Renault 5
Renault 5 | |
---|---|
Supermini (B) | |
Chronology | |
Successor | Renault Clio Renault Twingo |
The Renault 5 is a five-passenger, three or five-door, front-engine, front-wheel drive hatchback
The R5 was marketed in the United States and Canada as Le Car, from 1976 until 1983.[1] Renault marketed a four-door sedan variant, the Renault 7, manufactured from 1974 until 1984 in Spain by Renault's subsidiary FASA-Renault[2] and exported to select markets.
The Renault 5 became the best-selling car in France from 1972 until 1986,[3] with a total production exceeding 5.5 million over 14 years, making it France's most popular car.[4]
First generation (1972–1985)
First generation Renault 5 | ||
---|---|---|
Kerb weight | 730–810 kg (1,609–1,786 lb) |
The first images and details of the Renault 5 were published on 10 December 1971, and the car's formal launch followed on 28 January 1972.[8][9]
The Renault 5 was styled by Michel Boué,
It was launched onto the right-hand drive U.K. market in the autumn of 1972, where alongside the recently launched Fiat 127 it competed as an imported but more modern alternative to British Leyland's Mini and Chrysler Europe's Hillman Imp — and without competitors from Ford or Vauxhall.
The Renault 5 narrowly missed out on the 1973 European Car of the Year award, which was instead given to the Audi 80.
Boué died of cancer at the end of 1972, just a few months after the car he designed was launched.[11]
The R5 borrowed mechanicals from the successful
It was one of the first modern superminis, which capitalized on the new hatchback design, which Renault had patented on its
Sales in Japan began in 1976, when both the 2-door and 4-door were available at Capital Car Dealerships.[12] It was called the "Renault Go" because that is the Japanese word for "five". While initially sold with North American spec emissions equipment, it was changed to a French emissions package. The car was initially sold as left-hand drive, then upgraded to right-hand drive.
Although the mechanical components came from earlier models, body construction involved floor sections welded together with the other body panels, resulting in a monocoque structure.[8] The approach had by then become mainstream among many European automakers, but represented an advance on the mechanically similar Renault 4 and Renault 6, both of which used a separate platform. The monocoque structure reduced the car's weight, but required investment in new production processes.
The Renault 5 was targeted at cost-conscious customers, and the entry-level "L" version came with the same 782 cc power plant as the cheaper Renault 4 and drum brakes on all four wheels. In 1972, it was priced in France at below 10,000 francs.[8] However, for many export markets, the entry-level version was excluded from the range, and front-wheel disc brakes were offered on the more powerful 956 cc "Renault 5TL" along with such attractions under the bonnet/hood as an alternator, and in the cabin reclining backrests for the front seats.[8] From outside, the "TL" was differentiated from the "L" by a thin chrome strip below the doors.[8]
The early production R5 used a dashboard-mounted gearshift like the Renault 4. It was linked by a rod that ran over the top of the engine to a single bend where the rod turned downwards into the gearbox, which was positioned directly in front of the engine. A floor-mounted lever employing a cable linkage replaced this arrangement in 1973. An automatic version, with the larger 1,289 cc engine, was added in early 1978. At the time, automatic cars usually represented just under five percent of the Renault 5 production.[13] Door handles were formed by a cut-out in the door panel and B-pillar. The R5 was one of the first cars produced with plastic (polyester and fiberglass) bumpers, which came from a specialist Renault factory at Dreux.[8] These covered a larger area of potential contact than conventional car bumpers of the time and survived low-speed parking shunts without permanently distorting.[8] This helped the car gain a reputation as an "outstanding city car," [8] and bumpers of this type subsequently became an industry standard.
