Restless (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

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"Restless"
Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode
Two women standing in a desert landscape
Buffy in her dream with the first Slayer behind her. This episode features a unique visual style, as shown here, where much of the frame is empty while the focal point is in one corner.
Episode no.Season 4
Episode 22
Directed byJoss Whedon
Written byJoss Whedon
Cinematography byMichael Gershman
Production code4ABB22
Original air dateMay 23, 2000 (2000-05-23)
Running time44 minutes
Guest appearances
Episode chronology
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"Restless" is the 22nd episode and season finale of

The WB
in the United States on May 23, 2000.

The premise of Buffy the Vampire Slayer is that an adolescent girl, Buffy Summers, is chosen by mystical forces and given superhuman powers to kill vampires, demons, and other evil creatures in the fictional town of Sunnydale. She is supported by a close circle of family and friends, nicknamed the Scooby Gang. "Restless" centers on the dreams of the four main characters after enduring an exhausting fight in the previous episode. The dreams are used to comment on the characters—their fears, their past and their possible future. Consistent with each dream is the presence of the First Slayer who hunts and kills them one by one until, in the final sequence, she is confronted and disempowered by Buffy.

The episode serves as a coda to the fourth season instead of a

surrealistic episode "unprecedented in television", saying it is "so jam-packed with information that we'll probably be seeing allusions to it for the rest of the series", and referring to it as a "mysterious lead-in to the emotionally turbulent season five".[1]
"Restless" received high praise from critics upon airing, particularly for its character development, visual direction, and wit. It is frequently noted as one of the best episodes of the series.

Background

In the series,

Anthony Stewart Head
), who is well-versed in demonology and is responsible for Buffy's training as a Slayer. The group collectively refer to themselves as the Scooby Gang. During season two, Willow begins to experiment with magic, eventually becoming a formidable witch.

Each season of Buffy the Vampire Slayer (often simplified as Buffy) presents an overall story arc which episodes tie into, as well as a specific manifestation of evil known as the Big Bad. As noted by Buffy scholar Roz Kaveney, episodes in the fourth season address authority, order, and the estrangement from the self and others as Buffy and her friends take on new roles after high school.[2] An ongoing theme in the series is Buffy's complex relationship to her destiny as the current Slayer and how she uniquely expresses this role, and this plot element is further explored in season four in general, and in the episode "Restless" in particular.

Season four begins with Buffy and Willow starting college, attending U.C. Sunnydale, while Xander works at a series of odd jobs and begins dating

Primeval
". In order to do this, the four magically join their essences together to create a single "super Slayer"; while the others perform a ritual, Buffy confronts and defeats Adam while mystically empowered with Giles' mind, Xander's heart, and Willow's spirit aiding her. The ritual employs four tarot-like cards: Manus (meaning hands or strength) represents Buffy, Sophus (meaning teacher or wise) represents Giles, Animus (meaning courage, or heart) represents Xander, and Spiritus (meaning spirit and magical power) represents Willow. These symbols will become relevant to the central motif in each of the episode's four dream sequences.

Plot

Following their victory over Adam; Buffy, Xander, Willow, and Giles meet at Buffy's to relax with movies, including

the First Slayer
in their dreams.

Willow's dream opens with Willow painting Sappho's love poem, Hymn to Aphrodite, in Greek onto Tara's back.[3][4] She then finds herself on the Sunnydale High school stage, about to perform in a radically changed Death of a Salesman, with Riley playing a cowboy, Buffy as a flapper and Harmony (a popular girl in high school who snubbed Willow, and who became a vampire at the end of Season 3) goofily trying to bite Giles' neck. Willow realizes with increasing uneasiness that she knows neither her lines nor her role. Buffy then takes Willow to stand in front of a classroom in the same nerdy clothes she wore in "Welcome to the Hellmouth" and "The Harvest" at the beginning of the series. Xander mocks her as she nervously begins to read her book report. Oz and Tara—Willow's ex-boyfriend and current girlfriend—flirt with each other while watching Willow recite. Suddenly, Willow is attacked and has the life sucked out of her by the First Slayer.

Xander's dream begins when he wakes on Buffy's couch. After excusing himself to use the restroom, he finds himself the object of an attempted seduction by

Captain Benjamin Willard and Colonel Walter Kurtz, with Principal Snyder
as Kurtz. Throughout the sequence Xander finds himself in his basement again and again, chased by an unseen pursuer, who is revealed as the First Slayer when she tears his heart out.

Giles' dream begins with Giles swinging a watch in front of Buffy. They are in Giles' apartment, which has been stripped of furniture but for a chair and a bed. She laughs, and Giles' dream cuts to a family scene with Buffy and his girlfriend

stand-up comic
, and Willow and Xander (with a bloody chest wound), who warn him of their attacker. He breaks into song, giving suggestions on how to deal with what hunts them, but when the sound system breaks down, he crawls backstage to trace a wiring fault. He begins to realize his pursuer is the First Slayer, just as she scalps him.

