Dagestan
Republic of Dagestan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Республика Дагестан 13 other official names
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2021 Census)[5] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Total | 3,182,054 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
ISO 3166 code | RU-DA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
License plates | 05 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
OKTMO ID | 82000000 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Official languages | Russian;[8] [9][10] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Website | http://www.e-dag.ru/ |
Dagestan (.
Dagestan covers an area of 50,300 square kilometres (19,400 square miles), with a population of over 3.1 million,[12] consisting of over 30 ethnic groups and 81 nationalities.[13] With 14 official languages, and 12 ethnic groups each constituting more than 1% of its total population, the republic is one of Russia's most linguistically and ethnically diverse, and one of the most heterogeneous administrative divisions in the world.[14] Most of the residents speak one of the Northeast Caucasian, or Turkic, languages;[13] however, Russian is the primary language and the lingua franca in the republic.[15]
Toponymy
The word Dagestan is of Turkish and Persian origin, directly translating to "Land of the Mountains". The Turkish word dağ means "mountain", and the Persian suffix -stan means "land".
Some areas of Dagestan were known as Lekia, Avaria and Tarki at various times.[16]
Between 1860 and 1920, Dagestan was referred to as
Names in its official languages
- Russian – Республика Дагестан (Respublika Dagestan)
- Avar – Дагъистан Республика (Daġistan Respublika)
- Dargin– Дагъистан Республика (Daġistan Respublika)
- Kumyk – Дагъыстан Жумгьурият (Республика) (Dağıstan Cumhuriyat / Respublika)
- Lezgian – Республика Дагъустан (Respublika Daġustan)
- Lak – Дагъусттаннал Республика (Daġusttannal Respublika)
- Tabasaran – Дагъустан Республика (Daġustan Respublika)
- Rutul – Республика Дагъустан (Respublika Daġustan)
- Aghul – Республика Дагъустан (Respublika Daġustan)
- Tsakhur – Республика Дагъустан (Respublika Daġustan)
- Nogai – Дагыстан Республикасы (Dağıstan Respublikası)
- Chechen – Дегӏестан Республика (Deġestan Respublika)
- Azerbaijani – Дағыстан Республикасы (Dağıstan Respublikası)
- Tat – Республикей Догъисту (Respublikei Doġistu)
Geography
stan
- the North Ossetia-Alania, Ingushetia, Chechnyaand Dagestan
- to the north and west: the Southern Federal District
The republic is situated in the North Caucasus mountains. It is the southernmost part of Russia and is bordered on its eastern side by the Caspian Sea.
- Area: 50,300 square kilometers (19,400 sq mi)
- Borders:
- internal: Kalmykia (N), Chechnya (W), and Stavropol Krai (NW)
- international: ) (SW)
- water: Caspian Sea (E)
- Highest point: Mount Bazardüzü/Bazardyuzyu: 4,446 metres (14,587 ft)
- Maximum north–south distance: 400 kilometers (250 mi)
- Maximum east–west distance: 200 kilometers (120 mi)
Rivers
There are over 1,800 rivers in the republic. Major rivers include:
- Sulak River
- Samur River
- Terek River
- Avar Koisu
- Andi Koisu
- Kazi-Kumukh Koisu
Lakes
Dagestan has about 405 kilometers (252 mi) of coastline on the world's largest lake, the Caspian Sea.
Mountains
Most of Dagestan is mountainous, with the Greater
Natural resources
Dagestan is rich in oil, natural gas, coal, and many other minerals.[17]
Climate
The climate is classified as a continental climate, with a significant lack of precipitation. It is among the warmest places in Russia. In the mountainous regions, it is subarctic.[citation needed]
- Average January temperature: +2 °C (36 °F)
- Average July temperature: +26 °C (79 °F)
- Average annual precipitation: 250 mm (10 in) (northern plains) to 800 mm (31 in) (in the mountains).[18]
Administrative divisions
Dagestan is divided into forty-one administrative
History
In the first few centuries AD,
In the 5th century, the Sassanids gained the upper hand, and by the 6th century had constructed a strong citadel at
Islamic influence
During the
Seljuk Turks
In the second half of the 11th century, the
Mongol rule
The Mongols raided the lands in 1221–1222 then conquered Derbent and the surrounding area from 1236 to 1239 during the
Timurids
The
Alternating Persian and Russian rule
As Mongolian authority gradually eroded, new centers of power emerged in Kaitagi and
The territories were however returned to Persia in 1735 per the Treaty of Ganja.
