Republican People's Party
Republican People's Party Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi | |
---|---|
Çankaya, Ankara | |
Student wing | Halk-Lis (Halkçı Liseliler) |
Youth wing | CHP Youth |
Women's wing | CHP Kadın Kolları |
NGO | Atatürkist Thought Association (unofficial) SODEV (unofficial) |
Membership (2024) | 1,428,800[4] |
Ideology | |
Political position | Centre-left |
National affiliation | Nation Alliance (2018–2023) |
European affiliation | Party of European Socialists (associate) |
International affiliation | Progressive Alliance Socialist International Historical: International Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties[5] (associate)[6] |
Colours | Red |
Slogan | Our work is Türkiye |
Grand National Assembly | 126 / 600 |
Metropolitan municipalities | 14 / 30 |
Provinces | 21 / 51 |
District municipalities | 337 / 973 |
Belde Municipalities | 61 / 390 |
Metropolitan municipality councillors | 668 / 2,591 |
Provincial councilors | 184 / 1,251 |
Municipal Assemblies | 4,638 / 20,498 |
Party flag | |
Website | |
chp.org.tr | |
The Republican People's Party (Turkish: Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi, pronounced [dʒumhuːɾiˈjet haɫk 'paɾtisi] ⓘ, acronymized as CHP [dʒeːheːpeˑ]) is a Kemalist and social democratic political party in Turkey.[7] It is the oldest political party in Turkey, founded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the first president and founder of the modern Turkish Republic. The party is also cited as the founding party of modern Turkey.[8] Its logo consists of the Six Arrows, which represent the foundational principles of Kemalism: republicanism, reformism, laicism (Laïcité/Secularism), populism, nationalism, and statism. It is currently the second largest party in Grand National Assembly with 126 MPs, behind the ruling conservative Justice and Development Party (AK Party).
The political party has its origins in the various resistance groups founded during the Turkish War of Independence. Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, they united in the 1919 Sivas Congress. In 1923, the "People's Party", soon adding the word "Republican" to its name, declared itself to be a political organisation and announced the establishment of the Turkish Republic, with Atatürk as its first president. As Turkey moved into its authoritarian one-party period, the CHP was the apparatus of implementing far reaching political, cultural, social, and economic reforms in the country.
After World War II, Atatürk's successor, İsmet İnönü, allowed for multi-party elections, and the party initiated a peaceful transition of power after losing the 1950 election, ending the one-party period and beginning Turkey's multi-party period. The years following the 1960 military coup saw the party gradually trend towards the center-left, which was cemented once Bülent Ecevit became chairman in 1972. The CHP, along with all other political parties of the time, was banned by the military junta of 1980. The CHP was re-established with its original name by Deniz Baykal on 9 September 1992, with the participation of a majority of its members from the pre-1980 period. Since 2002 it has been the main opposition party to the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP).[9] Özgür Özel is the chairman of the CHP since 5 November 2023.
CHP is an associate member of the Party of European Socialists (PES), a member of the Socialist International, and the Progressive Alliance. Many politicians of CHP have declared their support for LGBT rights and the feminist movement in Turkey. The party is pro-European and supports Turkish membership to European Union and NATO.
