Republicanism in the Netherlands
Republicanism in the Netherlands is a movement that strives to abolish the Dutch monarchy and replace it with a republic. The popularity of the organised republican movement that seeks to abolish the monarchy in its entirety has been suggested to be a minority among the people of the Netherlands, according to opinion polls (according to one 2023 poll, 37%).[2]
Terminology
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In discussions on forms of government, it is common to refer to certain 'models', based on how other countries are constituted:
- Spanish model: a constitutional monarchy in which the monarch at least nominally has limited political power.[3][4]
- Swedish model: a constitutional monarchy in which the monarch has an entirely ceremonial role in law as well as in fact.[3][4]
- German model: a parliamentary republic in which Parliament elects the President who serves as head of state and who has little to no power.[3][5]
- American model: a presidential republicin which the President is elected by the people and serves as head of state and head of government.
- French model: a semi-presidential republic in which the President is directly elected by the population and shares power with a Prime Minister.[6]
Historical development
1581–1795: Dutch Republic
Establishment of the Republic
The Netherlands emerged as a state during the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648), declaring their independence from the Spanish Empire in 1581. After futile attempts to find a hereditary head of state, the Dutch Republic was proclaimed in 1588.[7] However, the war initially had neither the achievement of political independence nor the establishment of a republic as its ultimate goal, nor were the Southern Netherlands excluded from it on purpose. Rather, the inability of the Habsburg regime to adequately address religious, social and political unrest (that was originally most pressing in Flanders and Brabant), led to an irreconcilable situation. An independent Calvinist-dominated republic in the Northern Netherlands, opposed to the continuously Spanish Catholic-dominated royalist Southern Netherlands, was the unintended, improvised result.[8] As the war progressed however, the House of Orange-Nassau played an increasingly important role, finally accumulating all stadtholderates and military leadership positions within the Dutch Republic by 1590. Struggles between the House of Orange, which gradually built up a dynasty with monarchical aspirations, and the Dutch States Party, a loose coalition of factions that favoured a republican, in most cases more or less oligarchical form of government, continued throughout the 17th and 18th centuries.
Loevesteiners and Enlightenment
In 1610, lawyer
Modern historians agree that ever since the stadtholderate of
The best known and most outspoken author representing the Loevesteiners was Pieter de la Court (1618–1685), who rejected monarchism in favour of a republican government in several of his writings. In the preface to the Interest of Holland (1662) he wrote: "No greater evil could befall the residents of Holland, than to be ruled by a Monarch, Lord or Chief: and (...) on the contrary, the Lord God cannot bestow a greater blessing upon a country, built on such foundations, than by constituting a free Republican or State-wise Government."[11] In Aanwysing der heilsame politike Gronden en Maximen van de Republike van Holland en West-Vriesland (1669), he attacked the monarchy even more viciously.
Philosopher Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677), who regularly cited De la Court's works, described in his unfinished Tractatus Politicus (1677) how the ideal state, a democratic republic, should function. According to Spinoza, kings have a natural tendency to pursue their own personal interests, and entrust large portions of power to confidants (who lack any official mandate, but often de facto run the country if the king is a weakling). These confidants are often noblemen, making it an aristocracy instead of a monarchy in practice. The best monarchy is a quasi-monarchy, a crowned republic in which princes have as little power as possible. Spinoza proposes a council of state, elected by citizens, to take the most important decisions, and replace the murderous and pillaging royal mercenary armies by an unpaid draft army of citizens that defends its own country for self-preservation. If this council of state is large and representative enough, there will never be a majority in favour of war, because of all the suffering, destruction and high taxes it will cause.[12]
Pastor and philosopher
Patriots
From the 1770s onwards, the
Discontented with the hereditary system of allocating posts, the decline of the
The provinces of Holland and Utrecht became strongholds of democratic Patriots in 1785, and William V fled from The Hague to
1795–1806: Batavian Republic
The last stadtholder,
1806–1830: Early monarchies
Napoleon | Louis Bonaparte | William I |
The Netherlands became a constitutional monarchy in 1806, after
1830–1848: Democratisation
William I's abdication