The R5's engine was set well back in the engine bay, behind the gearbox. The passenger compartment "is remarkably spacious" compared to other modern, small European cars.[14] The Renault 5 body's drag coefficient was only 0.37 (with most European cars going up to 0.45).[15]
Other versions of the first generation included the four-door saloon version called the Renault 7 built by FASA-Renault of Spain, where virtually all examples were sold. A five-door R5 was added to the range in 1979, making it one of the first cars of its size to feature four passenger doors.[16] The three-speed Automatic, which received equipment similar to the R5 GTL, but with a 1,289 cc (55 bhp) engine, a vinyl roof, and the TS' front seats, also became available with five-door bodywork. In March 1981, the automatic received the 1.4 L engine that increased performance and fuel economy.[13]
Renault 5 Alpine / Gordini / Copa
The Renault 5 Alpine was one of the first '
Use of the name Gordini came from Amédée Gordini, a French car tuner with links with Renault and previous sporting models, such as the Renault 8. Those cars and the Alpine Turbo models were assembled at Alpine's Dieppe factory beginning in 1975.[6] The U.K. launch price was £4,149 – nearly a third more than the previous top model, the 5 TS, at £3,187 – showing the considerable changes to the car, over the 64 PS (63 hp; 47 kW) 5 TS, which could not reach 161 km/h (100 mph), compared to the 93 PS (92 hp; 68 kW) Gordini, which could reach 177 km/h (110 mph).
The 1.4 L (1397 cc) OHV engine, mated to a five-speed gearbox, was based on the Renault "Sierra"
Renault 5 Alpine Turbo/Gordini Turbo/Copa Turbo
The Renault 5 Alpine Turbo was launched in 1982 as an upgraded successor to the
The 1.4 L (1,397 cc) engine in the Alpine/Gordini Turbo had a single Garrett T3 turbocharger, increasing the power output to 110 bhp (82 kW; 112 PS).[21] Sales continued until 1984 when the second generation Renault 5 was launched, and the release of the Renault 5 GT Turbo in 1985.
Renault 5 Turbo
The
Renault Le Car
Renault had about 250 dealerships in the United States.[23] The North American Renault 5 debuted in 1976, but sales were disappointing and many cars remained on dealer lots. Renault's response was to change advertising agencies and rebrand the vehicle for the following year as "Le Car."[23][24] The new marketing campaign stressed the car's sporty character and successful European competition history.[23]
Renault formed an alliance in January 1979, allowing Renault cars to be sold and serviced by American Motors Corporation (AMC) dealers. The automaker marketed it through its 1,300 dealers, where it competed in the United States against such front-wheel-drive subcompacts as the Honda Civic, and Volkswagen Rabbit. It was described as a "French Rabbit" that "is low on style, but high on personality and practicality".[25]
American Motors' ad agency launched the car in the U.S. with a marketing campaign emphasizing that it was Europe's best-selling automobile with millions of satisfied owners.[26] It did not achieve such immediate success in the United States market, even though the Le Car was praised in road tests comparing "super-economy" cars for its interior room and smooth ride, with an economical [35 mpg‑US (6.7 L/100 km; 42 mpg‑imp) highway and 28 mpg‑US (8.4 L/100 km; 34 mpg‑imp) city] as well as its smooth-running engine.[27] Advertisements also focused on the Le Car's standard features and low base price, actually comparing it to the imported Ford Fiesta, Honda Civic, and VW Rabbit.[28]
The U.S. version featured a desmogged 1289 cc
The Le Car was offered in three-door hatchback form only from 1976 until 1980. For the 1980 model year, the front end was updated to include a redesigned bumper and grille, as well as rectangular headlights. A five-door hatchback body style was added in the 1981 model year. Sales increased each year, from 6,800 in 1976 to 37,000 in 1982.
In at least two U.S. municipalities, the Le Car was used as a law enforcement vehicle, when the La Conner, Washington, police department acquired three of the vehicles for its fleet in the late-1970s. Renault advertised Le Car's versatility in a full-page ad featuring its use by the department.[35] The Ogunquit, Maine, police department also used Renault 5's as their police cars in the late 70s/early 80s.
