Republic of Crimea
Republic of Crimea
| |
---|---|
North Caucasus | |
Capture of the Crimean parliament by Russian forces | 27 February 2014 |
Annexation by Russia | 18 March 2014[2] |
Administrative centre | Simferopol |
Government | |
• Body | State Council |
• Head | Sergey Aksyonov[3] |
Area | |
• Total | 26,081 km2 (10,070 sq mi) |
Population (2021)[5] | |
• Total | 1,934,630 |
• Density | 74/km2 (190/sq mi) |
Languages | |
• Official | |
License plates | 82[9][10] |
Website | crimea |
The Republic of Crimea[b] is a republic of Russia, comprising most of the Crimean Peninsula, but excluding Sevastopol.[11] Its territory corresponds to the pre-2023[12] territory of Autonomous Republic of Crimea, a subdivision of Ukraine. Russia occupied and annexed the peninsula in 2014, although the annexation remains internationally unrecognized.[13]
The capital and largest city located within its borders is
History
2014 annexation
In February 2014, following the
To facilitate the annexation politically,
On 11 March 2014, the
On 16 March 2014, according to the organizers of
After the referendum, Crimean lawmakers formally voted both to secede from Ukraine and applied for their admission into Russia. The Sevastopol City Council, however, requested the port's separate admission as a federal city.[31] On the same day Russia formally approved the draft treaty on absorption of the self-proclaimed Republic of Crimea,[32][33] and on 18 March 2014 the political process of annexation was formally concluded,[15] with the self-proclaimed independent Republic of Crimea signing a treaty of accession to the Russian Federation.[34] The accession was granted but separately for each the former regions that composed it: one accession for the Autonomous Republic of Crimea as the Republic of Crimea—the same name as the short-lived self-proclaimed independent republic—and another accession for Sevastopol as a federal city. A post-annexation transition period, during which Russian authorities were to resolve the issues of integration of the new subjects "in the economic, financial, credit and legal system of the Russian Federation", was set to last until 1 January 2015.[35]
The change of status of Crimea was only recognised internationally by a few states with most regarding the action as illegal. Ukraine refused to accept the annexation, however the Ukrainian military began to withdraw from Crimea on 19 March,[36] and by 26 March, Russia had acquired complete military control of Crimea, so the annexation was essentially complete.[37]
Post-annexation integration
The post-annexation integration process started within days. On 24 March, the
On 3 April 2014,
On 11 April 2014, the
On 12 April 2014, the Constitution of the Republic of Crimea, adopted at the session of the State Council on 11 April, entered into legal force. The constitution was published by the Krymskiye Izvestiya newspaper, becoming law on the publication date, the State Council of Crimea said. The Constitution consists of 10 chapters and 95 articles; its main regulations are analogous to the articles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The text proclaims the Republic of Crimea is a democratic, legal state within the Russian Federation and an equal subject of the Russian Federation. The source of power in the Crimean Republic is its people, which constitutes to the multinational nation of the Russian Federation. It is noted that the supreme direct manifestation of the power of the people is referendum and free elections; seizure of power and appropriation of power authorization are unacceptable.[citation needed]
On 1 June 2014, Crimea officially switched over to the
On 7 May 2015, Crimea switched its phone codes (Ukrainian number system) to the Russian number system.[46]
In July 2015, Russian Prime Minister, Dmitry Medvedev, declared that Crimea had been fully integrated into Russia,[47] similar statements were also expressed at the Russian Security Council.[48]
In July 2016, Crimea ceased to be a separate federal district of the Russian Federation and was included into the Southern federal district instead.[49][50]
Russia has since the annexation supported large migration into Crimea, and the Office of the Federal State Statistics Service in Crimea and Sevastopol records as of 2021 since 2014 205,559 Russians have moved to Crimea. Ukrainian Ministry and Crimean Human Rights Group say the real number could unofficially be many times higher.[51][52][53]
Infrastructure
On 31 March 2014, the Russian
In 2017 the Russian government also began modernising the Simferopol International Airport,[55] which opened its new terminal in April 2018.[56]
Russia provides electricity to Crimea via a cable beneath the Kerch Strait. In June 2018 there was a full electrical outage for all of Crimea, but the power grid company Rosseti reported to have fixed the outage in approximately one hour.[57]