History
Establishment: 1919–1923
The Republican People's Party has its origins in the resistance organizations, known as Defence of Rights Associations, created in the immediate aftermath of World War I in the Turkish War of Independence. In the Sivas Congress, Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk) and his colleagues united the Defence of Rights Associations into the Association for the Defence of National Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia (Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdâfaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti) (A–RMHC), and called for elections in the Ottoman Empire to elect representatives associated with the organization. Most members of the A–RMHC were previously associated with the Committee of Union and Progress.[10]
After the dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies, A–RMHC members proclaimed the Grand National Assembly as a counter government from the Ottoman government in Istanbul. The Grand National Assembly forces militarily defeated Greece, France, and Armenia, overthrew the Ottoman government, and abolished the monarchy. After the 1923 election, the A–RMHC was transformed into a political party called the People's Party (Halk Fırkası) soon changing its name to Republican People's Party (Cumhuriyet Halk Fırkası, and then Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi) (CHP). With a united parliament, the republic was proclaimed with Atatürk as its first president, the Treaty of Lausanne was ratified, and the Caliphate was abolished the next year.[10]
One-party period: 1923–1950
Atatürk era
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's People's Party began as a de facto successor of the
İnönü era
On 12 November 1938, the day after Atatürk's death, his ally
In the aftermath of World War II, İnönü presided over the democratization of Turkey. With the crisis of war over, factionalism between the liberals and statists again broke out. The
Road to the center-left: 1950–1980
Due to the
Though the DP and CHP were rivals, the DP was founded by Republicans and mostly continued Kemalist policies. But despite its name, the Democrat Party became increasingly authoritarian by the end of its rule. İnönü was harassed and almost lynched multiple times by DP supporters, and the DP government confiscated CHP property and harassed their members. The DP blocked the CHP from forming an electoral alliance with opposition parties for the 1957 snap election. By 1960, the DP accused the CHP of plotting a rebellion and threatened its closure. With the army concerned by the DP's authoritarianism, Turkey's first military coup was performed by junior officers. After one year of junta rule the DP was banned and Prime Minister Adnan Menderes and two of his ministers were tried and executed. Right-wing parties which trace their roots to the DP have since continuously attacked the CHP for their perceived involvement in the hanging of Menderes.[21]
The CHP emerged as the first-placed party at the
İnönü favored Ecevit's controversial faction, resulting in
Ecevit adopted a distinct left wing role in politics and, although remaining staunchly nationalist, attempted to implement democratic socialism into the ideology of CHP. His arrival saw support for the party increase in the 1973 election. After establishing a coalition arrangement with an Islamist party, Ecevit made the decision to invade Cyprus. The 1970s saw the party solidify its relations with trade unions and leftist groups in an atmosphere of intense polarization and political violence. The CHP achieved its best ever result in a free and fair multi-party election under Ecevit, when in 1977, the party received 41% of the vote, but not enough support for a stable government. Ecevit and his political rival Süleyman Demirel would constantly turnover the premiership as partisan deadlock took hold. This ended in a military coup in 1980, resulting in the banning of every political party and major politicians being jailed and banned from politics.[24]
Recovery period: 1980–2002
Both the party name "Republican People's Party" and the abbreviation "CHP" were banned until 1987. Until 1999, Turkey was ruled by the
After the ban on pre-1980 politicians was lifted in 1987,
From 1991 to 1996, the SHP and then the CHP were in coalition governments with the DYP. Baykal supported
Main opposition under Baykal: 2002–2010
In the 2002 general election, the CHP came back with 20% of the vote but 32% of the seats in parliament, as only it and the new AKP (Justice and Development Party) received above the 10% threshold to enter parliament. With DSP's collapse, CHP became Turkey's main Kemalist party. It also became the second largest party and the main opposition party, a position it has retained since. Since the dramatic 2002 election, the CHP has been racked by internal power struggles, and has been outclassed by the AKP governments of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Many of its members were critical of the leadership of CHP, especially Baykal, who they complained was stifling the party of young blood by turning away the young who turn either to apathy or even vote for the AKP.
In 2007, the culmination of tensions between Turkey's secularist establishment and AKP politicians turned into a political crisis. Since Baykal proclaimed the party to be the bulwark of the secularist establishment, the CHP assisted undemocratic attempts by the army and judiciary to shut down the newly elected AKP. The crisis began with massive protests by secularists supported by the CHP in reaction to the AKP's candidate for that year's presidential election: Abdullah Gül, due to his background in Islamist politics and his wife's wearing of the hijab. The CHP chose to boycott the (indirect) election.[27] Without quorum, Erdoğan called for a snap election to increase his mandate, in which the CHP formed an electoral alliance with the declining DSP, but gained only 21% of the vote. During the campaign season, a memorandum directed at the AKP was posted online by the Turkish Armed Forces. The CHP boycotted Gül's second attempt to be voted president, though this time Gül had the necessary quorum with MHP's participation and won.[28] The swearing-in ceremony was boycotted by the CHP and the Chief of the General Staff Yaşar Büyükanıt.[29]
The party also voted against a package of constitutional amendments to have the president elected by the people instead of parliament, which was eventually put to a referendum. The "no" campaign, supported by the CHP, failed, as a majority of Turks voted in favor of direct presidential elections. The final challenge against the AKP's existence was a 2008 closure trial which ended without a ban. Following the decision, the AKP government, in a covert alliance with the Gülen movement, began a purge of the Turkish military, judiciary, and police forces of secularists in the Ergenekon and Sledgehammer trials, which the CHP condemned.[30] Between 2002 and 2010, Turkey held three general elections and two local elections, all of which the CHP received between 18 and 23% of the vote.