At first, William I refused to recognise Belgium's independence, and moreover he thought that if the Netherlands, then a powerful continental empire on paper, were again reduced to the old Dutch Republic's boundaries, there would be no point to a monarchy.[24] His popularity suffered more and more because of his rejection to acknowledge Belgium, whilst maintaining an extremely expensive army that he intended to retake the South with. Opposition within the States-General became increasingly hostile until he finally agreed to sign the Treaty of London (1839). This necessitated a constitutional reform, during which the parliamentary opposition succeeded in introducing the principle of ministerial responsibility. King William vehemently detested this reform, so strongly that he was unwilling to continue his rule, and it was one of the reasons for his abdication on 7 October 1840. Another was that he threatened to lose what popularity he had left by his marriage with the half-Catholic Belgian courtesan Henrietta d'Oultremont, that many regarded as treason.[18][25] Acknowledging his failed reign in 1840, he commented "Ne veut-on plus de moi? On n'a qu'à le dire; je n'ai pas besoin d'eux." ("Don't people want me anymore? They only have to say so; I don't need them.") and that "je suis né republicain" ("I was born as a republican").[23][26]
Eillert Meeter
In May 1840, journalist, publisher and republican revolutionary Eillert Meeter and 25 comrades were arrested in Groningen after removing a painting of William I from a pub and toasting on the republic. They were suspected of conspiracy against the monarchy, but released three months later because the allegations could not be proven. Nevertheless, the public prosecutor tried to convict Meeter to four years imprisonment for his anti-authoritarian writings in his magazine De Tolk der Vrijheid ("The Spokesman of Freedom"); he fled to Belgium in February 1841, and eventually to Paris. From there, he requested and was granted amnesty by King William II, and moved to Amsterdam. As an investigative journalist, he gathered all kinds of scandalous stories of William II's personal life, including his attempts to become king of France or Belgium, a conspiracy against his own father when he wanted to remarry, and finally the king's secret homosexuality (considered perverse at the time). From 1840 to 1848, King William II frequently paid Meeter well to keep him silent. In 1857, Meeter published his memoires including his findings on royal affairs in English in London, Holland, Its Institutions, Its Press, Kings and Prisons, and although he had been accused of being a liar ever since, documents from the Royal House Archive in 2004 revealed he had written the truth.[27][28]
1848 Constitutional Reform
In 1865, literary critic Conrad Busken Huet famously commented: "One may complain or be proud about it, since 1848 the Netherlands has in fact been a democratic republic with a prince from the House of Orange as hereditary president."[29]
1848–1890: Waning popularity
During the reign of
Luxembourg Crisis
In 1867, William attempted to sell Luxembourg to France, to both restore the European balance of power after the unexpected Austrian defeat in the Austro-Prussian War (1866), and alleviate his personal financial troubles. His decision greatly angered Prussia (artificially agitated by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck), triggering the Luxembourg Crisis. Prime Minister Julius van Zuylen van Nijevelt was able to prevent war between Prussia, the Netherlands and France by hosting a conference between the Great Powers, resulting in the Treaty of London (1867).[31] The cabinet was heavily criticised by the liberals in Parliament, because it had threatened the Netherlands' neutrality whilst it should have stayed out of the matter, which was William's sole responsibility as the Grand Duke of Luxembourg. Parliament rejected the cabinet's foreign budget plans in November, leading the cabinet to offer its resignation to King William, but the furious William decided to dissolve Parliament instead. The newly elected House of Representatives maintained its opposition and again rejected the foreign budget, and approved the motion-Blussé van Oud-Alblas, condemning the needless dissolution of Parliament that had not served the country's interests in any way. This time the cabinet did step down, resulting in a parliamentary victory.[30] The Luxembourg Crisis confirmed the parliamentary system's working, and reduced the royal influence on politics:
1. Ministers have to have Parliament's trust;
2. Using the budget right, Parliament can force Ministers to step down;
3. The King can only exercise his right to appoint or fire Ministers if the majority of Parliament agrees;
4. The government can dissolve one or both Houses of Parliament in case of a conflict; however, if the new Parliament maintains its old standpoint, the government has to give in.[31]
Dynastic troubles
The king's personal life was a frequent source of discontent not just amongst Dutch politicians and occasionally the populace, but also abroad (he became exceptionally notorious for his
1890–1948: Recovery through reorientation
Succession secured, republic prevented
Queen-regent
Failed Socialist revolution
In
1948–1980: Juliana period
Greet Hofmans affair