On 28 December 2018, Russia completed a high-tech security fence marking the border between Crimea and Ukraine.[58]
Ukrainian reaction
Once Ukraine lost control of the territory in 2014, it shut off the water supply of the
On 15 April 2014, the
In 2021, Ukraine launched the Crimea Platform a diplomatic initiative aimed at protecting the rights of Crimean inhabitants and ultimately reversing the illegal annexation of Crimea.[63]
Government and politics
The State Council of Crimea is a legislative body with a 75-seat parliament.[64] The polling held on 14 September 2014 resulted in United Russia securing 70 of the 75 members elected.[65]
Justice is administered by courts, as part of the judiciary of Russia. Under Russian law, all decisions delivered by the Crimean branches of the judiciary of Ukraine up to its annexation remain valid.[66] This includes sentences (for "encroaching on Ukraine's territorial integrity and inviolability") for pre-2014 calls for an incorporation of Crimea into Russia.[66]
The executive power is represented by the Council of Ministers, headed either by the Prime Minister of Crimea or by the Head of the Republic of Crimea. The authority and operation of the State Council and the Council of Ministers of Crimea are determined by the Constitution of the Republic of Crimea and other Crimean laws, as well as by regular decisions carried out by the Council.[67]
Crimeans who refused to take
By July 2015, 20,000 Crimeans had renounced their Ukrainian citizenship.[69] From the time of Russia's annexation until October 2016, more than 8,800 Crimean residents received Ukrainian passports.[70]
On 18 September 2016, the whole of Crimea participated in the Russian legislative election.
Military
- Marine Corps of the Russia "little green men"
- Baherove (air base)
- Theodosius-13
- Southern Naval Base
Administrative divisions
The Republic of Crimea continues to use the administrative divisions previously used by the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and is thus subdivided into 25 regions: 14 districts (raions) and 11 city municipalities (gorodskoj sovet or gorsovet), officially known as territories governed by city councils.[71][failed verification]
Raions
|
City municipalities
|
Geography
Political geography
Crimea's only land boundary is with mainland Ukraine, which continues to claim sovereignty over the peninsula, with a number of road and rail connections. These crossings have been under the control of Russian troops since at least mid-March 2014.
Crimea has no land connection to Russia. In 2014–2019, Russia built the
Demographics
Life expectancy
According to the Russian occupation authorities, the best result in
-
Life expectancy with calculated differences
-
Life expectancy in the Republic of Crimea in comparison with Crimea on average and neighboring regions of the country
-
Life expectancy in the Republic of Crimea in comparison with Crimea on average (in detail)
Languages
According to the Constitution of the Republic of Crimea:
Article 10
- 1. Official languages of the Republic of Crimea are Russian, Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar.
According to the 2014 census by occupation authorities, 84% of Crimean inhabitants named Russian as their native language; 7.9% named Crimean Tatar; 3.7% Tatar and 3.3% Ukrainian. The previous census was held more than decade ago in 2001, when Crimea was still controlled by Ukraine.[77]
According to the Republic of Crimea Ministry of Education, Science, and Youth,[78] most primary and secondary school pupils have decided to study in Russian in 2015.
- In Russian – 96.74%
- In Crimean Tatar – 2.76%. 5083 pupils (+188 to 2014 year) study in Crimean Tatar language in 53 schools in 17 districts. 37 1st grade classes of primary school have been opened.
- In Ukrainian – 0.5%. 949 pupils study in Ukrainian language in 22 schools in 13 districts. 2 1st grade classes of primary school have been opened.
Its Education Minister Natalia Goncharova announced mid-August 2014 that (since no parents of first-graders wrote an application for learning Ukrainian) Crimea had decided not to form Ukrainian language classes in its
A report (realised in the summer of 2015) of the
Religion
In 2013, before the Russian occupation, the majority of the
Since 2014, the United Nations has reported a regime of human-rights violations imposed by the Russian occupation authorities, including targeting religious minority groups and individuals.[83][84]
Economy
Peninsula economy is based on tourism, agriculture (wines, fruits, wheat, rice and further crops), fishing, pearls, mining and natural resources (mainly iron, titanium, aluminium, manganese, calcite, sandstone, quartz and silicates, amethyst, other), metallurgical and steel industry, shipbuilding and repair, oil gas and petrochemical, chemical industry, electronics and devices machinery, instruments making, glass, electronics and electric parts devices, materials and building.
