Reserve Police Battalion 101

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Reserve Police Battalion 101
ActiveFounded 1939
Enlarged 6 May 1940 (1940-05-06)
Country
mass murder of Jews
Commanders
CommanderWilhelm Trapp

Reserve Police Battalion 101 (German: Reserve-Polizei-Bataillon 101) was a Nazi German paramilitary formation of the uniformed police force known as the Ordnungspolizei (Order Police, Orpo), the organization formed by the Nazi unification of the civilian police forces in the country in 1936, placed under the leadership of the SS and grouped into battalions in 1939.[1] One of many such Nazi German Order Police battalions, 101 was formed in Hamburg and was deployed in September 1939 along with the German armed forces (Wehrmacht) in the invasion of Poland.

Reserve Police Battalion 101 guarded Polish prisoners of war and carried out

Christopher Browning and Daniel Goldhagen
.

History

Further information: Nazi crimes against the Polish nation

Between 1939 and 1945, the Ordnungspolizei maintained

SS Einsatzgruppen in the massacres of Jews. The first mass-murder of 3,000 Jews by the German police occurred in Białystok on 12 July 1941,[10] followed by the Bloody Sunday massacre of 10,000-12,000 Jews by Reserve Police Battalion 133, perpetrated in Stanisławów (now Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine) on 12 October 1941 with the aid of Sicherheitspolizei" (SiPo) and Ukrainian Auxiliary Police.[11][12][13]

The shootings in the

Aktion Erntefest of 1943, the largest German massacre of Jews in the war, with 42,000 victims shot in the execution pits over the bodies of others.[17]

Battalion 101 operations

Expulsion from Warthegau. Poles led to cattle trains as part of the ethnic cleansing of western Poland, using Battalion 101

A total of 17 Orpo battalions were deployed during the invasion of Poland in 1939. Battalion 101 was one of three from the city of Hamburg.[1] After a few months of active duty the battalion was transported from Kielce, Poland, back to Germany on 17 December 1939 to undergo a major expansion after Christmas. Servicemen were tasked with organizing additional ground units. The already enlarged battalion was deployed to Poland again in May 1940, and for the next five months, conducted mass expulsions of Poles[18] to make room for the German colonists brought in Heim ins Reich from the areas invaded by their Moscow ally as well as from Nazi Germany.[19]

The expulsions of Poles, along with kidnappings of Polish children for the purpose of

RKFDV under Heinrich Himmler.[21] In settlements already cleared of their native Polish inhabitants, the new Volksdeutsche from Bessarabia, Romania and the Baltics were put, under the banner of Lebensraum.[22] Battalion 101 "evacuated" 36,972 Poles in one action, over half of the targeted number of 58,628 in the new German district of Warthegau (the total was 630,000 by the war's end, with two-thirds of the victims being murdered),[23] but also committed murders among civilians according to postwar testimonies of at least one of its former members.[18]

During the early period we endeavored to fetch all people out of the houses, without regard for whether they were old, sick, or small children. The commission quickly found fault with our procedures. They objected that we struggled under the burden of the old and sick. To be precise, they did not initially give us the order to shoot them on the spot, rather they contented themselves with making it clear to us that nothing could be done with such people. — Bruno Probst[18]

For the next half-year, beginning 28 November 1940, Police Battalion 101 guarded the new ghetto in

Jewish ghetto of World War II after the Warsaw Ghetto where the policemen from Battalion 61 held victory parties on the days when a large number of desperate prisoners were shot at the ghetto fence.[25] Battalion 101, commanded by career policeman Major Wilhelm Trapp,[26] returned to Hamburg in May 1941 and again the more experienced servicemen were dispatched to organize more units. New battalions, numbered 102, 103, and 104, were formed by them and prepared for duty.[27] Training of new reservists included escort duty of 3,740 Hamburg and Bremen Jews deported to the East to be murdered.[28] Meanwhile, the murder of Jews from the Łódź Ghetto using gas vans began at Chełmno in December 1941.[29]

Return to Poland, June 1942 – November 1943

Reserve Police Battalion 101 conducting a "liquidation" in the ghetto of Biała Podlaska

The Reserve Battalion 101 composed of 500 men in their thirties, who were too old for the regular army, returned to occupied Poland with three heavy machine-gun detachments in June 1942.

Trawnikis battalions of Karl Streibel.[32]

Memorial in the forest of Winiarczykowa Góra near Józefów, southeast of Biłgoraj, commemorating the Jewish victims of the 1942 massacre committed by the Reserve Police Battalion 101.

The first mass murder known to have been committed entirely by Reserve Police Battalion 101 was the most "messy" for lack of training; uniforms dripping wet with brain matter and blood.