After the war, the royal house was plagued by affairs, most notably of faith healer Greet Hofmans,[28] who managed to exert excessive control over the new Queen Juliana during 1948–1956. Hofmans divided the royal court into two camps before being forcibly removed after Juliana's husband, Prince Bernhard, leaked information on the power struggle to the German magazine Der Spiegel. But because the Labour Party (PvdA, successor of the SDAP) and all other parties to its political right defended the monarchy in times of need, it was generally relatively safe from threats.[28]
Beatrix–Claus marriage controversy
A brief peak in republicanism was caused by the announced engagement of
Rise of republican parties
Until 1965, there were two small explicitly republican parties present in the House of Representatives, both left-wing: the Pacifist Socialist Party (PSP) and the Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN). The engagement of Beatrix and Claus in June 1965 was seized upon by the PSP to stress its republican ideas more strongly,[50][51] but the CPN harshly condemned the PSP's "principally republican" stance in an open letter, stating it considered "the threat of German revanchism" to be much more serious, and "everything that distracts from that, is repulsive."[52] The engagement further inspired the foundation of a number of new parties, of which Democrats 66 would become the most successful.
On 22 December 1965,[53] the Republican Party Netherlands was founded by Arend Dunnewind and others in Rotterdam.[54][55] Late February, Prime Minister Jo Cals responded to a concerned RPN letter, assuring them that civil servants could sign up for party membership without being fired.[56] Already in January 1966 a schism occurred[57][58] and the two splinters registered separately at the Election Council (Kiesraad) in October, although they were already negotiating a reconciliation by then.[59] Eventually, they decided not to participate in the 1967 general election.[60]
Amsterdam Liberal Party (VVD) council member Hans Gruijters refused to attend the wedding reception ("I've got better things to do"), and later criticised the police actions against the protesters. The royalist VVD leadership reprimanded him, after which Gruijters discontentedly left the party.[61] Together with Hans van Mierlo, Erik Visser, Peter Baehr and others, he decided it was time for political innovation. In the political programme of the new party D'66, founded on 14 October 1966, the need for 'radical democratisation' is discussed, meaning 'the voter directly chooses his government' and 'standards of democratic expediency should determine the form of government—monarchy or republic.' However, the party explained that 'the reason to change the form of government is currently not present', although it did seek to end the king's role in the cabinet formation.[62]
Within the PvdA, the innovative "New Left" movement appeared, publishing the September 1966 manifesto Tien over Rood ("Ten About Red"), of which point 7 read: "It is desirable that the Netherlands become a republic as soon as queen Juliana's reign ends."[63]
In October 1968, Klaas Hilberink founded the Republican Democrats Netherlands (RDN) in Hoogeveen,[64][65] which shortly thereafter sought to merge with the Republican Party Netherlands.[66] Hilberink reported in May 1970 that the RDN would partake in the 1971 general election,[67][68] but this did not occur.[69]
Lockheed scandal
In February 1976, the huge international
Change of throne 1980
Discussion on republic silenced
When Juliana announced her abdication on 31 January 1980, discussions on the form of government resurfaced in
According to a February 1980 Algemeen Dagblad survey, only 67% of Dutch citizens had 'much confidence' in Beatrix as the new queen (higher amongst
Coronation riots
On 30 April 1980, Queen Juliana abdicated in favour of her daughter Beatrix in Amsterdam. That day, squatters chose to protest en masse, because they felt their demands for more housing were not being met by the government, whilst millions were spent renovating royal palaces (Royal Palace of Amsterdam and Noordeinde Palace). The protesters' slogan was "Geen woning, geen kroning!" ("No housing, no coronation!").[note 2] The squatters teamed up with republicans, autonomists and anarchists, intending to squat several houses or disrupt the coronation ceremony to make their demands heard. Throughout the day, that was intended as a national celebration of the monarchy, parts of Amsterdam were engulfed in these so-called "Coronation Riots". There were hundreds of injured rioters and policemen, and millions of guilders in damage. The coronation was not interrupted, however, and although it envigorated the squatter movement to radicalise, the event did not inspire a specifically republican movement. The riots, as well as most earlier and later protests against the monarchy, were part of a general anti-establishment attitude that originated in the 1960s.[80]
1990s: Republican societies form
On 11 September 1996, the
1999–2013: Abolishment vs. modernisation
Willem-Alexander–Máxima marriage controversy
When it became public in 1999 that Crown Prince
2000: Parliamentary debates
Femke Halsema: "Hereditary kingship does not, in my view, fit within a democracy."[5] |
Thom de Graaf: "Certain aspects of the kingship are antiquated."[96] |
During the PvdA knowledge festival in
Towards a more ceremonial kingship?