Heuliez built and sold van conversions as Le Car Van. The rear side panels were replaced with plastic panels incorporating a round porthole window and a new liftgate featuring a smaller window. The interior was red velour. It was available both in two- and four-seat versions. Between 1979 and 1983, about 450 Le Car Vans were built.[36]
Chronology
- January 1972: Introduction of the Renault 5 in L and TL forms. Both models (which were available as three-door hatchbacks) had folding rear seats, grey bumpers, wind-up front windows, and dashboard-mounted gear shift levers. The TL was better equipped and had a vanity mirror for the front seat passenger, three ashtrays (one under the gear shift and two in the rear), two separate reclining front seats instead of one bench seat, front pull handles, and three storage pockets as well as a heated rear window.
- September 1972: The Renault 5 was launched on the British market in right-hand drive form.
- 1973: Gear lever moved from dashboard to floor, between the front seats.
- April 1974: Introduction of the R5 LS, same as the R5 TL but with a larger 1.3 engine, different design steel wheels, H4 iodine headlights, electric windscreen washers, fully carpeted floor ahead of the front seats, carpeted rear parcel shelf, electronic rev counter, daily totalizer, two-speed ventilation system, rear wiper, and an illuminated ashtray with cigarette lighter.
- September 1974: R5 LS renamed R5 TS.[40] The TS had all features of the previous LS, plus new front seats with integrated head restraints, black bumpers, illuminated heater panel, front spoiler, clock, opening rear quarter lights and reversing lights.
- February 1976: Introduction of the R5 Alpine, with 1397 cc engine with hemispherical combustion chambers, high compression ratio, and special five-speed manual gearbox. The R5 GTL was also launched in 1976 with the 1289 cc engine from the R5 TS (with the power reduced to 42 bhp), the equipment specification of the R5 TL plus grey side protection strips, and some features from the R5 TS such as the styled wheels, reversing lights, cigarette lighter, illuminated heater panel, and electric windscreen washers.
- 1977: The R5 GTL got opening rear quarter lights and the R5 L got the new 845 cc engine.
- January 1978: Introduction of the R5 automatic, essentially a GTL with a three-speed automatic transmission and some features from the TS.
- August 1979: Five-door model presented[40]
- 1980: Five-door TL, GTL, and automatic models arrive
- 1982: Introduction of the R5 TX and the hot hatch R5 Alpine Turbo, a replacement for the R5 Alpine with a Garrett T3 turbo, new alloy wheels, stiffer suspension, and disc brakes on all four wheels.
- 1984: The R5 is replaced by an all-new second-generation model.
Engines
- B1B 0.8 L (845 cc or 51.6 cu in) 8-valve I4; 37 PS (27 kW; 36 hp); top speed: 126 km/h (78 mph); 0–100 km/h (62 mph): 22.3 s[41]
- C1C (689) 1.0 L (956 cc or 58.3 cu in) 8-valve I4; 42 PS (31 kW; 41 hp); top speed: 130 km/h (81 mph) also with 44 PS (32 kW; 43 hp); top speed: 135 km/h (84 mph)[42]
- C1E (688) 1.1 L (1,108 cc or 67.6 cu in) 8-valve I4; 45 PS (33 kW; 44 hp); top speed: 136 km/h (85 mph); 0–100 km/h (62 mph): 21.4 s[41]
- 810 1.3 L (1,289 cc or 78.7 cu in) 8-valve I4; 55 PS (40 kW; 54 hp); top speed: 140 km/h (87 mph) (automatic)
- 810 1.3 L (1,289 cc or 78.7 cu in) 8-valve I4; 64 PS (47 kW; 63 hp); top speed: 154 km/h (96 mph); 0–100 km/h (62 mph): 15.6 s[41]
- C1J (847) 1.4 L (1,397 cc or 85.3 cu in) 8-valve I4; 63 PS (46 kW; 62 hp); top speed: 142 km/h (88 mph); 0–100 km/h (62 mph): 21.4 s (automatic)[41]
- C6J 1.4 L (1,397 cc or 85.3 cu in) turbo 8-valve I4; 110 PS (81 kW; 108 hp); top speed: 185 km/h (115 mph); 0–100 km/h (62 mph): 9.1 s[41]
- C1J 1.4 L (1,397 cc or 85.3 cu in) turbo 8-valve I4; 160 PS (118 kW; 158 hp); top speed: 204 km/h (127 mph); 0–100 km/h (62 mph): 6.9 s[43][44]
Motorsport
The Renault 5 Alpine version was raced in
In 1978, a rally Group 4 (later Group B) version was introduced. It was named the Renault 5 Turbo, but being mid-engined and rear-wheel drive, this car had little technical resemblance to the road-going version. Though retaining the shape and general look of the 5, only the door panels were shared with the standard version. Driven by Jean Ragnotti, this car won the 1981 Monte Carlo Rally for its first race. The 2WD R5 turbo soon faced competition from new 4WD vehicles that were faster on dirt; however, the Renault remained among the fastest of its era on paved roads.