Between 1730 and the early course of the 1740s, following his brother's murder in Dagestan, the new Persian ruler and military genius
Russian rule consolidated
It was not until the aftermath of the
Uprisings against imperial Russia
The Russian administration, however, disappointed and embittered the highlanders. The institution of heavy taxation, coupled with the expropriation of estates and the construction of fortresses (including Makhachkala), electrified highlanders into rising under the aegis of the Muslim
raged until 1864.Dagestan and Chechnya profited from the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), rising together against the Russian Empire. Chechnya rose again at various times throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries.
Soviet era
On 21 December 1917,
Post-Soviet era
On 7 August 1999, the
The invaders were supported by part of the local population but were driven back by the Russian military and local paramilitary groups.[29] In response to the invasion, Russian forces subsequently reinvaded Chechnya later that year.[30]
Dagestan has one of the highest unemployment rates in Russia.[31]
Dagestani soldiers participated in the
In 2023, during the
Politics
The
The Constitution of Dagestan was adopted on 10 July 2003. According to it, the highest executive authority lies with the State Council, comprising representatives of fourteen ethnicities. The Constitutional Assembly of Dagestan appoints the members of the State Council for a term of four years. The State Council appoints the members of the Government.
The ethnicities represented in the State Council are
Formerly, the Chairman of the State Council was the highest executive post in the republic, held by
Demographics
Because its mountainous terrain impedes travel and communication, Dagestan is unusually ethnically diverse and still largely tribal. It is Russia's most heterogeneous republic. Dagestan's population is rapidly growing.[39]
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1897 | 571,154 | — |
1926 | 787,883 | +37.9% |
1939 | 1,023,300 | +29.9% |
1959 | 1,062,472 | +3.8% |
1970 | 1,428,540 | +34.5% |
1979 | 1,627,884 | +14.0% |
1989 | 1,802,579 | +10.7% |
2002 | 2,576,531 | +42.9% |
2010 | 2,910,249 | +13.0% |
2021 | 3,182,054 | +9.3% |
Source: Census data |
Population
3,182,054 (
Life expectancy
Dagestan has the second highest life expectancy in Russia. Higher duration of life is observed only in Ingushetia.[44][45]
2019 | 2021 | |
---|---|---|
Average: | 79.1 years | 76.6 years |
Male: | 76.6 years | 74.1 years |
Female: | 81.4 years | 79.0 years |
-
Life expectancy at birth in Dagestan
-
Life expectancy with calculated differences
-
Life expectancy in Dagestan in comparison with other regions of the North Caucasus
-
Interactive chart of comparison of male and female life expectancy for 2021. Open the original svg-file in a separate window and hover over a bubble to highlight it.
-
Analogious interactive chart of comparison of urban and rural life expectancy.
Original interactive file.
Settlements
Largest cities or towns in Dagestan
2021 Russian Census | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Administrative Division | Pop. | |||||||
Makhachkala Khasavyurt |
1 | Makhachkala | City of republic significance of Makhachkala | 623,254 | Derbent Kaspiysk | ||||