Polish underground thereafter for cooperation with the enemy.[39]

The next ghetto liquidation action took place less than a month later in

Trawnikis got so drunk that the policemen from the First, Second and Third Platoon under Lieutenant Hartwig Gnade had to continue shooting by themselves in half a metre of groundwater and blood.[42]

More deportations

In the following weeks, Police Battalion 101 was active in towns with direct lines to Treblinka and therefore mass shootings were not used. On 19 August 1942 – only two days after Łomazy – 3,000 Jews were deported from

Trawnikis under police control in an assembly-line manner and dumped in hastily excavated mass graves. All men drank heavily.[46][47]

In Międzyrzec the "strip-search" of young Jewish women was introduced by Gnade before executions dubbed "mopping up" actions by the Germans. Gnade's first sergeant later said: "I must say that First Lieutenant Gnade gave me the impression that the entire business afforded him a great deal of pleasure."[46] By the spring of 1943 most towns of the Lublin reservation were Judenfrei therefore the battalion was tasked with "Jew hunts" in the deep local forests, or in the potato fields and around distant farmlands. Thousands of Jews were shot at point-blank range.[48]

The participation of Reserve Police Battalion 101 in the

Aktion Erntefest massacres of Jews imprisoned at the Trawniki, Poniatowa and Majdanek concentration camps with subcamps in Budzyn, Kraśnik, Puławy, Lipowa and other slave-labor projects of the Ostindustrie (Osti).[49] Approximately 43,000 Jews were killed. It was the largest single-day massacre of the Holocaust under direct German occupation, committed on 3 November 1943 on the orders of Christian Wirth. Trawniki men provided the necessary manpower.[50]

At the conclusion of the Erntefest massacres, the district of Lublin was for all practical purposes judenfrei. The murderous participation of Reserve Police Battalion 101 in the Final Solution came to an end... For a battalion of less than 500 men, the ultimate body count was at least 83,000 Jews.[51]

Postwar history

Soon after the war ended, Major Wilhelm Trapp was captured by the British authorities and placed at the

West German prosecutors. In 1968 after a two-year trial three men got 8 years imprisonment, one 6 years and one 5 years. Six other policemen – all lower ranks – were found guilty but not sentenced.[1] The rest lived their normal lives.[55]

Summary of genocidal missions

For the most part, the following table is based on the 1968 verdict of the Hamburg District Court and compared with data from the

Museum of the History of the Polish Jews and other searchable databases.[56][4]

Murder operations of the Reserve Police Battalion 101 in occupied Poland
Location Date Operation type and participants Jewish victims
Józefów July 1942 Mass shooting / entire battalion 1,500      
Łomazy August 1942 Mass shooting / 2nd Company, Hiwis 1,700      
Parczew[57] August 1942 Extermination, death trains / 1st & 2nd Company, Hiwis 5,000      
 Międzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto[58]  August 1942 Extermination / 1st Co., 3rd Pl. 2nd Co., 1st Pl. 3rd Co., Hiwis 12,000      
Radzyń October 1942 Extermination, death trains /1st Company, Hiwis 2,000      
Parczew October 1942 Mass shooting / 1st & 2nd Company, Hiwis 5,000      
Biała Podlaska & its county October & November 1942  Międzyrzec Ghetto extermination, death trains 10,800      
Komarówka October & November 1942 Międzyrzec Ghetto 600      
Wohyń October & November 1942 Międzyrzec Ghetto 800      
Czemierniki October & November 1942 Międzyrzec Ghetto 1,000      
Radzyń October & November 1942 Extermination, death trains 2,000      
Międzyrzec Ghetto October & November 1942 Death camps 15,200      
Międzyrzec Ghetto[59] May 1943 Death camps;
Treblinka
 3,000      
Aktion Erntefest
 3 November 1943 Two days of mass shooting / entire battalion 43,000      
Total[60] July 1942 – November 1943 Battalion 101 in occupied Poland (83,000)     

Commanders

Upon its return to

occupied Poland, on 12 June 1942 the Reserve Police Battalion 101 had the following command structure:[1]
  • 1st Platoon: Second Lieutenant Boysen
  • 2nd Platoon: Reserve Second Lieutenant Bumann
  • 3rd Platoon: Zugwachmeister Junge
  • 2nd Company: Oberleutnant Hartwig Gnade (until May 1943, then Lieutenant Dreyer)
  • 1st Platoon: Second Lieutenant Schürer
  • 2nd Platoon: Reserve Second Lieutenant Kurt Dreyer
  • 3rd Platoon: Hauptwachmeister Starke
  • 3rd Company: Captain Wolfgang Hoffmann (until November 1942)
  • 1st Platoon: Second Lieutenant Pauly
  • 2nd Platoon: Second Lieutenant Hachmeister
  • 3rd Platoon: Hauptwachmeister Jückmann