Production elsewhere
- Iran
The original Renault 5 continued to be produced in Iran by
- South Africa
Assembly in South Africa began in late 1975, in Durban. The car was built in Toyota's local plant and sold through their network.[48] The Renault 5 was only available with one engine, the 1.3 L unit used in the European R5 TS rated at 49.29 kW (67.0 PS; 66.1 hp) SAE.[48] There was a base model, with vinyl seats and lap belts only, and the upmarket LS and LSS models. These received fabric interiors, side stripes, a vinyl roof, more sound deadening, and other comfort details. The LSS also included a central console and a full-length fabric sunroof. Many extras used in Europe, such as a rear window wiper and a tachometer, were unavailable in South Africa because it would make it impossible to meet local content regulations. Local content was 56% at introduction; this was to be increased steadily as production wore on.[48]
By 1979, the lineup was restricted to the GTL and the TS, both still with the 1289 cc engine but now with 34 or 46 kW (46 or 63 PS; 46 or 62 hp) ISO respectively.[17]
- Yugoslavia
Second generation (1984–1996)
Second generation Renault 5 | ||
---|---|---|
Kerb weight | 695–840 kg (1,532–1,852 lb) |
The second generation R5, marketed as the Renault 5 (or Supercinq, Superfive), launched in October 1984 — within 18 months of Ford, General Motors, Peugeot, Fiat and Nissan launching competitors in the supermini sector. Initially, It was only available with a three-door body, leading to a somewhat slow introduction.[50] Right-hand drive models for the UK market were launched in January 1985.
Although it closely resembled the first generation car, the bodyshell and platform were completely new (the platform was based on that of the bigger Renault 9 and 11 models); the styling was by
The second generation launched in four trim levels: TC, TL, GTL, and Automatic. The entry-level TC had the 956 cc engine (rated at 42 bhp), while the TL had the 1108 cc engine (rated at 47 bhp), and the GTL, Automatic, TS and TSE had the 1397 cc engine (rated at 60 PS (44 kW; 59 hp) for the GTL, 68 PS (50 kW; 67 hp) for the Automatic, and 72 PS (53 kW; 71 hp) for the TS and TSE). The TC and TL had four-speed manual gearboxes, while the GTL, TS, and TSE had five-speed manual gearboxes (optional on the TL), and the Automatic had a three-speed automatic gearbox. 1987 saw the introduction of the 1721 cc F2N engine in the GTX, GTE (F3N), and Baccara (Monaco in some markets, notably the United Kingdom). Diesel versions arrived in November 1985, mostly completing the range.
