René of Anjou
René I | |
---|---|
Charles IV | |
Born | René of Anjou 16 January 1409[1] Château d'Angers, Angers, Anjou, France |
Died | 10 July 1480 Aix-en-Provence, Provence, France | (aged 71)
Burial | , Angers |
Spouses | |
Issue more... | |
Louis II of Naples | |
Mother | Yolande of Aragon |
Signature |
René of Anjou (
René was a member of the
Biography
René was born on 16 January 1409 in the
Louis II died in 1417 and his sons, together with their brother-in-law Charles, were brought up under the guardianship of their mother. The elder son,
René, then only ten, was to be brought up in
René's title as duke of Lorraine was confirmed by his
Joanna II, queen of Naples, had chosen Louis III as her presumptive heir and upon Louis' death offered it to René to inherit her kingdom after her death.[9] After appointing a regency in Bar and Lorraine, he set sail for Naples in 1438.[10]
Naples, however, was also claimed by Alfonso V of Aragon, who had been first adopted and then repudiated by Joanna II. In 1441 Alfonso laid a six-month siege to Naples. René returned to France in the same year, and though he retained the title of king of Naples his effective rule was never recovered.[6] Later efforts to recover his rights in Italy failed. His mother Yolande, who had governed Anjou in his absence, died in 1442.[4][11]
René took part in the negotiations with the English at Tours in 1444, and peace was consolidated by the marriage of his younger daughter, Margaret, with Henry VI of England at Nancy.[4][12]
René now made over the government of Lorraine to his son John, who was, however, only formally installed as Duke of Lorraine on the death of Queen Isabella in 1453. René had the confidence of Charles VII, and is said to have initiated the reduction of the men-at-arms set on foot by the king, with whose military operations against the English he was closely associated. He entered Rouen with him in November 1449.[13][14]
After his second marriage with
René retired to
He founded an order of chivalry, the Ordre du Croissant, which preceded the royal foundation of St Michael but did not survive René.[18]
Arts
The King of Sicily's fame as an amateur painter
Two of the most famous works formerly attributed to René are the
He exchanged verses with his kinsman, the poet
As a patron, René commissioned translations and retranslations of classical works into French prose. These include Strabo, which Guarino da Verona completed in 1458;[24] and Ovid's Metamorphoses by an unknown translator, completed in 1467.[25]
Rene also kept a theater troupe at his court, led by a jester and playwright Triboulet. The duke rewarded Triboulet generously for his talents.[26]
Marriages and issue
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2017) |
René married:
- Isabelle, Duchess of Lorraine(1400 – 28 February 1453) on 24 October 1420
- Jeanne de Laval, on 10 September 1454, at the Abbey of St. Nicholas in Angers
His legitimate children by Isabelle were:
- John II (2 August 1424 – 16 December 1470), Duke of Lorraine and King of Naples, married Marie de Bourbon, daughter of Charles I, Duke of Bourbon, by whom he had issue. He also had several illegitimate children.
- in prison.
- Nicholas (2 November 1428 – 1430), twin with Yolande.
- Yolande (2 November 1428 – 23 March 1483), married Frederick of Lorraine, count of Vaudemont; mother, among others, of Duke René II of Lorraine.
- Margaret (23 March 1430 – 25 August 1482), married King Henry VI of England, by whom she had a son, Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales.
- Charles (1431 – 1432), Count of Guise.
- Isabelle (died young).
- René (died young).
- Louise (1436 – 1438).
- Anna (1437 – 1450, buried in Gardanne).
He also had three illegitimate children:
- John, Bastard of Anjou (d. 1536), Marquis of Pont-à-Mousson, married 1500 Marguerite de Glandeves-Faucon.[27]
- Jeanne Blanche (d. 1470), Lady of Mirebeau, married in Paris 1467 Bertrand de Beauvau (d. 1474).[28]
- Madeleine (d. aft. 1515), Countess of Montferrand, married in Tours 1496 Louis Jean, seigneur de Bellenave.[28]
Cultural references
He appears as "Reignier" in
René's honeymoon, devoted with his bride to the arts, is imagined in Walter Scott's novel Anne of Geierstein (1829). The imaginary scene of his honeymoon was later depicted by the Pre-Raphaelite painters Ford Madox Brown, Edward Burne-Jones and Dante Gabriel Rossetti.[29]
In 1845 the Danish poet
René and his Order of the Crescent were adopted as "historical founders" by the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity in 1912, as exemplars of Christian chivalry and charity. Ceremonies of the Order of the Crescent were referenced in formulating ceremonies for the fraternity.
In
Chant du Roi René (Song of King René) is a piece for organ (or harmonium) by Alexandre Guilmant (1837–1911) from his collection of Noels (Op.60). The theme used throughout this piece was alleged to have been written by René (Guilmant's source was Alphonse Pellet, organist at Nîmes Cathedral).
