Renard (Stravinsky)

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Renard
Comic opera by Igor Stravinsky
Stravinsky, drawn by Picasso in 1920
Native title
Ба́йка про лису́, петуха́, кота́, да барана́
LibrettistStravinsky
Based onRussian folk tale

Renard: histoire burlesque chantée et jouée, or The Fox:

opera-ballet for four male voices and 16 instrumentalists written in 1916 by Igor Stravinsky. Its original Russian text, by the composer, derives from a folk tale as collected by Alexander Afanasyev — but the piece has no name in Russian, being titled generically instead as Байка про лису, петуха, кота да барана, or Tale of the Fox, the Cock, the Cat and the Ram. (As with the composer's previous stage work, The Nightingale
, this burlesque tale is known by its French name despite being wholly Russian.) The premiere took place in a French translation in Paris on 18 May 1922. Duration: 16–17 minutes.

History

In April 1915, Winnaretta Singer, Princesse Edmond de Polignac, commissioned Stravinsky to write a piece that could be played in her salon. She paid the composer 2,500 Swiss francs. The work was completed in Morges, Switzerland in 1916, and Stravinsky himself made a staging plan, trying to avoid any resemblance to conventional operatic staging . He created, rather, a new form of theatre in which the acrobatic dance is connected with singing, and the declamation comments on the musical action. However, the piece was never performed in the salon of the princess. It was not in fact staged until 1922.

The premiere, a double bill with Mavra, was given on 18 May 1922 by the Ballets Russes at the Théâtre de l’Opéra, Paris. Other sources indicate 2 June as the date of the premiere.[1] It was conducted by Ernest Ansermet with choreography by Bronislava Nijinska and decorations and costumes by Mikhail Larionov. Stravinsky remained pleased with Nijinska's "acrobatic Renard, which coincided with my ideas... Renard was also a real Russian satire. The animals saluted very like the Russian Army (Orwell would have liked this), and there was always an underlying significance to their movements."

In 1929,

Chagall's refusal of a commission to do the sets.[3]

Synopsis

This is a moralizing story, a farmyard fairy tale about

Reynard the Fox
, who deceives the Cock, the Cat and the Goat; but in the end they catch and punish him. The Cock is twice tricked and captured by the Fox, only to be rescued each time by the Cat and the Goat. After the Cock's second rescue, the Cat and the Goat strangle the Fox, and the three friends dance and sing. It also contains a slight irony relating to religion and the church – to be invulnerable the Fox wears the black gown of the nun (nuns used the privilege of inviolability in Russia).

As in his later ballet Les noces, Stravinsky employs here the singers as part of the orchestra, and the vocal parts are not identified with specific characters.

Details about the score

Publication

Geneva: A. Henn, 1917; London: J. & W. Chester, 1917; Vienna: Wiener Philharmonischer Verlag. 1917; (as Bajka: veseloe predstavlenie s peniem i muzykoj) Moscow: Muzyka, 1973.

Duration c. 15–20 minutes.

Dedication: "Très respectueusement dédié a Madame la

Princesse Edmond de Polignac
"

Scoring

Singers: 2

basses

Ensemble:

double-bass
.

Translations

The French translation by

vocal score. A German translation by Rupert Koller is in the Chester study score and an English translation by Rollo H. Myers in the current vocal score bears the copyright date 1956. It is somewhat modified on the Stravinsky conducts Stravinsky recording; a more thoroughgoing revision heard on Robert Craft's 2005 recording is offered as the composer's own.[4] Later, however, he told Craft: "I prefer to hear [it] in Russian or not at all."[5]

Discrepancies

There are many discrepancies between full and vocal scores, particularly the PV's extra bass drum beat at the beginning, the study score's downbeat at the start of the allegro (not heard on Stravinsky's recording), the rebarring between figures 21 and 22, and the PV's missing third beat of the bassoon before figure 24.

Score and music sample

Stravinsky first developed here an original technique of

meter (changing the time signature almost in every bar); the multi-voiced texture is not a real polyphony, but rather a heterophony, representing monophony or a “ragged unison”, where the melody
of one instrument is accompanied and embellished with the fragments of the same melody. For example:

The first bars of the opening "March"
Sound sample of the first bars of the opening "March"
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Recordings

key: conductor – petukh (cock; tenor 1)/lisa (fox; tenor 2)/kot (cat; bass 1)/baran (ram; bass 2) – year recorded – first label

  • Craft – Harmon/Hess/Galjour/Lishner – 1950 – Dial
  • Ansermet – Sénéchal/Cuénod/Depraz/Rehfuss – 1956 – Decca
  • Boulez – Giraudeau/Devos/Rondeleux/Depraz – 1961 – Disques Adès
  • Stravinsky – Shirley/Driscoll/Murphy/Gramm – 1962 – Columbia
  • Ansermet – English/Mitchinson/Glossop/Rouleau – 1964 – Decca
  • Dutoit – Blazer/Tappy/Huttenlocher/Bastin – 1973 – Erato
  • Mihály – Keönch/Gulyás/Polgár/Bordás – 1979 – Hungaroton
  • Dunand – Marchisio/Blazer/Brodard/Loup – 1982 – Rencontre
  • Chailly – Jenkins-N/Langridge/Hammond-Stroud/Lloyd – 1985 – Decca
  • Salonen – Aler/Robson/Wilson-Johnson/Tomlinson – 1990 – Sony
  • Ziegler – Harrhy/Hetherington/Donnelly/Cavallier – 1991 – ASV
  • Craft – Baker-T/Martin-D/Evitts/Pauley – 1993 – MusicMasters 67110-2
  • Wolff – Aler/Kelley/Opalach/Cheek – 1994 – Teldec
  • Conlon – Caley/Grivnov/Naouri/Mikhailov – 1999 – EMI
  • Craft – Aler/Spears/Evitts/Pauley – 2005 – Naxos
  • Mantovani – Brutscher/Saelens/Gnatiuk/Nédélec – 2013 – PP distribution
  • Gergiev – Timchenko/Trofimov/Petryanik/Vlasov – 2021 – Mariinsky label

References

Notes

  1. ^ Festival d'Aix en Provence : 1948–2008, and Conversations page 89 says "in June 1922"
  2. ^ Stravinsky, Igor; Craft, Robert. Memories and Commentaries. p. 40.
  3. ^ Conversations page 102
  4. ^ "...he prepared his own English translation for a performance in Los Angeles in 1953. The text of the present recording is based on this but emended in several places..." booklet accompanying Music of Igor Stravinsky vol. 7 (Naxos 8.557505)
  5. ^ Conversations With Igor Stravinsky (University of California Press 1958) page 35

Sources

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