It was planned to market the vehicle as a downsized successor, substituting the AMC Pacer in the United States, which affected the design of the R5. Within the alliance of Renault and the American Motors Corporation, only its predecessor was marketed in the U.S.[52]
Renault used the
In 1990, the R5 was effectively replaced by the Clio, which was a sales success across Europe. Production of the R5 was transferred to the Revoz factory in Yugoslavia (since 1992, Slovenia) when the Clio was launched. It remained on sale with only 1.1 L, 1.4 L petrol, and 1.6 L naturally aspirated diesel engines.[54]
The GT Turbo, with its turbocharged 1.4 engine and a top speed of more than 120 mph, was discontinued in 1991 on the launch of the Clio 16-valve.
A new 1.4 L engine with a catalytic converter engine used in the Clio was introduced during December 1992, which also marked the end of the R5 Diesel (retail market commercial fleet models kept this option). The most common variant available after the Clio had been introduced as a minimally equipped model named the R5 Campus until the car's 12-year production ended in 1996. It also marked the end of the R5 designation after nearly 25 years and the discontinuation of numerical model designations for Renault cars that had been used for much of the company's history.
The Campus sold more strongly in the United Kingdom than elsewhere, because the Renault Twingo (which addressed the same market) was only sold in LHD form and exclusively in mainland Europe.[54] In 2011, it was recommended as one of "Britain's best bangers", by Car Mechanics Magazine because of the number of inexpensive, low mileage, full-service history, and used cars on the market.[54] The Campus name was revived in 2005 with the Renault Clio II.
Renault 5 GT Turbo
A "
It came with plastic side skirts to differentiate it from the standard 5.
In 1987, the facelifted Phase II was launched.
The Renault 5 GT Turbo's 1989 Rallye Côte d'Ivoire victory remains the only overall WRC victory for a Group N car.
- WRC victories
No. | Event | Season | Driver | Co-driver | Car |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 21ème Rallye Côte d'Ivoire | 1989
|
Alain Oreille | Gilles Thimonier | Renault 5 GT Turbo |
Roger Saunders and Alex Postan took part in the
Engines
Body work | Trim | Model Codes |
Engine Code |
Displacement cm3 |
Fuel System | Max. power CV/at rpm |
Max. torque kgm/at rpm |
Transmission | Brakes (front / rear) |
Unladen mass (kg) |
Max speedo max km/h |
Acceler. 0–100 km/h (s) |
Fuel Cons. (l/100 km) |
Years of production | |
Petrol | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.01 | 3 door | C, TC | C400 | C1C | 956 | Carburetor single barrel |
42/5750 | 63/3000 | 4 sp. manual | D/DR | 695 | 137 | 19"3 | 6.1 | 02/1985-07/1987 |
C Société | S400 | 02/1985-05/1987 | |||||||||||||
5 door | TC | B400 | 710 | 02/1985-07/1987 | |||||||||||
1.1 | 3 door | L | C401 | C1E | 1108 | 47/5250 | 79/2500 | 695 | 143 | 16" | 5.5 | 09/1984-07/1986 | |||
TL | 09/1984-05/1985 | ||||||||||||||
GL, GL Société | 02/1985-07/1987 | ||||||||||||||
5 door | B401 | 710 | |||||||||||||
3 / 5 door | GTL | C401 / B401 | 5 sp. manual | 750 | 5.2 | ||||||||||
Five | 4 sp. manual | 695 | 5.5 | 07/1987-01/1993 | |||||||||||
SL | 07/1987-07/1990 | ||||||||||||||
1.2 | 3 / 5 door | SR | C40F / B40F | C1G | 1237 | Carburetor single barrel |
