Renewable energy in Norway
Green certificates
The system for
Hydroelectric power
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Diagram of Reservoir content for Norway |
Norway is Europe's largest producer of hydropower and the 6th largest in the world. 90% of capacity is publicly owned.[6] The largest producer is the Norwegian government, through the state-owned Statkraft which in turn, owns nine of the largest hydroelectric plants and is also a major player in the international energy markets. Electricity is also produced by a number of other state-owned and privately held companies. Hydropower generation capacity is around 31 GW in 2014 and 2019, when around 132 TWh was produced; about 95% of total production.[7] Hydro production can vary 50-60 TWh between years, depending on amount of precipitation. Large reservoirs (86 TWh combined) are necessary due to precipitation being significantly lower in winter when consumption is highest, while meltwater rushes to the reservoirs in summer when consumption is at its lowest.[1] When reservoirs are full, additional water must be passed through the spillway in a controlled manner to avoid damage.[8] The largest reservoir is Blåsjø at 7.8 TWh.[1]
The remaining undeveloped hydro potential is about 34 TWh.[9][1] By 2010 70% of the total potential had already been developed, one of the highest ratios in the world.[10] Dam safety reassessment began in 1995 and by 2014, 26% of existing installations have been rehabilitated or upgraded. Generating capacity in Norway is growing, between 2001 and 2014 there were 397 new projects commissioned, larger than 1 MW. Upgrades to older installations larger than 10 MW represents 70% of all new capacity.[11] Electricity trading with wind power generated in the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark is driving modifications to the Norwegian hydro system.
Wind power
In 2012 Norway had a
Transport
In the transport sector the share of renewables has increased from 1.3% to 4% between 2005-2010, and currently Norway has one of the highest numbers of electric cars per capita in the world.[15] The government's initial goal of 50,000 electric cars on Norwegian roads was reached on 20 April 2015, more than two years earlier than expected. By reaching a stock of 50,000 electric cars, the market penetration of pure electric vehicles achieved 2% of all passenger cars registered in Norway.[16][17] The segment's penetration passed 3% in December 2015.[18][19] With about 90,000 pure electric vehicles registered by mid-September 2016, the all-electric segment achieved a market penetration of 3.5% of all light-duty vehicles on Norway's roads.[20]
The stock of light-duty
In February 2016, the government opened for public discussion until 1 July 2016 the proposed National Transport Plan 2018-2029 (NTP). The plan explains that the transportation sector accounts for emissions of about 16.5 million tons of CO2, which is about one third of the total greenhouse gas emissions produced domestically in Norway. And road traffic, including both private cars and heavy vehicles, account for about 10 million tons of CO2. The NTP set policies and actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from private cars, trucks, ships, aircraft and construction equipment by about one half until 2030.[24][25]
In order to achieve this objective, among others, the NTP sets the goal that all new cars, buses and light commercial vehicles in 2025 should be
See also
- Energy in Norway
- Centre for Renewable Energy
- Electricity sector in Norway
- Scotland-Norway interconnector
- Renewable energy in Sweden
- Renewable energy in Finland
- Renewable energy in Denmark
- Renewable energy in Iceland
- Renewable energy by country
References
- ^ nve.no (in Norwegian). 2019-10-31. Archivedfrom the original on 2020-02-13.
- ^ "BP". bp.com. Archived from the original on 2009-01-17. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
- ^ Offshore wind resources (in Norwegian) NVE, 12 February 2009. Retrieved: 18 September 2010.
- ^ Technology as a driving force in climate policy (Bjørn-Erik Haugan, Cicerone, Number: 6. pp.8-9. 2005)
- ^ "Fuel mix". [dead link]
- ^ "Ownership in the energy sector - Energifakta Norge". 2019-01-03. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
- ^ Vannkraftpotensialet Archived 2017-01-18 at the Wayback Machine Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, 10 December 2015.