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Struan Robertson. "Hamburg Police Battalions during the Second World War". Archived from the original on 22 February 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
  2. ^ Browning 1998, p. 39.
  3. ^ Goldhagen 1996, pp. 203, 232–3.
  4. ^ a b Nowak, Anna (2014). "Działania eksterminacyjne batalionu policyjnego 101" [Police Battalion 101 Extermination Actions]. WWW Holocaust Myoptimus Com (in Polish). Uniwersytet Marii Curie Skłodowskiej. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014.
  5. ^ Goldhagen 1996, p. 204.
  6. ^ Browning 1998, p. 38.
  7. ISBN 0809001845
    .
  8. ^ Goldhagen 1996, p. 186.
  9. ISBN 0-7603-1933-2
    .
  10. ^ Browning 1998, pp. 9–12.
  11. ^ Dieter Pohl. Hans Krueger and the Murder of the Jews in the Stanislawow Region (Galicia) (PDF file from Yad Vashem.org). pp. 12/13, 17/18, 21. It is clear that a massacre of such proportions [committed on 12 October 1941] under German civil administration was virtually unprecedented.
  12. ^ Browning 2004, pp. 349–350.
  13. ISBN 0415224020
    . Retrieved 6 December 2014.
  14. ^ Browning 1998, p. 18.
  15. ^ Goldhagen 1996, pp. 533–4.
  16. ^ Browning 1998, p. 52: "[Hiwis] were screened on the basis of their anti-Communist (and hence almost invariably anti-Semitic) sentiments."
  17. ^ Browning 1998, pp. 135–142.
  18. ^ a b c Browning 1998, p. 40.
  19. ^ Lukas 2001, Chapter IV (Part I).
  20. ISBN 1571814108
  21. ISBN 0807820660
  22. ^ Lukas 2001, Chapter IV (Part II).
  23. ISBN 0313260079
    .
  24. ^ Holocaust Encyclopedia (2014). "Ghettos". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  25. ^ Browning 1998, p. 41.
  26. ^ Browning 1998, pp. 45–8.
  27. ^ Goldhagen 1996, p. 204.
  28. ^ Browning 1998, pp. 42–4.
  29. ^ Central Commission for Investigation of German Crimes in Poland. "German Crimes in Poland (Warsaw: 1946, 1947) - Chelmno Extermination Camp". JewishGen. Introduction by Leon Zamosc.
  30. ^ Browning 1998, pp. 3–6. "How did a battalion of middle-aged reserve policemen find themselves facing the task of shooting some 1,500 Jews in the Polish village of Józefów in the summer of 1942? [...] Order Police received authorization to conscript 91,500 reservists born between 1901 and 1909 – an age group not as yet subject to the military draft [...] gradually extended to still older men."
  31. ^ Browning 1998, p. 27.
  32. ^ Browning 1998, pp. 51–3.
  33. ^ Browning 1998, pp. 64–8.
  34. ^ a b Browning 1998, pp. 57–64.
  35. ^ Browning 1998, p. 66.
  36. ^ Robert Kuwalek, Chris Webb (2007). "Jozefow". Holocaust Research Project.org. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  37. ^ a b Olga Skorupka; et al. (2014). "Józefów. Lata okupacji". Virtual Shtetl. Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  38. ^ Browning 1998, p. 69.
  39. ^ Zygmunt Puźniak, Eksterminacja ludności cywilnej i zagłada Żydów józefowskich [Killing of civilians and the annihilation of Jews of Józefów] Rzeczpospolita Jozefowska.wordpress.com, see: Zygmunt Klukowski, Dziennik z lat okupacji, "17 lipca"; and T. Bernstein, Martyrologia, opór i zagłada ludności żydowskiej w dystrykcie lubelskim. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  40. ^ a b Browning 1998, pp. 79–80.
  41. ^ Patrycja Kamionek; et al. (2014). "Łomazy". Virtual Shtetl. Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  42. ^ Browning 1998, pp. 83–4.
  43. ^ Browning 1998, pp. 90–100.
  44. ^ Aleksandra Bielawska, Marta Kubiszyn, Jewish community of Zamość. Page 4 of 4. Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Archived 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  45. ^ Izbica Jewish Cemetery Commemoration Project. Foundation for the Preservation of Jewish Heritage in Poland. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  46. ^ a b Browning 1998, pp. 106–8.
  47. ^ Hanan Lipszyc, Jewish Community of Izbica. Page 4 of 5. Archived 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine Museum of the History of Polish Jews.
  48. ^ Browning 1998, pp. 126–131.
  49. ^ ARC (2004). "Erntefest". Occupation of the East. ARC. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  50. ^ Browning 1998, pp. 135–42.
  51. ^ Browning 1998, pp. 141–2.
  52. ^ שדלץ (Siedlce) (2014). "The Investigation of and Legal Proceedings against members of Hamburg Police Battalions". Hamburg Police Battalions. The Law. Jewish Siedlce. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  53. ^ "About Simon Wiesenthal". Simon Wiesenthal Center. 2013. Section 11. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
  54. ^ Hartmann, Ralph (2010). "Der Alibiprozeß". Den Aufsatz kommentieren (in German). Ossietzky 9/2010. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  55. ISBN 9004157085
  56. ^ Struan Robertson, A History of Jews in Hamburg Chapter: Hamburg Police Battalions during the Second World War. Publisher: University of Hamburg.
  57. Museum of the History of the Polish Jews (in English), as well as "Getta Żydowskie (Jewish Ghettos)," by Gedeon, (in Polish) and "Ghetto List" (deportations)
    by Michael Peters at ARC (in English). Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  58. ^ "Międzyrzec Podlaski (Mezritch) in the Jewish sources" and "The History of Miedzyrzec Podlaski." Association of Immigrants of Mezritch Depodalsia. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  59. ^ Browning 1998, p. 40.
  60. ^ Browning 1998, pp. 141–142.

References

External links

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