2 | Khasavyurt | Khasavyurtovsky District | 155,144 | ||||||
3 | Derbent | Derbentsky District | 124,953 | ||||||
4 | Kaspiysk | City of republic significance of Kaspiysk | 121,140 | ||||||
5 | Buynaksk | Buynaksky District | 68,121 | ||||||
6 | Izberbash | Town of republic significance of Izberbash | 55,996 | ||||||
7 | Kizlyar | Kizlyarsky District | 49,999 | ||||||
8 | Kizilyurt | Kizilyurtovsky District | 38,335 | ||||||
9 | Dagestanskiye Ogni | Town of republic significance of Dagestanskiye Ogni | 31,412 | ||||||
10 | Karabudakhkent | Karabudakhkentsky District | 20,710 |
Vital statistics
Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service [46]
Average population (x 1000) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Fertility rates | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 1,438 | 41,381 | 9,543 | 31,838 | 28.8 | 6.6 | 22.1 | |
1975 | 1,544 | 42,098 | 10,292 | 31,806 | 27.3 | 6.7 | 20.6 | |
1980 | 1,655 | 44,088 | 11,188 | 32,900 | 26.6 | 6.8 | 19.9 | |
1985 | 1,744 | 50,053 | 12,010 | 38,043 | 28.7 | 6.9 | 21.8 | |
1990 | 1,848 | 48,209 | 11,482 | 36,727 | 26.1 | 6.2 | 19.9 | 3.07 |
1991 | 1,906 | 47,461 | 12,062 | 35,399 | 24.9 | 6.3 | 18.6 | 2.94 |
1992 | 1,964 | 44,986 | 12,984 | 32,002 | 22.9 | 6.6 | 16.3 | 2.70 |
1993 | 2,012 | 41,863 | 14,777 | 27,086 | 20.8 | 7.3 | 13.5 | 2.46 |
1994 | 2,117 | 44,472 | 15,253 | 29,219 | 21.0 | 7.2 | 13.8 | 2.45 |
1995 | 2,209 | 45,680 | 15,700 | 29,980 | 20.7 | 7.1 | 13.6 | 2.41 |
1996 | 2,251 | 42,282 | 15,565 | 26,717 | 18.8 | 6.9 | 11.9 | 2.19 |
1997 | 2,308 | 41,225 | 15,662 | 25,563 | 17.9 | 6.8 | 11.1 | 2.10 |
1998 | 2,363 | 41,164 | 15,793 | 25,371 | 17.4 | 6.7 | 10.7 | 2.05 |
1999 | 2,417 | 38,281 | 16,020 | 22,261 | 15.8 | 6.6 | 9.2 | 1.87 |
2000 | 2,464 | 38,229 | 16,108 | 22,121 | 15.5 | 6.5 | 9.0 | 1.82 |
2001 | 2,511 | 38,480 | 15,293 | 23,187 | 15.3 | 6.1 | 9.2 | 1.79 |
2002 | 2,563 | 41,204 | 15,887 | 25,317 | 16.1 | 6.2 | 9.9 | 1.85 |
2003 | 2,609 | 41,490 | 15,929 | 25,561 | 15.9 | 6.1 | 9.8 | 1.81 |
2004 | 2,647 | 41,573 | 15,724 | 25,849 | 15.7 | 5.9 | 9.8 | 1.76 |
2005 | 2,684 | 40,814 | 15,585 | 25,229 | 15.2 | 5.8 | 9.4 | 1.69 |
2006 | 2,721 | 40,646 | 15,939 | 24,707 | 14.9 | 5.9 | 9.1 | 1.64 |
2007 | 2,761 | 45,470 | 15,357 | 30,113 | 16.5 | 5.6 | 10.9 | 1.81 |
2008 | 2,804 | 49,465 | 15,794 | 33,671 | 17.6 | 5.6 | 12.0 | 1.94 |
2009 | 2,850 | 50,416 | 16,737 | 33,679 | 17.7 | 5.9 | 11.8 | 1.92 |
2010 | 2,896 | 52,057 | 17,013 | 35,044 | 18.0 | 5.9 | 12.1 | 1.92 |
2011 | 2,914 | 54,646 | 16,872 | 37,774 | 18.1 | 5.8 | 12.3 | 1.98 |
2012 | 2,931 | 56,186 | 16,642 | 39,544 | 19.1 | 5.7 | 13.4 | 2.03 |
2013 | 2,955 | 55,641 | 16,258 | 39,383 | 18.8 | 5.5 | 13.3 | 2.02 |
2014 | 2,982 | 56,888 | 16,491 | 40,397 | 19.1 | 5.5 | 13.6 | 2.08 |
2015 | 3,003 | 54,867 | 16,188 | 38,679 | 18.3 | 5.4 | 12.9 | 2.02 |
2016 | 3,029 | 52,867 | 15,719 | 37,148 | 17.4 | 5.2 | 12.2 | 1.98 |
2017 | 3,041 | 50,174 | 15,473 | 34,701 | 16.4 | 5.1 | 11.3 | 1.91 |
2018 | 3,077 | 48,120 | 14,871 | 33,249 | 15.6 | 4.8 | 10.8 | 1.86 |
2019 | 3,110 | 45,977 | 14,941 | 31,036 | 14.8 | 4.8 | 10.0 | 1.78 |
2020 | 3,138 | 47,051 | 19,750 | 27,301 | 15.1 | 6.3 | 8.8 | 1.87 |
2021 | 3,182 | 44,330 | 19,766 | 24,564 | 14.1 | 6.3 | 7.8 | 1.76 |
2022 | 3,186 | 42,515 | 16,344 | 26,171 | 13.4 | 5.2 | 8.2 | 1.73 |
Ethnic groups
The people of Dagestan include a large
