Chain store
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A chain store or retail chain is a retail outlet in which several locations share a brand, central management and standardized business practices. They have come to dominate the retail and dining markets and many service categories, in many parts of the world. A franchise retail establishment is one form of a chain store. In 2005, the world's largest retail chain, Walmart, became the world's largest corporation based on gross sales.[1]
History
In 1792,
In the U.S., chain stores likely began with J. Stiner & Company, which operated several tea shops in
By the early 1920s, chain retailing was well established in the United States, with A&P, Woolworth's, American Stores, and United Cigar Stores being the largest.[12] By the 1930s, chain stores had come of age, and stopped increasing their total market share. Court decisions against the chains' price-cutting appeared as early as 1906, and laws against chain stores began in the 1920s, along with legal countermeasures by chain-store groups.[13] State taxes on chain stores were upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1931. Between then and 1933, 525 chain-store tax bills were introduced in state legislatures, and by the end of 1933 special taxes on retail chains were in force in 17 states.[14]
Characteristics
A chain store is characterised by the ownership or franchise relationship between the local business or outlet and a controlling business.
Difference between a "chain" and formula retail
While chains are typically "formula retail", a chain refers to ownership or franchise, whereas "formula retail" or "formula business" refers to the characteristics of the business.[15] There is considerable overlap because key characteristic of a formula retail business is that it is controlled as a part of a business relationship, and is generally part of a chain. Nevertheless, most codified municipal regulation relies on definitions of formula retail (e.g., formula restaurants),[16][17][18] in part because a restriction directed to "chains" may be deemed an impermissible restriction on interstate commerce (in the US), or as exceeding municipal zoning authority (i.e., regulating "who owns it" rather than the characteristics of the business).[19][20] Non-codified restrictions will sometimes target "chains". A municipal ordinance may seek to prohibit "formula businesses" in order to maintain the character of a community and support local businesses that serve the surrounding neighborhood.[21]
Decline
Restaurant chains
A restaurant chain is a set of related
Britain
In 1896, Samuel Isaacs from Whitechapel, east London opened the first fish and chips restaurant (as opposed to a take-away) in London, and its instant popularity led to a chain comprising 22 restaurants with locations around London and seaside resorts in southern England including Brighton, Ramsgate and Margate.[28][29] In 1864, the Aerated Bread Company (ABC) began operating a chain of teashops in Britain. ABC would be overtaken as the leader in the field by Lyons, co-founded by Joseph Lyons in 1884. From 1909 Lyons began operating a chain of teashops which became a staple of the High Street in the UK, and at its peak, the firm numbered around 200 cafes.[30]
Opposition
The displacement of
Regulation and exclusion
A variety of towns and cities in the United States whose residents wish to retain their distinctive character—such as
See also
- Formula restaurant
- List of bookstore chains
- List of Canadian clothing store chains
- List of clothing and footwear shops in the United Kingdom
- List of restaurant chains
- List of supermarket chains
References
- ^ "Wal-Mart Stores on the Forbes Global 2000 List". Forbes. Archived from the original on May 18, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
- ^ "WH Smith expansion is given wings with takeover of Marshall Retail". The Times. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
WH Smith is the world's oldest national retail chain after being started by Henry Smith as a newspaper shop in 1792
- ^ a b "History of WHSmith - About WHSmith". Whsmithplc.co.uk. Archived from the original on December 29, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
- ^ "Our stores - About WHSmith". Whsmithplc.co.uk. Archived from the original on October 26, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
- ^ Marc Levinson, The Great A&P and the Struggle for Small Business in America, 2nd ed (2019), p. 14.
- ^ Levinson, p. 67.
- ^ a b Le Pantheon de L'Industrie, Paris, 1891, Page 20
- ^ a b c "The Dewis Collection - The Art of Louis Dewis". Louisdewis.com. Archived from the original on August 21, 2017. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
- ^ a b Annexes to the Belgian Monitor of 1875. Acts, Extracts of Acts, Minutes and Documents relating to Corporations, Book #3, Page 67
- ^ France, Maison Dewachter, Bordeaux (August 2, 2018). "English: This is the letterhead for the Bordeaux location of Maison Dewachter, a chain of men's and boys' clothing stores in Belgium and France". Archived from the original on May 3, 2018. Retrieved August 2, 2018 – via Wikimedia Commons.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Magasins de prêt-à-porter sur Montpellier". Dewachter.fr. Archived from the original on January 10, 2019. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
- OCLC 255149441.
- OCLC 243136.