In the 2000s, the royal house had little to fear from republicans, who generally limited themselves to ludic activism and writing opinion pieces.[106] Several more republican initiatives emerged, including ProRepublica, the New Republican Fellowship, the Republican Socialists and the Republican Platform.[107] It is unclear if these are still active. The Republican People's Party (1994–2003) partook in the 2002 general election, but failed to gain any seats. There has also been a Republican Modern Party (RmP) since 2000, though it lacks the required number of members to run in elections.[108]
Support for the monarchy floated around 80%, unless members of the royal family engaged in dubious activities. Examples of these are when in 2000, Beatrix went on a winter sport holiday in Austria, that was boycotted by Europe at the time because Jörg Haider's Freedom Party was in government, or when Willem-Alexander and Máxima had a villa built in Mozambique in 2007, which they eventually abandoned under great pressure.[106] Geert Wilders, leader of the new right-wing populist Party for Freedom (PVV), was displeased by the 2007 Christmas speech by Queen Beatrix, which he found biased and full of thinly veiled criticism of the PVV.[106] Ever since, he has argued for the king/queen to be deprived of all political powers, but also to maintain a purely ceremonial kingship, although some suspect the PVV and/or Wilders to actually be republican.[109] According to a survey by Maurice de Hond from 2014, the percentage of convinced republican is twice as high amongst PVV voters (29%) than the general public (15%), but still a minority.[110]
The costs of the royal house continued to be controversial; the parliamentary opposition succeeded in getting these more transparent, and somewhat confine them. A growing percentage of the population indicated they desired a purely ceremonial kingship,
"It is 2013" movement
In the run-up to the
Recent developments
On 22 March 2015, during his satirical show Zondag met Lubach, comedian Arjen Lubach launched a satirical citizen's initiative to have himself proclaimed Pharaoh of the Netherlands.[124] The initiative, intended as a statement against the monarchy (200 years after the coronation of King William I),[125] obtained the necessary 40,000 signatures within 24 hours (helped by Lubach's appearance on De Wereld Draait Door on 23 March).[126][127] Although it is unlikely the initiative will be put on the House of Representatives' agenda, Lubach did succeed in sparking a new national debate on the status of the monarchy as a form of government.[128]
On 6 May 2015, the
In 2020, the anti-monarchist Party for the Republic was founded. The party took part in the 2021 House of Representatives elections in two electoral districts with party leader Bruno Braakhuis and obtained a total of 255 votes, insufficient for a seat.[134][135]
In 2022, a poll commissioned by a republican group showed that a small majority (51%) were in favour of the monarchy.[136]
On the 14 October 2023, the GroenLinks-PvdA coalition voted by 52% in party's conference in Rotterdam to put out a supplementary platform for turning the Netherlands in a parliamentary republic. [137]
Arguments
In public debates on the monarchy, the following arguments, amongst others, are employed.