) each account for less than 0.4% of the total population.Such groups as the Botlikh, the Andi, the Akhvakhs, the Tsez and about ten other groups were reclassified as Avars between the 1926 and 1939 censuses.[48]
Ethnic group |
1926 Census | 1939 Census | 1959 Census | 1970 Census | 1979 Census | 1989 Census | 2002 Census | 2010 Census | 2021 Census1 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Avars | 177,189 | 22.5% | 230,488 | 24.8% | 239,373 | 22.5% | 349,304 | 24.5% | 418,634 | 25.7% | 496,077 | 27.5% | 758,438 | 29.4% | 850,011 | 29.4% | 956,831 | 30.5% |
Dargins | 125,707 | 16.0% | 150,421 | 16.2% | 148,194 | 13.9% | 207,776 | 14.5% | 246,854 | 15.2% | 280,431 | 15.6% | 425,526 | 16.5% | 490,384 | 17.0% | 521,381 | 16.6% |
Kumyks | 87,960 | 11.2% | 100,053 | 10.8% | 120,859 | 11.4% | 169,019 | 11.8% | 202,297 | 12.4% | 231,805 | 12.9% | 365,804 | 14.2% | 431,736 | 14.9% | 496,455 | 15.8% |
Lezgins
|
90,509 | 11.5% | 96,723 | 10.4% | 108,615 | 10.2% | 162,721 | 11.4% | 188,804 | 11.6% | 204,370 | 11.3% | 336,698 | 13.1% | 385,240 | 13.3% | 416,963 | 13.3% |
Laks
|
39,878 | 5.1% | 51,671 | 5.6% | 53,451 | 5.0% | 72,240 | 5.1% | 83,457 | 5.1% | 91,682 | 5.1% | 139,732 | 5.4% | 161,276 | 5.6% | 162,518 | 5.2% |
Tabasarans | 31,915 | 4.0% | 33,432 | 3.6% | 33,548 | 3.2% | 53,253 | 3.7% | 71,722 | 4.4% | 78,196 | 4.6% | 110,152 | 4.3% | 118,848 | 4.1% | 126,319 | 4.0% |
Azerbaijanis | 23,428 | 3.0% | 31,141 | 3.3% | 38,224 | 3.6% | 54,403 | 3.8% | 64,514 | 4.0% | 75,463 | 4.2% | 111,656 | 4.3% | 130,919 | 4.5% | 116,907 | 3.7% |
Russians | 98,197 | 12.5% | 132,952 | 14.3% | 213,754 | 20.1% | 209,570 | 14.7% | 189,474 | 11.6% | 165,940 | 9.2% | 120,875 | 4.7% | 104,020 | 3.6% | 102,243 | 3.3% |
Chechens | 21,851 | 2.8% | 26,419 | 2.8% | 12,798 | 1.2% | 39,965 | 2.8% | 49,227 | 3.0% | 57,877 | 3.2% | 87,867 | 3.4% | 93,658 | 3.2% | 99,320 | 3.2% |
Nogais | 26,086 | 3.3% | 4,677 | 0.5% | 14,939 | 1.4% | 21,750 | 1.5% | 24,977 | 1.5% | 28,294 | 1.6% | 38,168 | 1.5% | 40,407 | 1.4% | 36,944 | 1.2% |
Aghuls | 7,653 | 1.0% | 20,408 | 2.2% | 6,378 | 0.6% | 8,644 | 0.6% | 11,459 | 0.7% | 13,791 | 0.8% | 23,314 | 0.9% | 28,054 | 1.0% | 29,253 | 0.9% |
Rutuls | 10,333 | 1.3% | 6,566 | 0.6% | 11,799 | 0.8% | 14,288 | 0.9% | 14,955 | 0.8% | 24,298 | 1.0% | 27,849 | 1.0% | 27,043 | 0.9% | ||
Tsakhurs | 3,531 | 0.4% | 4,278 | 0.4% | 4,309 | 0.3% | 4,560 | 0.3% | 5,194 | 0.3% | 8,168 | 0.3% | 9,771 | 0.3% | 10,320 | 0.3% | ||
Others | 43,861 | 5.6% | 52,031 | 5.6% | 61,495 | 5.8% | 63,787 | 4.5% | 57,892 | 3.6% | 58,113 | 3.2% | 25,835 | 1.0% | 19,646 | 0.7% | 31,752 | 1.0% |
1 47,805 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[49] |
Languages
More than 30 local languages are commonly spoken, most belonging to the
Prior to Soviet rule, the literary lingua-franca status to some extent belonged to
The first Russian grammar written about a language from present-day Dagestan was for Kumyk.[58] Author Timofey Makarov wrote:
From the peoples speaking Tatar language I liked the most Kumyks, as for their language's distinction and precision, so for their closeness to the European civilization, but most importantly, I take in account that they live on the Left Flank of the Caucasian Front, where we're conducting military actions, and where all the peoples, apart from their own language, speak also Kumyk.