55/5250 | 88/3000 | 4 sp. manual - 5 sp. manual (GTR) | D/DR | 745 | 155 | - | 5.9 | 07/1987-07/1989 |
TR / GTR | 07/1987-07/1990 | ||||||||||||||
1.4 | 3 / 5 door | Five / Saga | C407 / B407 | C3J | 1390 | Electronic injection |
60/4750 | 100/3000 | 5 sp. manual | D/DR | 750 | 158 | - | 6.8 | 02/1993-03/1996 |
GTL | C402 / B402 | C1J | 1397 | Carburetor single barrel |
60/5250 | 102/2500 | 14" | 5.9 | 09/1984-07/1987 | ||||||
Automatic | C403 / B403 | C2J | Carburetor Double barrel |
68/5250 | 104/3500 | 3 sp. Automatic | 800 | 154 | 16"5 | 6.8 | 02/1985-07/1991 | ||||
GTS | 72/5750 | 5 sp. manual | 765 | 167 | 11"5 | 6.6 | 09/1984-07/1987 | ||||||||
68/5250 | 165 | - | 6.1 | 07/1987-07/1990 | |||||||||||
3 door | TS | C403 | 72/5750 | 750 | 167 | 11"5 | 6.6 | 02/1985-07/1987 | |||||||
TSE | 09/1984-07/1987 | ||||||||||||||
GT Turbo | C405 | C1J | 115/5750 | 165/3000 | D/D | 830 | 201 | 7"6 | 7.4 | 02/1985-07/1987 | |||||
120/5750 | 165/3750 | 204 | 07/1987-07/1991 | ||||||||||||
Supercinque 1.7 | 3 door | Baccara | C40G | F2N | 1721 | Carburetor | 90/5500 | 135/3500 | D/DR | 870 | 180 | 10" | 6.6 | 07/1987-07/1990 | |
3 / 5 door | GTX | C40G / B40G | |||||||||||||
3 door | GTE, Baccara, GTX |
C40G | F3N | Electronic injection |
95/5250 | 143/3000 | 185 | 9"3 | 7.9 | ||||||
Diesel | |||||||||||||||
Diesel | 3 / 5 door | D, TD, Five D, SD, GTD | C404 / B404 | F8M | 1595 | Diesel Aspirated indirect injection |
55/4800 | 100/2250 | 5 sp. manual | D/DR | 815 | 150 | 16"5 | 5.1 | 11/1985-07/1990 |
D Société, TD Société | S405 | ||||||||||||||
Note: 1Available for the Italian market also in the Campus, Five, and SC |
Renault Express
The second-generation R5 also included a
EBS convertible
In 1989, the Belgian company EBS produced convertible versions of the Renault 5 (1,400 in total), almost all of which were left-hand drive.[58] A total of 14 of the 1,400 cars produced were based on the right-hand drive GT Turbo Phase II.
Revival
The Renault 5 nameplate returned in February 2024 as an
Production
Overall production of the Renault 5 and all its variants: 9,017,276 units, comprising:
- Renault 5 French (1972-1985): 5,276,630
- Iranian R5 (1987-1992): 49,270
- R5 Turbo (1980-1986): 4987[60]
- R5 Maxi (1985-1986): 154
- R5 society (1975-1984): 218,795
- Siete (Spanish R5 4-door) (1974-1982): 30,790 (some sites show production between 159,000 and 160,000[61])
- Supercinq (1984-1996) 3,436,650
Year | All R5 except Societé & Turbo | Societé (van) | 5 Turbo | 5 Maxi | R7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1971-2 | 126376 | ||||
1973 | 249135 | ||||
1974 | 345499 | 5600 | |||
1975 | 339609 | 929 | 28 | 200 | |
1976 | 408856 | 14018 | 27 | 207 | |
1977 | 442905 | 19216 | 30 | 322 | |
1978 | 444118 | 16429 | 27 | 269 | |
1979 | 469815 | 19040 | 22 | 939 | |
1980 | 666026 | 30369 | 804 | 14334 | |
1981 | 587145 | 31755 | 571 | 6513 | |
1982 | 496332 | 32644 | 445 | 2406 | |
1983 | 423047 | 33612 | 1345 | ||
1984 | 241851 | 20783 | 1497 | ||
1985 | 25395 | 182 | |||
1986 | 10521 | 143 | 20 | ||
1987 | 2947 | ||||
1988 | 6000 | ||||
1989 | 3500 | ||||
1990 | 7645 | ||||
1991 | 19831 | ||||
1992 | 9347 |
References
- ^ Pleffer, Ashlee (10 March 2008). "Renault 5: it's french for good". The Daily Telegraph. Australia. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
- ^ Data according to: Automobil Revue, catalogue edition 1979, p. 484-85.