Overview
After annexation of the peninsula, Russia doubled payments to about 560,000 pensioners and 200,000 public workers (in Crimea).[85] Those raises were cut back in April 2015.[86]
In June 2015 The Economist estimated that the average salary in Crimea was about two-thirds of the average salary in Russia.[86] According to Russian statistics by March 2015 the inflation in Crimea was 80%.[87] According to the Crimean authorities local food prices have grown 2.5 times since Russia's annexation.[88] Since then the peninsula now has to import most of its food from Russia.
After the annexation, Russian Crimean authorities started nationalization of what they called strategically important enterprises, which included not only transportation and energy production enterprises, but also, for example, a wine factory in
By late October 2014 90% of the heads of Crimean
On 6 May 2014 the National Bank of Ukraine ordered Ukrainian banks to cease operations in Crimea; the following weeks the Central Bank of Russia closed all Ukrainian banks in the peninsula because "they had failed to meet their obligations to creditors".[95] Eight months after the 21 March 2014 formal annexation of Crimea by Russia it became impossible for clients of Ukrainian banks to access their deposits and most of them did not pay interest (on loans).[96][clarification needed] A "Fund for the Protection of Depositors in Crimea", as part of Russia's Deposit Insurance Agency, was set up by Russia to compensate Crimeans.[96] By 6 November 2014 it paid out more than $500 million to 196,400 depositors; the fund has a limit of about $15,000 per bank account.[96] In July 2015, 25 banks were operating in Crimea while prior to the Russian annexation there were 180 banks.[97]
While many international businesses left the region, in 2015 only a few Russian companies are reported to have invested in Crimea, fearing sanctions.[85]
Under the
Russia invests significantly in Crimea, according to "The Federal Target Program for the Development of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol" they plan to invest one trillion Russian rubles (15.3 billion dollars) before 2022[98][99] The Russian government claims that those investments are necessary because Ukrainian mismanagement of the Crimean territory caused losses of 2.5 trillion Russian rubles (38.3 billion dollars) to the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol[100] Meanwhile, Ukraine estimates their losses due to Russian annexation of the peninsula to 100 billion dollars.[101]
Banks
Gross regional product:[105]
- Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles, personal and household goods – 13%
- Transport and Telecom – 10%
- Real estate, renting and business activities – 10%
- Health care and social services – 10%
- Public administration, defense, compulsory social security – 8%
- Agriculture, hunting and forestry – 10%
- Other – 39%
Tourism
In 2014 about two million tourists holidayed in Crimea, including 300,000 Ukrainians.
Museums and art galleries
- Aivazovsky National Art Gallery
- Alexander Grin house museum
- Feodosia Money Museum
- Lapidarium, Kerch
- Livadia Palace
- Massandra Palace
- Simferopol Art Museum
- Museum of Vera Mukhina
- Vorontsov Palace (Alupka)
- White Dacha
Industrial Park
Telecommunication
The internet connection goes via Krasnodar Krai.[114]
In Crimea Peninsula worked four mobile operators already offers voice and mobile data for 2G, 3G and 4G users.[115][unreliable source]
Transport
Aviation
Simferopol is an air transport hub of the Republic of Crimea.
Rail
Trolleybus Line
Crimean trolleybus line length of 86 kilometres (53 mi) long of service «Krymtrolleybus».
Routes: Airport Simferopol — Simferopol — Alushta — Yalta
Roads
- Tavrida Highway A291: Kerch — Feodosia — Belogorsk — Simferopol — Bakhchisarai — Sevastopol.
- Feodosiya – Kerch.
- Novorossiysk — Kerch highway A290: Crimean Bridge — Kerch
- Highway H19 (Ukraine) – Yalta – Sevastopol
- Dzhankoy
- Highway H05 (Ukraine) – Simferopol – Simferopol International Airport – Krasnoperekopsk.