- ^ Levinson, p. 122.
- ^ "Formula Business | legal definition of Formula Business by Law Insider". www.lawinsider.com. Archived from the original on August 31, 2020. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
- ^ a b Town of Jaffrey Planning Board Proposed Zoning Changes Summary Archived June 13, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Public Hearing January 22, 2018, Town of Jaffrey, New Hampshire (.pdf)
- ^ Permit how-to guides - chain stores (formula retail use) Archived June 2, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Planning Dept., City and Cty. of San Francisco
- ^ "Chapter 17.54 FORMULA RETAIL AND RESTAURANT ESTABLISHMENTS". Codepublishing.com. Archived from the original on June 26, 2018. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
- ^ The Park at Cross Creek v. City of Malibu Archived June 25, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Calif. Ct. App., 2nd. Dist. Filed 21-Jun-2017 (.pdf)
- ^ Chain Store Ordinance Resurrected From the Dead Archived November 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The Malibu Times 1-Nov-2017
- ^ a b "Formula Business Restrictions". Institute for Local Self-Reliance. December 2008. Archived from the original on May 24, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
- ^ "Amid brick-and-mortar shakeup, Greater Hartford's retail vacancy rate shrinks". Hartford Business Journal. Archived from the original on January 8, 2019. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
- ^ Carter, Clint (November 27, 2018). "RadioShack Is Now Selling in Unexpected Places. Will Anyone Buy?". Entrepreneur. Archived from the original on December 1, 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
- ^ "Bob Higgins, Pioneering Founder of Trans World and FYE, Dead at 75". Billboard. Archived from the original on December 6, 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
- ^ Business, Ahiza Garcia, CNN (February 16, 2019). "Payless is closing all its 2,100 US stores". CNN. Archived from the original on February 19, 2019. Retrieved February 19, 2019.
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has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ISBN 978-0-8018-6920-4. Archivedfrom the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
- ^ "The 20 best chain restaurants in America". Business Insider France (in French). Archived from the original on August 27, 2017. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
- ^ Jolles, Michael A.; Rubinstein, W. (2011). The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo-Jewish History. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 457.
- ^ Walton, John K. Fish and Chips, and the British Working Class, 1870-1940. A&C Black. p. 34.
- ^ "Bawden and battenberg: the Lyons teashop lithographs". The Guardian. Retrieved June 26, 2022.
- ^ "Compromise reached on San Francisco's chain store limits". Sfgate.com. November 5, 2014. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
- ^ "USATODAY.com - Cities put shackles on chain stores". Usatoday30.usatoday.com. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
- ^ a b Analysis of Cities with Formula Business Ordinances Archived May 23, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Malibu, California (.pdf)
- ^ "Cape Cod Residents Keep the Chain Stores Out" Archived November 18, 2016, at the Wayback Machine article by Beth Greenfield June 8, 2010
Further reading
- Carroll, Glenn R., and Magnus Thor Torfason. "Restaurant Organizational Forms and Community in the US in 2005." City & Community 10#1 (2011): 1–24.
- Ingram, Paul, and Hayagreeva Rao. "Store Wars: The Enactment and Repeal of Anti‐Chain‐Store Legislation in America." American Journal of Sociology 110#2 (2004): 446–487.
- Lebhar, Godfrey Montague, and W. C. Shaw. Chain stores in America, 1859-1962 (Chain Store Publishing Corporation, 1963).
- Levinson, Marc. "The Great A&P and the Struggle for Small Business in America" (2019). ISBN 978-0-578-56210-0.
- Matsunaga, Louella. The changing face of Japanese retail: Working in a chain store (Routledge, 2012).
- Newman, Benjamin J., and John V. Kane. "Backlash against the 'Big Box', Local Small Business and Public Opinion toward Business Corporations." Public Opinion Quarterly 78#4 (2014): 984–1002.
- Phillips, Charles F. "The Chain Store in the United States and Canada," American Economic Review 27#1 (1937), pp. 87–95 in JSTOR
- Schragger, Richard. "The Anti-Chain Store Movement, Localist Ideology, and the Remnants of the Progressive Constitution, 1920-1940." Iowa Law Review 90 (2005): 1011+.
- Scroop, Daniel. "The anti-chain store movement and the politics of consumption." American Quarterly 60#4 (2008): 925–949.
- Winship, Janice. "Culture of restraint: the British chain store 1920–39." Commercial Cultures: Economies, Practices, Spaces 31 (2000).
External links
- Media related to Chain stores at Wikimedia Commons