- ISBN 978-1-85532-230-1.
- ^ Doyle, Eóin (19 March 2015). "The Renault 5 in Five Easy Pieces". Driven To Write. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023.
- ^ "LeLectric Car: 1980 Lectric Leopard". Barn Finds. 31 January 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
- ^ a b c Barbaza, Pierre (April 1985). "L'usine Alpine: renaissance ou révolution?" [The Alpine works: renaissance or revolution?]. Echappement (in French). No. 198. Paris, France: Michael Hommell. p. 90.
- ^ Thevenet, Jean-Paul, ed. (January 1977). "30 jours d'automobile" [30 days of the automobile]. L'Automobile (in French). No. 367. Neuilly-sur-Seine, France: Societé des Editions Techniques et Touristiques de France. p. 4.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Bellu, René (2005). "Toutes les voitures françaises 1972 (salon [Oct] 1971)". Automobilia. Vol. 76s. Paris: Histoire & collections. pp. 50–53.
- ^ "Morors: Renault's New Baby". Evening News. 10 December 1971. p. 35. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
- ^ a b Ludvigsen, Karl (March 2010). "The Renault That Rumbled". Hemmings Sports & Exotic Car. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
- ^ Bonnaud, Christoph; Rizzi, Pierre, eds. (2022). "Renault 5 a Modern history" (PDF). Renault Communications Department. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ 日本自動車輸入組合の資料による。実際に販売された車両の登録年(年式)は1977年(昭和52年)の可能性あり
- ^ a b Costa, André; Fraichard, Georges-Michel, eds. (September 1981). "Salon 1981: Toutes les Voitures du Monde". L'Auto Journal (in French). No. 14 & 15. Paris. p. 65.
- ^ Horbue, Jan P. (February 1975). "The new logic in small-car engineering". Popular Science. Vol. 206, no. 2. pp. 56–59. Retrieved 15 June 2011 – via Google Books.
- ISBN 978-1-4020-8673-1. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
- ^ "Renault 5". Classic and Performance Car. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
- ^ a b Howard, Tony (June 1979). "London Review". SA Auto. Vol. 1, no. 10. Pretoria, South Africa. p. 14.
- ^ Motor 5 May 1979
- ^ The Glasgow Herald, 31 May 1982
- ^ Motor Road Test Annual 1982
- ^ "Octane - Model specs: 1976-1984 Renault 5 Gordini/Turbo". classicandperformancecar.com. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
- ^ "Renault 5 Turbo – review, history, prices and specs". evo.co.uk. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
- ^ a b c Severson, Aaron (24 October 2009). "Five by Five: The Renault 5 and the Mid-Engine Renault 5 Turbo". Ate Up With Motor. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
- ^ "Renault 5 & "Le Car": Le Car History's". renault-5.net.
- ^ Witzenburg, Gary (February 1982). "Imports '82". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 155, no. 2. p. 120. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
- ISSN 0001-0235.
- ^ Dunne, Jim; Hill, Ray (November 1976). "Super-economy Cars". Popular Science. Vol. 209, no. 5. pp. 38–46. Retrieved 15 June 2011 – via Google Books.
- ^ Martin, Murilee (11 May 2017). "1979: Renault Le Car is cheaper and better than Civic, Rabbit and Fiesta". Autoweek. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
- ^ "1977 Renault 5 catalog (Renault USA" (PDF). renault-5.net. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
- ^ "Renault 5 (1972 - 1996)". uniquecarsandparts.com. 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
- ^ SportsCar Magazine by the Sports Car Club of America, 1977.