Religion
According to a 2012 survey which interviewed 56,900 people,[59] 83% of the population of Dagestan adheres to Islam, 2.4% to the Russian Orthodox Church, 2% to Caucasian folk religion and other native faiths, 1% are non-denominational Christians. In addition, 9% of the population identify as "spiritual but not religious", 2% as atheist, and 0.6% as other and no answer.[59]
Islam
Dagestanis adherents of Islam are largely
The appearance of
Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, there has been an
Judaism
A relatively large number of native
Christianity
The number of
- Cathedral of the Assumption is an Eastern Orthodox cathedral located in the city of Makhachkala, the main cathedral of the Diocese of Makhachkala.
- Church of the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir is a Russian Orthodox cathedral of the Diocese of Makhachkala, located in the city of Makhachkala.
Makhachkala Grand Mosque | Znamensky Cathedral in Khasavyurt | Church of the Holy All-Savior of Derbent | Derbent Synagogue | The Juma Mosque of Derbent (built in 733) is the oldest in Russia and one of the oldest in the world. |
Genetics
In 2006, a genetic study of the Dagestan populations, published in
Notable people
- List of Notable people from Dagestan
Economy
The major industries in Dagestan include
Conditions for economic development are favorable in Dagestan, but – as of 2006[update] – the republic's low starting level for a successful transition to market relations, in addition to rampant corruption, has made the region highly dependent on its
In 2011 Rostelecom started the implementation of WDM-based equipment on the backbone network for data transmission in the Republic of Dagestan. Due to WDM introduction, the fiber-optic communication lines bandwidth increased to 2.5 Gbit/s. Rostelecom invested about 48 million rubles in the project.[72]
Culture
Literature
Epic-historical songs about the defeat of the armies of Afshar Turk Nadir Shah and various episodes of the nineteenth-century wars are popular among the Avars. Best-known are the ballads "Khochbar" and "Kamalil Bashir". In the second half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth, Avar culture and literature grew significantly. Well-known Avar literary figures include the poets Aligaji of Inkho (who died 1875) and Chanka (1866–1909), the lyric poet Makhmud (1873–1919), the satirist Tsadasa Gamzat (1877–1951), and the celebrated poet Rasul Gamzatov (1923–2003). Among his poems was Zhuravli, which became a well-known Russian song.[73]
Music
There is a Dagestani Philharmonic Orchestra and a State Academic Dance Ensemble. Gotfrid Hasanov, who is said to be the first professional composer from Dagestan, wrote Khochbar, the first Dagestani opera, in 1945. Dagestani folk dances include a fast-paced dance called the lezginka. It derives its names from the Lezgin people; nevertheless, Azerbaijanis, Circassians, Abkhazians, Mountain Jews, Caucasian Avars, the Russian Kuban, and Terek Cossacks and many other tribes have their own versions.[74]
Cuisine
Khingal-bat is Dagestan's national dish of small dumplings boiled in ram's broth. Depending on the cook's ethnicity, the dumplings can be oval or round, filled with meat or cheese, and served with a garlic or sour cream sauce. Dairy products and meat constitute a large part of the diet in the mountainous regions, while in the valley zones, vegetables and grain flour are eaten in addition to fruits, edible gourds, edible herbs, and wild grasses.[75]
Martial arts
In recent times the region has been recognized for producing some of the world's best athletes in combat sports and produces the most MMA fighters of any region relative to population. Dagestani born Khabib Nurmagomedov was a UFC lightweight champion who retired undefeated.[76] [77] His training partner, Islam Makhachev, who is also Dagestani, is the current UFC lightweight champion. Khabib's cousin, Umar Nurmagomedov, is an undefeated fighter in the UFC's bantamweight division. Umar's younger brother, Usman Nurmagomedov, is the current Bellator lightweight champion. Magomed Ankalaev, who also hails from Dagestan, fought for the UFC light heavyweight championship in 2022. Abubakar Nurmagomedov is also a cousin of Khabib's who is Dagestani, he is also a professional MMA fighter with a professional record of 17-4-1.