An extraordinary vote in parliament saw half of the AKP's parliamentary group vote with the CHP against joining the US-lead coalition invasion of Iraq.[31]
Main opposition under Kılıçdaroğlu: 2010–2023
On 10 May 2010, Deniz Baykal announced his resignation as leader of the Republican People's Party after a sex tape of him was leaked to the media. Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu was elected to be the new party leader.[32] Kılıçdaroğlu returned the CHP to its traditional social-democratic image and cast away its secularist-establishmentalist character. This involved building bridges to voters it has traditionally not attracted: the devout, Kurds, and right-wing voters.[33] However even with Kılıçdaroğlu at the helm, after five general elections, the CHP still did not win an election, receiving between only 22 and 26% of the vote in parliamentary elections. The CHP supported the unsuccessful "no" campaign in the 2010 constitutional referendum. In his first general election in 2011, the party increased its support by 25% but not enough to unseat the AKP. The 2013 Gezi Park protests found much support in the CHP.
The 2014 presidential election was the first in which the position would be directly elected and came just after a massive corruption scandal. The CHP and MHP's joint candidate Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu still lost to Erdoğan with only 38% of the vote. The two parties were critical of the government's negotiations for peace with the PKK, which lasted from 2013–July 2015. In the June 2015 general election, the AKP lost its parliamentary majority due to the debut of the pro-Kurdish People's Democratic Party (HDP), which was possible because of strategic voting by CHP voters so the party could pass the 10% threshold.[34] Coalition talks went nowhere. MHP ruled out partaking in a government with HDP in a CHP lead government and the CHP refused to govern with the AKP after weeks of negotiations. In a snap election held that November, the AKP regained their parliamentary majority as well as MHP's support.
Kılıçdaroğlu supported the government in the
By 2017, dissidents from MHP founded the Good Party. Kılıçdaroğlu was instrumental in the facilitating the rise of the new party by transferring MPs so they would have a parliamentary group to compete in the 2018 election. In the 2018 general election the CHP, Good Party, Felicity, and Democrat Party established the Nation Alliance to challenge the AKP and MHP's People's Alliance.[36][37] Though CHP's vote was reduced to 22%, strategic voting for the other parties yielded the alliance 33% of the vote. Their candidate for president: Muharrem İnce, lost in the first round, receiving only 30% of the vote. The Nation Alliance was re-established for the 2019 local elections, which saw great gains for the CHP, capturing nearly 30% of the electorate. A tacit collaboration with the HDP allowed for CHP to win the municipal mayoralties of İstanbul and Ankara.[33]
Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu was nominated as the CHP and the Nation Alliance candidate for the
Main opposition under Özel: 2023–present
The party won a major victory in the 2024 local elections. CHP mayors were reelected in Istanbul and Ankara, along with new victories in rural Aegean and Central Anatolian provinces. Since 1977, this was the first time the CHP won the popular vote winning 37.8% of the electorate, and was the AKP's first nation-wide defeat.[39]
Ideology and political positions
Domestic
The Republican People's Party is a
The distance between the party administration and many leftist grassroots, especially left-oriented
Numerous politicians from the party have espoused support for LGBT rights,[47][48][49] and the feminist movement in Turkey.