- ^ Ellefsen, Eylert (February 18, 2020). "Norway – can water spillage be avoided? – Energy Quantified Blog". www.energyquantified.com. Archived from the original on 2020-03-08.
- ISSN 0809-9464.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-01-15.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ https://www.ntnu.no/documents/381182060/641036380/Leif+Lia_FINAL.PDF/32bac8f3-b443-493b-a1eb-e22ce572acd9 [bare URL PDF]
- ^ Holter, Mikael (2013-08-26). "Norway Approves $3 Billion for Wind Power Plants to Triple Capacity". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2016-08-21.
- ^ "Vindkraftdata - NVE". www.nve.no.
- ^ NRK (2019-09-24). "Enormt vindkraft-engasjement – over tusen høringssvar". NRK (in Norwegian Nynorsk). Retrieved 2019-11-04.
- ^ Ministry of Petroleum and Energy: "National Renewable Energy Action Plan under Directive 2009/28/EC", 2012
- ^ Petter Haugneland (2015-04-20). "50.000 elbiler på norske veier!" [50,000 electric cars on Norwegian roads!] (in Norwegian). Norsk elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association. Archived from the original on 2015-04-25. Retrieved 2015-04-21.
- ^ Jeff Cobb (2015-04-20). "Norway Celebrates 50,000th Plug-in Car Sold; Will EV Incentives Continue?". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2015-04-20.
- ^ Petter Haugneland (2016-02-29). "Nasjonal transportplan: Elbil er klimaløsningen" [National Transport: EV is the climate solution] (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association). Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-03-04.
- ^ "Number of electric cars worldwide climbs to 1.3 million" (PDF) (Press release). Stuttgart: Zentrum für Sonnenenergieund Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW). 2016-02-26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2016-03-04. Around 3% of some 2.64 million cars in Norway run on electricity by the end of 2015 (includes all-electric cars and plug-in hybrids).
- ^ Haugneland, Petter (2016-09-16). "Mandal først ute med fortsatt gratis parkering for elbil" [Mandal pioneered to keep free parking for electric cars] (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association). Retrieved 2016-09-17.
- ^ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2015). "Bilsalget i 2014" [Car sales in 2014] (in Norwegian). OFV. Archived from the original on 2016-09-30. Retrieved 2015-01-14. A total of 10,639 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Norway in 2013, consisting of: 7,885 new electric cars, 2,086 used imported all-electric cars, 328 new plug-in hybrid cars and 340 new all-electric vans. A total of 23,390 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Norway in 2014, consisting of: 18,094 new electric cars, 3,063 used imported all-electric cars, 1,678 new plug-in hybrid cars and 555 new all-electric vans.
- ^ France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2016-05-17). "Dossier : A la découverte du véhicule électrique en Norvège" [Dossier: Discovering the electric vehicle in Norway] (in French). AVERE. Retrieved 2016-05-19. In April 2016 Norway just exceeded the threshold of 100 000th registered electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids included.
- ^ a b Cobb, Jeff (2016-05-09). "Norway Is Fourth Country To Register 100,000 Plug-in Cars". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-05-09. As of April 2016[update], the United States is the leading country market with a stock of about 450,000 highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles delivered since 2008. China ranks second with around 300,000 units sold since 2011, followed by Japan with about 150,000 plug-in units sold since 2009, both through March 2016. European sales are led by Norway with over 100,000 units registered by the end of April 2016.
- ^ a b Blaker, Magnus (2016-02-29). "NTP: Nå kommer elbil-bakrusen" [NTP: Now Comes EV Hangover] (in Norwegian). Side3.no. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
- ^ a b "NTP: Klimautslippene må kuttes" [NTP: Greenhouse gas emissions must be cut] (in Norwegian). Norwegian Coastal Administration. 2016-02-29. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
- ^ Cobb, Jeff (2016-03-08). "Norway Aiming For 100-Percent Zero Emission Vehicle Sales By 2025". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-03-09.