Respiration (physiology)
In physiology, respiration is the movement of oxygen from the outside environment to the cells within tissues, and the removal of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction to the surrounding environment.[1]
The physiological definition of respiration differs from the biochemical definition, which refers to a metabolic process by which an organism obtains energy (in the form of ATP and NADPH)[2] by oxidizing nutrients and releasing waste products. Although physiologic respiration is necessary to sustain cellular respiration and thus life in animals, the processes are distinct: cellular respiration takes place in individual cells of the organism, while physiologic respiration concerns the diffusion and transport of metabolites between the organism and the external environment.
Exchange of gases in the lung occurs by ventilation and perfusion.
The process of breathing does not fill the alveoli with atmospheric air during each inhalation (about 350 ml per breath), but the inhaled air is carefully diluted and thoroughly mixed with a large volume of gas (about 2.5 liters in adult humans) known as the
Classifications of respiration
There are several ways to classify the physiology of respiration:
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By species
- Aquatic respiration
- Buccal pumping
- Cutaneous respiration
- Intestinal respiration
- Respiratory system
By mechanism
- Breathing
- Gas exchange
- Arterial blood gas
- Control of respiration
- Apnea
By experiments
- Huff and puff apparatus
- Spirometry
- Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry
By intensive care and emergency medicine
- CPR
- Mechanical ventilation
- Intubation
- Iron lung
- Intensive care medicine
- Liquid breathing
- ECMO
- Oxygen toxicity
- Medical ventilator
- Life support
- General anaesthesia
- Laryngoscope
By other medical topics
- Respiratory therapy
- Breathing gases
- Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
- Hypoxia
- Gas embolism
- Decompression sickness
- Barotrauma
- Oxygen equivalent
- Oxygen toxicity
- Nitrogen narcosis
- Carbon dioxide poisoning
- Carbon monoxide poisoning
- HPNS
Additional images
See also
- Diffusing capacity – Measure of the transfer of gas from the lung to red blood cells
- Outline of biology – Outline of subdisciplines within biology
- Respiratory sounds – specific sound generated by the movement of air through the respiratory system
- Respiratory monitoring– Method to mechanically assist or replace spontaneous breathing
References
- Nelsons VCE Units 1–2 Physical Education. 2010 Cengage Copyright.
External links
Further reading
- Nilsson, Goran E. (2010). Respiratory Physiology of Vertebrates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-70302-4.
- Randall, David (2002). Eckert Animal Physiology. New York: W.H. Freeman and CO. ISBN 0-7167-3863-5., human biology 146149
- C.Michael Hogan. 2011. Respiration. Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Mark McGinley and C.J.Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC