Religious socialism

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Religious socialism is a

Encyclopedia Britannica Online, socialism is a "social and economic doctrine that calls for public rather than private ownership or control of property and natural resources. According to the socialist view, individuals do not live or work in isolation but live in cooperation with one another. Furthermore, everything that people produce is in some sense a social product, and everyone who contributes to the production of a good is entitled to a share in it. Society as a whole, therefore, should own or at least control property for the benefit of all its members. [...] Early Christian communities also practiced the sharing of goods and labour, a simple form of socialism subsequently followed in certain forms of monasticism. Several monastic orders continue these practices today".[1]

The teachings of Jesus are frequently described as socialist, especially by Christian socialists.[2] Acts 4:35 records that in the early church in Jerusalem, "[n]o one claimed that any of their possessions was their own", although the pattern would later disappear from church history except within monasticism. Christian socialism was one of the founding threads of the British Labour Party and is claimed to begin with the uprising of Wat Tyler and John Ball in the 14th century CE.[3]

proto-Communists."[9]

Overview

Religious socialism was the early form of

Fourierists in France were considered respectable socialists, while working-class movements that "proclaimed the necessity of total social change" denoted themselves communists. This branch of socialism produced the communist work of Étienne Cabet in France and Wilhelm Weitling in Germany.[11]

Some view the

Christian universalist teaching that humankind is one and that there is only one god who does not discriminate among people.[13] Pre-Marxist communism was also present in the attempts to establish communistic societies such as those made by the Essenes and the Judean desert sect.[14][15][16]

In the 16th century, English writer

theocratic kingdom, are viewed by the Chinese Communist Party as proto-communists.[23]

Buddhist socialism

Main article: Buddhist socialism

Buddhist socialism advocates socialism based on the principles of

Buddhadasa Bhikkhu,[25] B. R. Ambedkar, S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, Han Yong-un,[26] Girō Senoo,[27] U Nu, Uchiyama Gudō[28] and Norodom Sihanouk.[29][30]

Bhikkhu Buddhadasa coined the phrase "Dhammic socialism".[25] He believed that socialism is a natural state,[31] meaning all things exist together in one system.[31] Han Yong-un felt that equality was one of the main principles of Buddhism.[26] In an interview published in 1931, Yong-un spoke of his desire to explore Buddhist socialism: "I am recently planning to write about Buddhist socialism. Just like there is Christian socialism as a system of ideas in Christianity, there must be also Buddhist socialism in Buddhism."[26]

Tenzin Gyatso, the Fourteenth Dalai Lama of Tibet, stated that "[o]f all the modern economic theories, the economic system of Marxism is founded on moral principles, while capitalism is concerned only with gain and profitability. [...] The failure of the regime in the former Soviet Union was, for me, not the failure of Marxism but the failure of totalitarianism. For this reason I still think of myself as half-Marxist, half-Buddhist".[32]

Christian socialism

Main article: Christian socialism
Further information: Christian anarchism, Christian communism, Christian left, Liberation theology, and Social Gospel

Some individuals and groups, past and present, are both Christian and socialist, such as

Leo XIII's encyclical Rerum novarum
.

Various Catholic clerical parties have at times referred to themselves as Christian Social. Two examples are the Christian Social Party of Karl Lueger in Austria before and after World War I and the contemporary Christian Social Union in Bavaria. Nonetheless, these parties have never espoused socialist policies and have always stood on the conservative side of Christian democracy.[33] Hugo Chávez of Venezuela was an advocate of a form of Christian socialism as he claimed that Jesus was a socialist.[citation needed]

Leo Tolstoy

Christian anarchism is a

nonviolence and nonresistance. Although Tolstoy never actually used the term Christian anarchism in The Kingdom of God Is Within You, reviews of this book following its publication in 1894 appear to have coined the term.[37][38] Christian anarchist groups have included the Doukhobors, Catholic Worker Movement and the Brotherhood Church
.