In favour of the monarchy
- Past actions and tradition: Because of their actions in the past, dating back to the leading role of William of Orange and his direct offspring in the Eighty Years' War that eventually led to Dutch independence, the Orange-Nassau dynasty is entitled to rule the Netherlands by tradition.[138][139]
- Direct descent not required: Direct descent from William of Orange himself is not required, as long as the monarch is from the Orange-Nassau family. Furthermore, the claim that S.M.S. de Ranitz was Wilhelmina's father instead of William III is a discredited conspiracy theory.[34]
- Dutch Republic's weaknesses: The Dutch Republic was too weak; it required a strong and stable head of state, which the Orange-Nassau stadtholders and later kings and queens were able provide.[140] Also, republicans are contradicting themselves when they argue against tradition when claiming that the monarchy is 'outdated', whilst simultaneously appealing to tradition by pointing to the Dutch Republic as a better model, which however predated the 19th-century kingdom.[141][142]
- Majority support: The monarchy is democratic, because (as of 2002) an overwhelming majority of Dutch citizens and political parties support it.[139][143]
- Divine right of kings: The Christian God has granted the Orange-Nassau family the divine right to rule the Netherlands.[144]
- Fairy tale: The royal house is a pretty fairy tale, and it often provides entertainment via gossip and sensational scandals.[145][146][147]
In favour of a republic
- Equality and anti-tradition: Hereditary succession violates the principle of equality of all Dutch citizens (as stipulated in Article 1 and 3 of the Constitution);[138] an appeal to tradition is no excuse.[139]
- No (direct) descent: The current royal family is not (directly) descended from William of Orange anyway, therefore it lacks legitimacy to rule.[138]
- Dutch Republic's legitimacy: The Netherlands was founded as a republic, and should have remained so; William I unjustly appropriated the royal title in 1815,[138] especially considering he had already forsaken his rights to the Netherlands in 1801 in exchange for the Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda (see Oranienstein Letters).[19]
- Lack of democratic legitimacy: The monarchy's apparent popularity has only ever been measured in opinion polls, never in a formal referendum, the ultimate expression of democracy.[143] Also, once deposed, there is nothing to prevent the ex-king or ex-queen from running for president or prime minister in elections, as Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha successfully did in Bulgaria in 2001.[148]
- No evidence of divine right: Even if
- Against superstition and elitism: The idea that a fairy tale (often mockingly called a "puppet-show") is required to appease the 'common people', shows an arrogant elitist contempt towards the 'dumb masses', who apparently do not deserve to emancipate themselves from myths. It also does not justify the alleged power plays the royal house is engaging in, nor the wasted taxpayer money lavished on a single family to provide them with a life of (unearned) exceptional wealth, privilege and luxury, which is further not enjoyed by the average dutch citizen.[145]
- Against the genetic criterion: The head of state shouldn't be selected with the genetic criterion. All Dutch should be equals at birth and with the same legal rights and potential.
- Cost: The royal family is paid 7.2 million euros per year in taxpayer money.[151][152]
Common ground arguments
There are seemingly contradictory arguments put forward by both republicans and monarchists, that occasionally allows them to find common ground.
- Royals for President: Some republicans state they have nothing personal against individual members of the royal house,[153] but simply oppose the monarchy based on the democratic principles that all politicians should be elected, be held accountable for their actions and impeachable.[148] They would accept and perhaps even endorse and vote for royals running for president once the monarchy is abolished;[154] slogans such as "Beatrix for President"[155] date back to at least the 1980 Coronation Riots.[156]
- Founded today, the Netherlands would become a republic: Some republicans have argued,[157] and some monarchists have acknowledged,[158] that nowadays it would be logical or appropriate to choose a republican form of government if one were to found a new state,[159] or the current royal family, Orange-Nassau, would decide to 'quit their jobs'.[160]
Opinion polls
TNS NIPO
According to survey agency
What do you think is the best for our country: that the Netherlands remain a kingdom, or that the Netherlands become a republic?[78] | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% response | 1964 | 1969 | 1976 | 1980 | 1995 | 1996 | 1999 | 2000 | Mar '03 | 2004 | 2005 | Apr '07 | Nov '07 | Apr '08 | Apr '09 | Apr '11 | Apr '13 | Apr '14[161] |
Monarchy | 91 | 89 | 93 | 88 | 93 | 95 | 91 | 90 | 81 | 86 | 86 | 87 | 87 | 85 | 87 | 87 | 85 | 89 |
Republic | 9 | 11 | 7 | 12 | 7 | 5 | 9 | 10 | 19 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 15 | 13 | 13 | 15 | 11 |
Maurice de Hond
In 2005, 2007 and since 2009 every year before Koningsdag, opinion pollster Maurice de Hond inquires people's attitudes towards the monarchy and a possible future republic. His results, which include the possibility of 'Don't know / no answer' show a relatively stable, but structurally lower preference for the monarchy than TNS NIPO: on average, 70% backs the monarchy, 25% is in favour of a republic, and 6% doesn't know or gives no answer.