Arms
René frequently changed his coat of arms, which represented his numerous and fluctuating claims to titles, both actual and nominal. The Coat of arms of René in 1420; Composing the arms of the House of Valois-Anjou (top left and bottom right), Duchy of Bar (top right and bottom left), and of the Duchy of Lorraine (superimposed shield). In 1434 were added Hungary, Kingdom of Naples and Jerusalem. The arms of the Crown of Aragon were shown from 1443 to 1470. In 1453 the arms of Lorraine were removed and in 1470 Valois-Anjou were substituted for the modern arms of the duchy (superimposed shield).
-
1420–1434
-
1434–1443
-
1443–1453
-
1453–1470
-
1470–1480
See also
Notes
- ^ A letter from the Neapolitan humanist Pietro Summonte to Marcantonio Michiel, of 20 March 1524, reporting on the state of art in Naples, and works there by Netherlandish painters, states that "King René was also a skilled painter and was very keen on the study of the discipline, but according to the style of Flanders". The letter was published by Niccolini[21] in 1925 and translated by Richardson & al.[22] in 2007.
- ^ As, for instance, by the 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica.[13]
References
- ^ BDA.
- ^ a b Kekewich 2008, p. 18.
- ^ Kekewich 2008, p. 19.
- ^ a b c d e Chisholm 1911, p. 97.
- ^ Kekewich 2008, p. 21.
- ^ a b c d Baynes 1878, pp. 58–59.
- ^ Sommé 1990, p. 511.
- ^ Kekewich 2008, p. 28.
- ^ Kekewich 2008, p. 54.
- ^ Kekewich 2008, p. 32.
- ^ Kekewich 2008, p. 83.
- ^ Kekewich 2008, p. 98.
- ^ a b Chisholm 1911, pp. 97–98.
- ^ Kekewich 2008, p. 118-119.
- ^ Kekewich 2008, p. 148.
- ^ Kekewich 2008, p. 220-221.
- ^ Kekewich 2008, p. 230.
- ^ a b c d e f Chisholm 1911, p. 98.
- ^ Kekewich 2008, p. 236.
- ^ Morby 1978, p. 12.
- ^ Niccolini 1925, pp. 161–163.
- ^ Richardson, Woods & Franklin 2007, pp. 193–196.
- ^ BN MS Fr 2695.
- ^ Diller & Kristeller 1971.
- ^ C. De Boer 1954.
- ISSN 0226-0174.
- ^ Belleval 1901, p. 103.
- ^ a b Belleval 1901, p. 104.
- ^ Tate Gallery Website
Sources
- "René d'Anjou and de Lorraine"", Benezit Dictionary of Artists. Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press, retrieved 27 February 2017
- Belleval, René (1901), Les bâtards de la Maison de France (in French), Librairie Historique et Militaire, pp. 103–104
- C. De Boer, ed. (1954), Ovide moralisé en prose (Texte du quinzième siècle), Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afd. Letterkunde, Nieuwe Reeks, Deel 61.2, Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company
- Diller, Aubrey; Kristeller, Paul Oskar (1971), "Strabo", Catalogus Translationum et Commentariorum, 2: 225–33
- Kekewich, Margaret L. (2008), The Good King: Rene of Anjou and Fifteenth Century Europe, Palgrave Macmillan
- Morby, John E. (1978), "The Sobriquets of Medieval European Princes", Canadian Journal of History, 13 (1): 12,
- Neubecker, Ottfried; Harmingues, Roger (1988), Le Grand livre de l'héraldique, Bordas, ISBN 2-04-012582-5
- Niccolini, Fausto (1925), L'arte napoletana del Rinascimento, Naples, pp. 161–63
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Richardson, Carol M.; Woods, Kim W.; Franklin, Michael (2007), Renaissance Art Reconsidered: An Anthology of Primary Sources, pp. 193–96
- Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 2 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 58–59 ,
- Sommé, Monique (1990). "Règlements, délits et organisation des ventes dans la forêt de Nieppe (début XIVe-début XVIe siècle)". Revue du Nord. 72 (287). Charles de Gaulle University: 511–528. .
Attribution:
- public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "René I.", Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 23 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 97–98 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
Further reading
- Unterkircher F., ISBN 0807609897
- Coulet, Noël; Planche, Alice; Robin, Françoise (1982), Le roi René: le prince, le mécène, l'écrivain, le mythe, Aix-en-Provence: Édisud
- Bouchet, Florence, ed. (2011). René d'Anjou, écrivain et mécène (1409–1480). ISBN 978-2503533506.
External links
- Website about Rene I of Naples
- King René's Tournament Book
- BnF 27 images Archived 28 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine Add "Français 2695" to left "Cote" box, click "Chercher" and "Images"
- online translation of text