Renaissance architecture in Central and Eastern Europe

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Renaissance architecture was that style of architecture which evolved firstly in Florence and then Rome and other parts of Italy as the result of Renaissance humanism and a revived interest in Classical architecture. It was part of the general movement known as the Italian Renaissance, which spread outwards from Italy and effected many aspects of scholarship and the arts. When the Renaissance spirit was exported into Eastern Europe, it had to compromise with local traditions and climates. The Renaissance style differs from place to place throughout the region with many local characteristics making themselves apparent.

Renaissance architecture in the Kingdom of Poland

Main article: Renaissance in Poland
Wawel in Kraków

Bartolomeo Berrecci
.

In the Second period (1550–1600), Renaissance architecture became more common, with the beginnings of

Cloth Hall in Kraków and city halls in Tarnów, Sandomierz, Chełm (demolished) and most poorly in Poznań. Zamość is a unique example of a Renaissance town in Central Europe.[1]

In the Third period (1600–1650), the rising power of

Counter Reformation gave impetus to the development of Mannerist architecture and Baroque.[2]

Renaissance architecture in the Kingdom of Hungary

Buda Castle in the late 15th century (Budapest)

After Italy, Hungary was the first European country where the Renaissance appeared.[3] The Renaissance style came directly from Italy during the Quattrocento to Hungary first in the Central European region, thanks to the development of early Hungarian-Italian relationships—not only in dynastic connections, but also in cultural, humanistic and commercial relations—growing in strength from the 14th century. The relationship between Hungarian and Italian Gothic styles was a second reason—exaggerated breakthrough of walls is avoided, preferring clean and light structures. Large-scale building schemes provided ample and long term work for the artists, for example, the building of the Friss (New) Castle in Buda, the castles of Visegrád, Tata and Várpalota. In Sigismund's court there were patrons such as Pipo Spano, a descendant of the Scolari family of Florence, who invited Manetto Ammanatini and Masolino da Pannicale to Hungary.[4]

The new Italian trend combined with existing national traditions to create a particular local Renaissance art. Acceptance of Renaissance art was furthered by the continuous arrival of humanist thought in the country. Many young Hungarians studying at Italian universities came closer to the

Cathedral of the Dormition. The most important work of Hungarian Renaissance ecclesiastical architecture is the Bakócz Chapel in Esztergom.[5] It was the first centrally conceived chapel outside of Italy. In 1823 the medieval church was rebuilt and the chapel, to incorporate it into the new Neo-Classical Esztergom Cathedral
, was moved stone by stone to a different position.

Buda Castle was enlarged and modernized in Renaissance style. King Matthias also built a sumptuous summer palace in Visegrád and an Italianate hunting lodge in Budanyék. These monuments were largely destroyed in the Ottoman wars but the remains of the Visegrád Palace were partially reconstructed around 2000 and 69 years ago .[6]

The Ottoman conquest of Hungary in 1526 put an abrupt end to the short-lived Hungarian Renaissance. The royal court ceased to exist but Hungarian landowner families in the

Royal Hungary built a lot of provincial Renaissance castles in the 16–17th centuries. The most important of them was the Rákóczi Castle in Sárospatak
.

Many significant Renaissance castles were built in

Gyulafehérvár
(now Alba Iulia, Romania) was designed by Italian architects. The Transylvanian Renaissance lasted well until the first half of the 18th century because of the aesthetical conservatism of the country. The vernacular architecture of Transylvania preserved Renaissance details especially long.

Renaissance architecture in the Crown of Bohemia

Main article: Czech Renaissance architecture
Červená Lhota Castle in south Bohemia

The Renaissance style first appeared in the lands of the Bohemian Crown in the 1490s. Bohemia together with its incorporated lands, especially Moravia, thus ranked among the areas of the Holy Roman Empire with the earliest known examples of the Renaissance architecture.[7] As well as in other Central European countries the Gothic style kept its position especially in the church architecture. The traditional Gothic architecture was considered timeless and therefore able to express the sacredness. The Renaissance architecture coexisted with the Gothic style in Bohemia and Moravia until the late 16th century.

During the reign of Holy Roman Emperor and Bohemian King

Rudolph II, the city of Prague became one of the most important European centers of the late Renaissance art (so-called Mannerism
). Nevertheless, not many architecturally significant buildings have been preserved from that time.

Renaissance architecture in Russia

Moscow Kremlin
.

Prince

Vladimir Cathedral
as a model, and produced a design combining traditional Russian style with a Renaissance sense of spaciousness, proportion and symmetry.

Ascension Church in Kolomenskoye, Moscow.

In 1485 Ivan III commissioned the building of a royal

Pietro Solario
, and shows a more Italian style.

In 1505, an Italian known in Russia as

Moscow Baroque
of the late 17th century.

Between the early 16th and the late 17th centuries, however, an original tradition of stone tented roof architecture had been developed in Russia. It was quite unique and different from the contemporary Renaissance architecture elsewhere in Europe, though some researches call that style 'Russian Gothic' and compare it with the European Gothic architecture of the earlier period. The Italians, with their advanced technology, may have influenced the appearance of the stone tented roof in Russia (the wooden tents were known in Russia and Europe long before). According to one hypothesis, an Italian architect called Petrok Maly may have been an author of the Ascension Church in Kolomenskoye, one of the earliest and most prominent tented roof churches.

Renaissance architecture in Lithuania

Category:Renaissance architecture in Lithuania

Gallery of Renaissance buildings

  • Croatia
    Croatia
  • Poland
    Poland
  • Ukraine
    Ukraine

See also

References

  1. ^ "Old City of Zamość". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 23 September 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
  2. ^ Harald Busch, Bernd Lohse, Hans Weigert, Baukunst der Renaissance in Europa. Von Spätgotik bis zum Manierismus, Frankfurt af Main, 1960
    Wilfried Koch, Style w architekturze, Warsaw 1996
    Tadeusz Broniewski, Historia architektury dla wszystkich Wydawnictwo Ossolineum, 1990
    Mieczysław Gębarowicz, Studia nad dziejami kultury artystycznej późnego renesansu w Polsce, Toruń 1962
  3. ISBN 978-0-674-06346-4
    .
  4. ISBN 963-13-4129-1, 963-13-4727-3
  5. ^ Image of Bakócz Chapel (1506–08)
  6. ^ image of reconstructed Visegrád Palace
  7. ISBN 9783861952503
    .

Further reading
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