- ^ Hogg, Tony (ed.). Road & Track's Road Test Annual & Buyer's Guide 1981. p. 113.
- ^ Kotch, Jeff (23 September 2018). "Renault 5/Le Car: It was fun while it lasted". Hemmings. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
- ^ McAleer, Brendan (14 July 2022). "Celebrating the forgotten Renault Le Car on its 50th anniversary". Driving Canada. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
- ^ Jewell, Alden (17 October 2010). "1978 Renault Le Police Car". Retrieved 15 June 2011 – via Flickr.
- ^ Carlsson, Mårten. "Le Car van". klassiker.nu. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
- ^ Dowgiallo Jr., Edward J.; Snellings, Ivan R. (October 1980). Verification tests of the U.S. Electricar Corp. 'Lectric Leopard' (PDF). U.S. Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command (Report). 2312. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- ^ National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center (September 1977). State-of-the-art assessment of electric and hybrid vehicles (PDF). Energy Research and Development Administration, Division of Transportation Energy Conservation (Report). NASA TM-73756. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
- ^ Knight, Jerry (12 October 1978). "From Newspaper Owner To New Car Salesman". The Washington Post. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
- ^ a b Salon 1981, p. 115
- ^ a b c d e Freund, Klaus, ed. (August 1981). Auto Katalog 1982 (in German). Vol. 25. Stuttgart: Motor Presse. pp. 220–221.
- ISBN 9780910714143.
- ^ "Renault 5 Turbo specs & photos - 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984". autoevolution.com. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
- ^ Scott, Victoria (19 July 2021). "1980 Renault 5 Turbo Review: An '80s Time Capsule Best Left Parked". thedrive.com. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
- ^ Observer-Reporter January 28, 1978
- ^ پارس خودرو از ابتدا تاکنون [Pars Khodro's history from the beginning until now]. Pars Khodro (in Persian). Archived from the original on 4 March 2018.
- ISSN 1234-8198.
- ^ a b c Howard, Tony (December 1975). "Très chic, but économe". SA Motor. Cape Town, South Africa: Scott Publications. p. 32.
- ^ "SFRJ četvorotočkaši: Šta su pravili i vozili Jugosloveni?" [SFRJ four-wheelers: What did the Yugoslavs make and drive?] (in Bosnian). N1. 23 December 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ a b c d Cornaert, Jean-Jacques (24 January 1985). "La Super-SuperCinq" [The Super-Super 5]. Le Moniteur de l'Automobile (in French). Vol. 36, no. 813. Brussels, Belgium: Editions Auto-Magazine. pp. 11–12.
- ^ "Euro hatchback". Popular Science. Vol. 206, no. 1. January 1985. p. 36. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
- ^ Joe Ligo: The Unfortunate History of the AMC Pacer, 2013
- ^ Svallner, Björn (19 August 1987). "Renault 1988: Busversion - R5 GTE!" [Hot version - R5 GTE!]. Teknikens Värld (in Swedish). Vol. 39, no. 18. Stockholm, Sweden: Specialtidningsförlaget. p. 11.
- ^ a b c Car Mechanics Magazine - January 2011 pp. 42-3
- ^ "Driving the classics: Renault 5 GT Turbo review". CAR Magazine. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
- ^ Porter, Richard (November 2008). "Renault 5 GT Turbo". Evo. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
- ^ "Technical Specifications (Renault literature)". renault5gtturbo.com. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
- ^ "EBS Renault 5 Convertible". Renault 5 Wiki. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
- ^ Berg, Nik (15 January 2021). "5 alive: Renault brings back its city slicker". Hagerty. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ^ a b "Les chiffres de la production: Tout sur la Renault 5".
- ^ "La Siete ou R7: Tout sur la Renault 5".
- Covello, Mike; Flammang, James M. (2002). Standard Catalog of Imported Cars 1946-2002. Krause Publications. ISBN 978-0-87341-605-4.