward – Loreto". loreto.ie. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2018-05-27.
- ^ "The first sister of feminism". The Independent. 2009-06-11. Archived from the original on 2017-11-09. Retrieved 2018-05-27.
- ^ "Institute of Mary". New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2022-02-07. Retrieved 2018-05-28.
- ^ "Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul". New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2013-04-11. Retrieved 2018-05-28.
- ^ A.S.S., vol. XXXIII (1900-01), pp. 341-347.
- ^ a b Gallagher, Clarence. "The Church and Institutes of Consecrated Life" (PDF). The Way. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-01-15. Retrieved 2018-05-28.
- ^ "CIC 1917: text - IntraText CT". www.intratext.com. Archived from the original on 2019-05-15. Retrieved 2018-05-28.
- ISBN 0716601052.
- ISBN 9780787640040.
- ^ E.g., 609 §2, 614, 616 §4, 630 §3, 667 §3,4
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.