Former leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu has repeatedly called for Selahattin Demirtaş and Osman Kavala to be released from jail.[50] Current leader Özgür Özel has also supported their release.[51]
Foreign
The party holds a significant position in the Socialist International,[52] Progressive Alliance[53] and is an associate member of the Party of European Socialists. In 2014, the CHP urged the Socialist International to accept the Republican Turkish Party of Northern Cyprus as a full member.[54]
During its latest war with Hamas, Chairman Özgür Özel accused Israel of committing state sanctioned terrorism on the Palestinian people declaring "The Turkish left is never far from the Palestinian cause."[55]
The CHP has supported Turkey's interventions in the Middle East. While it still supports Turkish intervention in
The party is
Electorate
The CHP draws its support from professional middle-class
The party also appeals to minority groups such as Alevis. According to The Economist, "to the dismay of its own leadership the CHP's core constituency, as well as most of its MPs, are Alevis."[62] The party's former leader, Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, was also an Alevi.[63]
The CHP also draws much of their support from voters of big cities and coastal regions. The party's strongholds are the west of the Aegean Region (İzmir, Aydın, Muğla), the northwest of the Marmara Region (Turkish Thrace; Edirne, Kırklareli, Tekirdağ, Çanakkale), the east of the Black Sea Region (Ardahan and Artvin), and the Anatolian college town of Eskişehir.[64]
Party leaders
No. | Name (Born–Died) |
Portrait | Term in Office | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938) |
9 September 1923 | 10 November 1938 | |
2 | İsmet İnönü (1884–1973) |
26 December 1938 | 8 May 1972 | |
3 | Bülent Ecevit (1925–2006) |
14 May 1972 | 30 October 1980 | |
Party closed down following the 12 September 1980 coup d'état | ||||
4 | Deniz Baykal (1938–2023) |
9 September 1992 | 18 February 1995 | |
5 | Hikmet Çetin (1937–) |
18 February 1995 | 9 September 1995 | |
(4) | Deniz Baykal (1938–2023) |
9 September 1995 | 23 May 1999 | |
6 | Altan Öymen (1932–) |
23 May 1999 | 30 September 2000 | |
(4) | Deniz Baykal (1938–2023) |
30 September 2000 | 10 May 2010 | |
7 | Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu (1948–) |
22 May 2010 | 5 November 2023 | |
8 | Özgür Özel (1974–) |
5 November 2023 | Incumbent |
Timeline
Election results
Grand National Assembly of Turkey
Grand National Assembly of Turkey | |||||||||
Election | Popular vote | Number of seats | Status | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | ± pp | Rank | Seats | +/– | Rank | |||
1927 | — | — | — | 1st | 335 / 335
|
0 | 1st | Majority government | |
1931 | — | — | — | 1st | 287 / 317
|
48 | 1st | Majority government | |
1935 | — | — | — | 1st | 401 / 428
|
114 | 1st | Majority government | |
1939 | — | — | — | 1st | Unknown | — | 1st | Majority government | |
1943 | — | — | — | 1st | Unknown | — | 1st | Majority government | |
1946 | — | — | — | 1st | 397 / 503
|
73 | 1st | Majority government | |
1950 | 3,176,561 | 39.45 | 39.45 | 2nd | 69 / 492
|
69 | 2nd | Main Opposition | |
1954 | 3,161,696 | 35.36 | 4.09 | 2nd | 31 / 537
|
38 | 2nd | Main Opposition | |
1957 | 3,753,136 | 41.09 | 4.73 | 2nd | 178 / 602
|
147 | 2nd | Main Opposition | |
1961 | 3,724,752 | 36.74 | 4.35 | 1st | 173 / 450