Christian communism is a form of religious communism based on Christianity. It is a theological and political theory based upon the view that the teachings of Jesus Christ compel Christians to support communism as the ideal social system. Although there is no universal agreement on the exact date when Christian communism was founded, many Christian communists assert that evidence from the Bible (in the Acts of the Apostles)[39] suggests that the first Christians, including the apostles, established their small communist society in the years following Jesus' death and resurrection.[39] Many advocates of Christian communism argue that it was taught by Jesus and practised by the apostles.[40] Some independent historians confirm it.[41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]

Islamic socialism

Main article: Islamic socialism

Islamic socialism incorporates

Muslim leaders to describe a more spiritual form of socialism. Scholars have highlighted the similarities between the Islamic economic system and socialist theory, as socialism and Islam are against unearned income. Muslim socialists believe that the teachings of the Quran and Muhammad—especially the zakat—are compatible with the principles of socialism. They draw inspiration from the early Medinan welfare state established by Muhammad. Muslim socialists found their roots in anti-imperialism. Muslim socialist leaders believe in the derivation of legitimacy
from the public.

Islamic socialism is the political ideology of Libya's

autocratic
political repression in practice.

Jewish socialism

Main article: Jewish left
Further information: Labor Zionism

The Jewish left consists of

anarchism, socialism, Marxism
and Western liberalism. Although the expression "on the left" covers a range of politics, many well-known figures "on the left" have been Jews who were born into Jewish families and have various degrees of connection to Jewish communities, Jewish culture, Jewish tradition, or the Jewish religion in its many variants.

Labor Zionism or socialist Zionism

moshavim and an urban Jewish proletariat.[citation needed
]

Labor Zionism grew in size and influence and eclipsed "political Zionism" by the 1930s internationally and within the British Mandate of Palestine, where Labor Zionists predominated among many of the institutions of the pre-independence Jewish community

Israeli Defense Force for decades after the formation of the state of Israel in 1948.[citation needed
]

Prominent theoreticians of the Labor Zionist movement included

Aaron David Gordon, and leading figures in the movement included David Ben-Gurion, Golda Meir and Berl Katznelson
.