Water
- Kerch Strait ferry line (until 2020), Kerch–Yenikale Canal
Education
Although Russian, Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar languages have official status, reports say that Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar education is being squeezed.[7]
Sport
Football clubs
Human rights
According to Human Rights Watch "Russia has violated multiple obligations it has as an occupying power under international humanitarian law – in particular in relation to the protection of civilians' rights."[118][56]
In its November 2014 report on Crimea, Human Rights Watch stated that "The de facto authorities in Crimea have limited free expression, restricted peaceful assembly, and intimidated and harassed those who have opposed Russia's actions in Crimea".[119] According to the report, 15 persons went missing since March 2014; according to Ukrainian authorities 21 people disappeared.[68] Head of the Republic Sergey Aksyonov pledged to find the missing persons as well as the culprits behind the kidnappings.[68] Aksyonov regularly meets with a group of parents, whose children have gone missing, and human rights activists.[68] These parents and human rights activists have complained that rotation of the team of investigators into these missing persons has harmed these investigations.[68]
Crimean Tatars
The Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People has come under the scrutiny of the Russian Federal Security Service, which reportedly took control of the building where the Mejlis meets and searched it on 16 September 2014. Crimean Tatar media said FSB officers also searched the office of the Avdet newspaper, which is based inside the Mejlis building. Several members of the Mejlis were also reportedly subjected to FSB searches at their homes. Several Crimean Tatar opposition figures were banned from entering Crimea for five years.[120] Since Russia annexed Crimea several Crimean Tatars have disappeared or have been found dead after being reported missing.[121][122][123] Crimean authorities state these deaths and disappearances are connected to "smoking an unspecified substance" and volunteers for the Syrian civil war; human rights activists claim the disappearances are part of a repression campaign against Crimean Tatars.[56][121][122]
In February 2016 human rights defender Emir-Usein Kuku from Crimea was arrested and accused of belonging to the Islamist organization Hizb ut-Tahrir, although he denies any involvement in this organization. Amnesty International has called for his immediate liberation.[124][125]
In May 2018, Server Mustafayev, the founder and coordinator of the human rights movement Crimean Solidarity, was imprisoned by Russian authorities and charged with "membership of a terrorist organisation". Amnesty International and Front Line Defenders demand his immediate release.[126][127]
International status
The status of the republic is disputed, as Russia and some other states recognised the annexation, whilst most other nations do not. Ukraine still considers both the Autonomous Republic and Sevastopol as subdivisions of Ukraine under Ukrainian territory and subject to Ukrainian law.
The United States, European Union, and Australia all claim to not issue visas to residents of Crimea with Russian passports.[86][128] However, Russian media has claimed that several member states of the Schengen Area have issued visas to Crimeans with Russian passports.[129][130]
On 21 March 2014,
On 27 March 2014, the UN General Assembly voted on a non-binding resolution claiming that the referendum was invalid and reaffirming Ukraine's territorial integrity, by a vote of 100 to 11, with 58 abstentions and 24 absent.[136][137] Australia, Canada, Chile, France, Germany, Italy, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, United Kingdom, United States and 89 other countries voted for; Armenia, Belarus, Bolivia, Cuba, North Korea, Nicaragua, Sudan, Syria, Venezuela and Zimbabwe, as well as Russia, voted against.[citation needed] Among the abstaining countries were China, India, Pakistan, South Africa and Brazil. Israel was among the countries listed as absent.[citation needed] Reuters reported unnamed UN diplomats saying the Russian delegation threatened with punitive action against certain Eastern European and Central Asian countries if they supported the resolution.[138] Subsequent United Nations General Assembly resolutions also reaffirmed non-recognition of the annexation and condemned "the temporary occupation of part of the territory of Ukraine—the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol".[139][140][141]
See also
- Annexation of the Crimean Khanate by the Russian Empire
- Autonomous Republic of Crimea
- Crimea in the Soviet Union
- Russian occupation of Crimea
- Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts
Notes
- ^ Sovereignty disputed by Ukraine as the Autonomous Republic of Crimea
- ^ /kraɪˈmiːə, krɪ-/; Russian: Республика Крым, translit. Respublika Krym [rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə krɨm]; Ukrainian: Республіка Крим, translit. Respublika Krym [resˈpublʲikɐ krɪm]; Crimean Tatar: Къырым Джумхуриети, Qırım Cumhuriyeti
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The March 16 referendum would become the political instrument to annex the peninsula, a process that concluded on March 18
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Organizing and holding the referendum on Crimea's accession to Russia was illegal under the Ukrainian constitution. Article 2 of the constitution establishes that "Ukraine shall be a unitary state" and that the "territory of Ukraine within its present border is indivisible and inviolable". This is confirmed in regard to Crimea by Chapter X of the constitution, which provides for the autonomous status of Crimea. Article 134 sets forth that Crimea is an "inseparable constituent part of Ukraine". The autonomous status provides Crimea with a certain set of authorities and allows, inter alia, to hold referendums. These rights are, however, limited to local matters. The constitution makes clear that alterations to the territory of Ukraine require an all-Ukrainian referendum.
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The recognition of Crimea by Russia was the legal fig leaf which allowed Russia to say that it did not annex Crimea from Ukraine, rather the Republic of Crimea exercised its sovereign powers in seeking a merge with Russia
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