Which form of government do you prefer?[162] | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% response | 2005 | 2007 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | ||||||||||
It's best that the Netherlands remain a kingdom | 74 | 71 | 66 | 67 | 69 | 70 | 72 | ||||||||||
It's best that the Netherlands become a republic | 20 | 23 | 28 | 29 | 26 | 25 | 21 | ||||||||||
Don't know / no answer | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 |
In the run-up to the
Synovate
In an annual survey amongst 500 people above the age of 18, market research firm Synovate noted a small increase in republicanism between 2007 and 2011 from 14% to 18%. According to its last inquiry in September 2011, three quarters (73%) of the Dutch continued to support the monarchy, but the call for a modernised kingship without any political powers (37%) was on the rise as well. 45% thought the notion that the oldest child should automatically succeed the throne was "outdated".[111][164]
What do you think is best: that the Netherlands remain a monarchy or become a republic with an elected president as head of state?[164] | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% response | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | Apr 2011 | Sept 2011 | |||||||||||
The Netherlands should remain a monarchy | 77 | 80 | 77 | 72 | 73 | 73 | |||||||||||
The Netherlands should become a republic | 14 | 14 | 13 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |||||||||||
Don't know / no opinion | 9 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 10 | 9 |
Ipsos
Since 2011, Ipsos (that bought Synovate that year) has annually conducted surveys commissioned by the NOS, showing an average 73% support for the monarchy.[165] According to a September 2015 Ipsos survey, however, only half of about a thousand respondents supported the monarchy, 18% wanted to abolish it, 24% was neutral and 8% didn't know.[166]
Should the Netherlands remain a monarchy, or do you want a republic?[165] | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% response | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | Apr 2015 | Sept 2015[166] | |||||||||||
Monarchy | 74 | 74 | 78 | 68 | 71 | 50 | |||||||||||
Republic | 9 | 13 | 11 | 17 | 16 | 18 | |||||||||||
Don't know / no opinion | 17 | 13 | 11 | 15 | 13 | 32 |
Others
In 2008, the Dienst Onderzoek en Statistiek of the government of Amsterdam held a survey, commissioned by the Nieuw Republikeins Genootschap, amongst 1210 Amsterdammers about the royal house. The research showed that according 35% of the people questioned, the political role of the monarchy should disappear. According to a further 23%, the monarchy as a whole should disappear. 38% wanted to uphold the current role of the Dutch monarchy.[167]
A 2007 Motivaction research commissioned by HP/De Tijd found that 60.2% preferred the current constitutional monarchy, 13.7% wanted a purely ceremonial monarch without political tasks, 16.2% favoured a republic. Higher educated respondents—those with at least an hbo diploma—were more likely to favour change: 21.2% wanted a republic, 22.7% a purely ceremonial monarchy.[168] A Motivaction survey amongst 1254 people between 15 and 80 years old conducted in late March 2013, commissioned by Trouw, showed that 11% wanted a greater role for the royal house, 48% favoured the status quo, 21% wanted a purely ceremonial role, 14% wanted to abolish it, 6% didn't know or had no opinion. Women, country-dwellers and the elderly were more likely to support the monarchy; men, city-dwellers and youths were more likely to be republicans.[169]
On 29 April 2013,
Political parties' standpoints
Most
Political parties' standpoints on the monarchy | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Should the king/queen be... | VVD[172] | PvdA[173] | PVV[174] | SP[179] | CDA[175] | D66[176] | CU[177] |
GL[180] |
SGP[178] | PvdD[182] | 50Plus[183] | ||||||
...part of the government ? |
Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | ||||||
...chair of the Council of State? | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | ||||||
...initiator of the formation? | Yes[181] | No | No | No | Yes[181] | No | Yes[181] | No | Yes[181] | No | No | ||||||
...entitled to their current subsidy? | Yes[112] | No | No | No | Yes[112] | No[112] | Yes | No | Yes | No | ? | ||||||
...legally protected against lèse-majesté? | Yes | No[184] | No[184] | No[184] | Yes[184] | No[184] | Yes[185] | No[184] | Yes[186] | No | ? | ||||||
...the head of state in the long term? | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes[105] | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes |
See also
- 1919 Luxembourg referendum
- Dutch States Party
- Orangism (Belgium), supported the re-unification of Belgium and the Netherlands in a United Kingdom
- Orangism (Dutch Republic), a loosely defined current in support of a mixed constitution (until 1795)
- Orangism (Kingdom of the Netherlands), a liberal-monarchist trend (starting 1860s)
- Orangism (Luxembourg), supported the personal union of the Netherlands and the grand-duchy of Luxembourg
- Republiek (political organisation)
Further reading
- van den Bergh, Hans (1989). Een over Oranje of de Republiek der Nederlanden. Amsterdam: Oorschot. ISBN 9028207341.