References

  1. ^ Ball, Terence; Dagger, Richard; et al. (30 April 2020). "Socialism". Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  2. ^ The Gospels, by Terry Eagleton, 2007.
  3. ^ "Labour revives faith in Christian Socialism". 21 May 1994.
  4. OCLC 94030758
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  5. ^ "Abu Dharr al-Ghifari". Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Archived from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2010.
  6. ^ And Once Again Abu Dharr. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  7. ^ Hanna, Sami A.; George H. Gardner (1969). Arab Socialism: A Documentary Survey. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 273–74.
  8. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1969.tb02639.x. Archived from the original
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  9. ISBN 9780801899256
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  11. ^ Engels, Frederick, Preface to the 1888 English Edition of the Communist Manifesto, p. 202. Penguin (2002).
  12. ^
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  13. ISBN 0822957043
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  14. ^ "Essenes". Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  15. ^ Kaufmann Kohler. "ESSENES".
  16. ^ Yosef Gorni; Iaácov Oved; Idit Paz (1987). Communal Life: An International Perspective.
  17. ISBN 978-0-521-27551-4
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  18. ISBN 978-1-61530-062-4
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  19. ^ E.g. "That we may work in righteousness, and lay the Foundation of making the Earth a Common Treasury for All, both Rich and Poor, That every one that is born in the Land, may be fed by the Earth his Mother that brought him forth, according to the Reason that rules in the Creation. Not Inclosing any part into any particular hand, but all as one man, working together, and feeding together as Sons of one Father, members of one Family; not one Lording over another, but all looking upon each other, as equals in the Creation;" in The True Levellers Standard A D V A N C E D: or, The State of Community opened, and Presented to the Sons of Men
  20. ISBN 0-684-80577-4
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  21. ^ Eduard Bernstein (1930). Cromwell and Communism. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  22. ^ Daniel Roche (1993). La France des Lumières.
  23. ^ Little, Daniel (17 May 2009). "Marx and the Taipings". China Beat Archive. University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Retrieved 5 August 2020. "Mao and the Chinese Communists largely represented the Taiping rebellion as a proto-communist uprising."
  24. ^ Shields, James Mark; Liberation as Revolutionary Praxis: Rethinking Buddhist Materialism; Journal of Buddhist Ethics. Volume 20, 2013.
  25. ^ a b "What is Dhammic Socialism?".
  26. ^ a b c Tikhonov, Vladimir, Han Yongun's Buddhist Socialism in the 1920s–1930s, International Journal of Buddhist Thought and Culture 6, 207–228 (2006). PDF
  27. ^ Shields, James Mark; Blueprint for Buddhist Revolution The Radical Buddhism of Seno'o Girō (1889–1961) and the Youth League for Revitalizing Buddhism, Japanese Journal of religious Studies 39 (2), 331–351 (2012) PDF
  28. ^ Rambelli, Fabio (2013). Zen Anarchism: The Egalitarian Dharma of Uchiyama Gudō. Institute of Buddhist Studies and BDK America, Inc.
  29. ^ Cambodia Under the Khmer Rouge
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  31. ^ a b Dhammic Socialism Political Thought of Buddhadasa Bhikku, Chulalangkorn Journal of Buddhist Studies 2 (1), page 118 (2003) PDF
  32. ^ "Dalai Lama Answers Questions on Various Topics". hhdl.dharmakara.net.
  33. ^ "Political Spectrum as seen by the Social Democratic Party of America".
  34. Christoyannopoulos, Alexandre
    (2010). Christian Anarchism: A Political Commentary on the Gospel. Exeter: Imprint Academic. pp. 2–4. Locating Christian anarchism...In political theology
  35. ^ Christoyannopoulos, Alexandre (March 2010). "A Christian Anarchist Critique of Violence: From Turning the Other Cheek to a Rejection of the State" (PDF). Political Studies Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2011.
  36. Christoyannopoulos, Alexandre
    (2010). Christian Anarchism: A Political Commentary on the Gospel. Exeter: Imprint Academic. pp. 19 and 208. Leo Tolstoy
  37. ^ William Thomas Stead, ed. (1894). The review of reviews, Volume 9, 1894, p.306.
  38. ^ Mather & Crowther, ed. (1894). The Speaker, Volume 9, 1894, p.254.
  39. ^ a b Acts 2:44, 4:32–37; 5:1–12. Other verses are: Matthew 5:1–12, 6:24, Luke 3:11, 16:11, 2 Corinthians 8:13–15 and James 5:3.
  40. ^ This is the standpoint of the orthodox Marxist Kautsky, Karl (1953) [1908]. "IV.II. The Christian Idea of the Messiah. Jesus as a Rebel.". Foundations of Christianity. Russell and Russell. Christianity was the expression of class conflict in Antiquity.
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  44. ^ "Rénan's Les Apôtres. Community life". The London Quarterly and Holborn Review, Volume 26. London. 1866 [April and July]. p. 502. Retrieved 10 May 2011.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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  47. ^ Renan, Ernest (1869). "VIII. First Persecution. Death of Stephen. Destruction of the First Church of Jerusalem". Origins of Christianity. Vol. II. The Apostles. New York: Carleton. p. 152.
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  51. ^ Ellicott, Charles John; Plumptre, Edward Hayes (1910). "III. The Church in Jerusalem. I. Christian Communism". The Acts of the Apostles. London: Cassell.
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  54. ^ "Henri Alleg, auteur de "La Question", est mort". Le Monde.fr. 18 July 2013 – via Le Monde.
  55. ^ Naeim Giladi, "The Jews of Iraq": "In many countries, including the United States and Iraq, Jews represented a large part of the Communist party. In Iraq, hundreds of Jews of the working intelligentsia occupied key positions in the hierarchy of the Communist and Socialist parties."
  56. ^ Hannah Borenstein, "Savior Story": "The violence of the late 1970s and early 1980s Ethiopia spurred many forms of active and comprehensive resistance. Ethiopian Jews participated widely; many, for instance, were members of the Marxist-Leninist EPRP."
  57. ^ "Socialist Zionism". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
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