Dagestan has also historically produced a disproportionate number of Olympic and world champions in freestyle wrestling. Considered by some as the greatest freestyle wrestlers of all time Buvaisar Saitiev who was a three time Olympic champion and Abdulrashid Sadulaev who won gold at the 2021 Tokyo Olympics are from Dagestan.
In boxing, Artur Beterbiev is a one time World Cup gold medalist, and the current (October 2023) unified IBF, WBO, and WBC light heavyweight champion, winning all of his 19 fights by knockout.
See also
- Former countries in Europe after 1815
- Insurgency in the North Caucasus
- Islamic Djamaat of Dagestan
- List of clashes in the North Caucasus
- Shariat Jamaat
Notes
Citations
- ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
- ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
- ^ a b Constitution, Article 8
- Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. Archived from the originalon February 9, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
- ^ "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
- ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
- ^ According to Article 11 of the Constitution of Dagestan, the official languages of the republic include "Russian and the languages of the peoples of Dagestan"
- ^ Solntsev et al., pp. XXXIX–XL
- ^ Всероссийский Центральный Исполнительный Комитет. Декрет от 20 января 1921 г. «Об Автономной Дагестанской Социалистической Советской Республике». (All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Decree of January 20, 1921 On Autonomous Dagestan Socialist Soviet Republic. ).
- ^ "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Главная::Федеральная служба государственной статистики. Archived from the original on January 24, 2020. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
- ^ Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
- ISBN 978-3631609132. Retrieved August 6, 2012.
- ISBN 0231115695. Retrieved August 6, 2012.
- ^ Zonn, Igor S.; et al. The Caspian Sea Encyclopedia. Berlin: Springer. p. 280.
- ^ "Dagestan Republic". www.investinginrussia.ru. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
- ^ "Climate in Dagestan, Russia". Worlddata.info. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
- ISBN 0801462908pp. 47–52
- ^ "Dagestan". Retrieved June 11, 2015.
- ^ "Islam: Islam in the Caucasus and the Middle Volga | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com.
- ^ a b c "DAĞISTAN - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi". TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved August 8, 2022.
- ISBN 1598849484
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General and cited references
- В. М. Солнцев; et al., eds. (2000). Письменные языки мира: Российская Федерация. Социолингвистическая энциклопедия. (in Russian). Москва: Российская Академия Наук. Институт языкознания. проект №99-04-16158.
- 10 июля 2003 г. «Конституция Республики Дагестан», в ред. Закона №45 от 7 октября 2008 г. (July 10, 2003 Constitution of the Republic of Dagestan, as amended by the Law #45 of October 7, 2008. ).
Further reading
- Catholic Haidak in the Holy Roman Empire (in Russian)
- ISBN 978-5-98390-047-9
- ISBN 5-235-02585-7
- ISBN 978-5-98390-066-0
- Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 729–730.
External links
- Official governmental website of Dagestan Archived May 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- Egbert Wesselink (1998). "Dagestan (Daghestan): Comprehensive Report". Caspian.net. Archived from the original on October 5, 2001. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
- Dagestan in Iranica Encyclopaedia
- History of Islam in Russia
- "The North Caucasus," Russian Analytical Digest No. 22 (5 June 2007)
- BBC Country Report on Dagestan
- University of Texas maps of the Dagestan region
- Radio Free Europe discusses religious tension in Dagestan
- ISN Case Study: The North Caucasus on the Brink (August 2006) Archived April 17, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
- Articles on Dagestan, reports from research, photos
- Dagestan in Pictures (in Russian)
- Daghestan's Kaitag Embroideries – and Henri Matisse?
- Dagestan Republic News Portal (in Russian)