|
5 | 1st | Coalition government | |
1965 | 2,675,785 | 28.75 | 7.99 | 2nd | 134 / 450
|
39 | 2nd | Main Opposition | |
1969 | 2,487,163 | 27.37 | 1.38 | 2nd | 143 / 450
|
9 | 2nd | Main Opposition | |
1973 | 3,570,583 | 33.30 | 5.93 | 1st | 185 / 450
|
42 | 1st | Coalition government | |
1977 | 6,136,171 | 41.38 | 8.09 | 1st | 213 / 450
|
28 | 1st | Coalition government | |
Party closed following the 1980 Turkish coup d'état. | |||||||||
1995 | 3,011,076 | 10.71 | 10.71 | 5th | 49 / 550
|
49 | 5th | Opposition | |
1999 | 2,716,094 | 8.71 | 2.00 | 6th | 0 / 550
|
8 | 6th | Extra-parliamentary opposition | |
2002 | 6,113,352 | 19.39 | 10.68 | 2nd | 178 / 550
|
178 | 2nd | Main Opposition | |
2007 | 7,317,808 | 20.88 | 1.50 | 2nd | 112 / 550
|
66 | 2nd | Main Opposition | |
2011 | 11,155,972 | 25.98 | 5.10 | 2nd | 135 / 550
|
23 | 2nd | Main Opposition | |
2015 | 11,518,139 | 24.95 | 1.03 | 2nd | 132 / 550
|
3 | 2nd | Main Opposition | |
2015 | 12,111,812 | 25.32 | 0.37 | 2nd | 134 / 550
|
2 | 2nd | Main Opposition | |
2018 | 11,348,899 | 22.64 | 2.68 | 2nd | 146 / 600
|
12 | 2nd | Main Opposition | |
2023 | 13,655,909 | 25.33 | 2.69 | 2nd | 169 / 600
|
23 | 2nd | Main Opposition |
Presidential elections
Presidential election record of the Republican People's Party (CHP) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Election | Candidate | Votes | % | Outcome | Map | |
10 August 2014 | Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu Cross-party with MHP |
15,587,720 | 38.44% | 2nd | ||
24 June 2018 | Muharrem İnce |
15,340,321 | 30.64% | 2nd | ||
14 May 2023 | Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu |
25,432,951 | 47.84% | 2nd |
Senate elections
Election date | Party leader | Number of votes received | Percentage of votes | Number of senators |
---|---|---|---|---|
1961 |
İsmet İnönü | 3,734,285 | 36,1% | 36 / 150
|
1964 |
1,125,783 | 40,8% | 19 / 51
| |
1966 |
877,066 | 29,6% | 13 / 52
| |
1968 |
899,444 | 27,1% | 13 / 53
| |
1973 |
Bülent Ecevit | 1,412,051 | 33,6% | 25 / 52
|
1975 |
2,281,470 | 43,4% | 25 / 54
| |
1977 |
2,037,875 | 42,4% | 28 / 50
| |
1979 |
1,378,224 | 29,1% | 12 / 50
|
Local elections
Election date | Party leader | Provincial council votes | Percentage of votes | Number of municipalities | Map |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1930 | İsmet İnönü | ||||
1934 | Mustafa Kemal Atatürk | ||||
1938 | |||||
1942 | İsmet İnönü | ||||
1946 | |||||
1950 | 570,606 | 37.5% | |||
1963 | 3,458,972 | 36.22% | 335 / 1,045
|
||
1968 | 2,542,644 | 27.90% | 289 / 1,252
|
||
1973 | Bülent Ecevit | 3,708,687 | 37.09% | 551 / 1,640
|
|
1977 | 5,161,426 | 41.73% | 714 / 1,730
|
||
1984 | Party closed following the 1980 Turkish coup d'état until 1993. | ||||
1989 | |||||
1994 | Deniz Baykal | 1,297,371 | 4.61% | 64 / 2,710
|
|
1999 | 3,487,483 | 11.08% | 373 / 3,215
|
||
2004 | 5,848,180 | 18.38% | 467 / 3,193
|
||
2009 | 9,233,662 | 23.11% | 503 / 2,903
|
||
2014 | Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu | 10,938,262 | 26.34% | 226 / 1,351 |
|
2019 | 12,625,346 | 29.36% | 240 / 1,355 |
||
2024 | Özgür Özel | 17,345,876 | 37.77% | 406 / 1,363 |
See also
- List of political parties in Turkey
- The Six Arrows (flag of CHP)
- Left of Center (Turkey)
- Atatürkist Thought Association
- Atatürkism
- Şero
- Ulus
- Ulusalism
- New Republican People's Party
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