- Elbracht, Bob (2011). Argumenteren tegen de monarchie. Soesterberg: Uitgeverij Aspekt. ISBN 978-9461530806.
- D'Oliveira, H.U. Jessurun e.a. (2004). Grondwet Van De Republiek Nederland. Drie modellen. Amsterdam: Prometheus. ISBN 9044605666.
- ISBN 978-9089747754.
- Rooduijn, Tom; van den Bergh, Hans (1998). De Republiek der Nederlanden. Pleidooien voor het afschaffen van de monarchie. Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij. ISBN 9023437934.
- Baalen, Carla; et al. (November 2013). De republiek van Oranje 1813–2013. Jaarboek parlementaire geschiedenis 2013. Amsterdam: Boom. ISBN 978-9023437932.
- van den Bergh, Hans (2002). Klein republikeins handboek. Honderd misverstanden over de monarchie. Amsterdam: Boom. ISBN 9053527346.
- Abeling, Joris (1996). Teloorgang en wederopstanding van de Nederlandse monarchie (1848–1898). Amsterdam: Prometheus. ISBN 905333372X.
(Pro-)republican magazines and newspapers
- Le patriote Belge ("The Belgian Patriot"; French), Southern Netherlands[187]
- De vaderlander ("The Patriot"), Southern Netherlands[187]
- De wekker ("The Alarm Clock"), Southern Netherlands[187]
- De Tolk der Vrijheid ("The Spokesman of Freedom", 1839–1841), Groningen[187]
- De Onafhankelijke ("The Independent", 1843), Amsterdam[187]
- De Ooyevaar ("The Stork", 1844–1847), The Haag[187]
- De Roode Duivel ("The Red Devil", 1892–1897), Amsterdam[188]
- De Republikein ("The Republican", 1918), The Hague[187]
- De Republikein ("The Republican", 2005–present), Zeist
Notes
- ^ The royal detective Koningskind (2011) by Rob van Hoorn and the thriller IV (2013) by Arjen Lubach both revolve around a fictional investigative journalist who tries finding out whether someone other than William III (perhaps De Ranitz) was the actual father of Wilhelmina, which might result in a constitutional crisis.[39][40]
- ^ Strictly speaking, there is no 'coronation' in the Netherlands, as the monarch is not actually crowned. Instead, one speaks of inhuldiging ("investiture"). But because the slogan rhymed and was easy to remember, it caught on, and thus gave the event its name.
References
- ^ Milo van Bokkum (27 April 2016). "'Zo'n gekozen president wil je ook niet. Kijk maar naar Trump'". NRC Handelsblad. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
- ^ "Steun voor de monarchie". EenVandaag (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ a b c Hans Ester (17 October 2000). "Europese eenwording heeft gevolgen voor monarchie". Reformatorisch Dagblad. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
- ^ a b Bea Versteeg (12 April 2000). "Welke invulling moet het koningschap hebben?". Reformatorisch Dagblad. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
- ^ a b c "GroenLinkser Halsema wil af van monarchie". de Volkskrant. 8 March 2000. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
- ^ Van den Bergh (2002), p. 42.
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{{cite book}}
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