In the final dream sequence, Buffy is woken by Anya in her dorm room. She then finds herself in her room at home, where Tara speaks cryptically about the future. At the university, Buffy talks to her mother, who lives in the walls, then meets Riley at the Initiative. He has been promoted to Surgeon General and is drawing up plans with Adam (now in ordinary human form) for world domination. The three of them are interrupted by a demon attack, and Riley and Adam start to make a pillow fort. When Buffy finds her weapons bag, the only thing in it is mud, which she smears on her face. She is then transported to the desert and finally confronts the pre-verbal First Slayer; Tara is present to speak for her. Through Tara, the First Slayer tells Buffy that she cannot have friends and must work alone, which Buffy rejects. The Slayers fight in the desert and then in Buffy's living room next to her dying friends until Buffy realizes that she can stop the fight mentally by simply ignoring the First Slayer. She refuses to fight and walks away from the First Slayer; the First Slayer vanishes, and everybody wakes up.

After they wake up, the four of them then discuss the significance of having tapped into the power of the First Slayer, and Buffy privately recalls Tara's words from her dream as she looks into her bedroom.

Production and writing

The most important thing when I first started it was that the dreams be dreamlike... It's about combining the totally surreal with the totally mundane... It then became a question of basically writing poetry...basically

tone poem
.

– Joss Whedon describing the writing process and the episode's structure.[5]

Previous seasons of Buffy the Vampire Slayer had ended with an action episode which tied up all the threads of the season's main plot line, but series creator

Primeval", had concluded the Initiative storyline, but Whedon felt the season's overall story arc had not been as cohesive as it could have been, and therefore chose to create an episode to act as a "grace note" to the season, an episode which would comment on each of the four main characters and what they had just been through. While talking about the writing of the episode, Whedon said it had been like writing poetry, a process he found "liberating and strange". Like the earlier "Hush" — an episode with almost no dialogue — he viewed the episode as an exercise in form and writing, and what it means to write.[5] The episode has no real structure, which was a departure for Whedon, as everything he had written before was constructed before even starting the script. Yet despite its fragmented style, the episode unfolds coherently in four discrete acts, each act comprising one character's dream.[3]

Filming techniques

It's all—anything goes in a dream as long as it doesn't feel like a trick. You know, we dutch the camera occasionally, we use wide angles occasionally. But every dream sequence that I've seen, almost, looked like some sort of trick, and my intent was to make something that looked very naturalistic, but at the same time very avant-garde. And as long as you're true to the emotion of the piece, then it works. If it clashes with it, then it doesn't.

– Joss Whedon on the techniques used in the episode.[3]

Whedon used a variety of cinematographic techniques to achieve the dreamlike quality of "Restless". He used tracking shots with a Steadicam to follow the characters from place to place, creating a flow in the way of real dreams, where there are no logical connections between places and things. In Giles' dream, he walks from a carnival grounds into Spike's crypt, then through a corridor and straight into The Bronze, three locations not related to one another. Whedon was able to do this by simply having actor Anthony Stewart Head walk through the sets as they were built; this effortlessly created a sense of dreamlike dislocation. Another example of this occurs when, in Xander's dream, he walks from the front of the moving ice cream van towards the back, crawls up and over some boxes, through a window, and drops into his basement. In the theater scene during Willow's dream, a Frazier lens was used to provide a large depth of field, allowing both the foreground and background to be in focus at the same time, while in Xander's dream, as he moves from room to room in Buffy's house to the university dorm rooms, Whedon used a 17 mm lens to give a sense of motion as the camera passes by walls. Whedon also used unusual framing for shots, often leaving much of the frame empty, with a character being placed near the bottom or off to the side. The scenes in Spike's crypt, part of Giles' dream, were shot in black-and-white to emphasize that Spike is seen as "an old 30s movie villain".[3]

A woman with blonde hair sitting in a playground intensely looking at something.
An example of overexposure in an exterior shot. In this scene Whedon also let the shots last longer than usual before cutting.

The outdoor scene in which Xander sees Buffy in the sandbox was intentionally

greenscreen instead, as rear-screen projection would be difficult to set up on their stages.[3] Some special effects shots came about by accident; in his commentary Whedon explains that when Buffy smeared the mud all over her face, it looked as though she was giving herself a facial. He therefore dissolved the shot into a negative image, creating intense colors that made the shot more interesting.[3]

Dynamic editing contributed to the

surrealistic nature of the episode. Abrupt cuts from close-up to extreme wide angles and sudden shifts from normal speed to super slow-motion are used in Buffy's dream: several sequences become slow-motion partway through them, then revert to normal speed as they continue.[3] Xander's dream features mismatches between sound and image: characters are sometimes shown not speaking even as their voices are heard. Additionally, silence is used frequently, to both reflect the characters' disorientation and to unsettle the audience. Whedon cited films by Steven Soderbergh as his main inspirations for the odd editing, especially The Limey and The Underneath. He also listed Orson Welles' version of The Trial and Stanley Kubrick's Eyes Wide Shut as inspirations for many of his shooting and editing decisions.[3]

Cast

Besides the main cast, the episode features several appearances by returning and currently recurring characters, mostly within the dream sequences.

  • Seth Green, who left the series earlier in the season, makes a brief appearance as Oz in Willow's dream.
  • Armin Shimerman, whose character Principal Snyder was killed off in the season three finale, appears as Kurtz in the Apocalypse Now scene.
  • Amber Benson appears as Tara in the dream sequences, as both Willow's girlfriend and a spirit guide to Buffy. Whedon commented on her appearances in Buffy's dream: "The idea that Tara would be her spirit guide made sense because she didn't have that particular relationship with Tara, and Tara has a kind of good Wiccan mystical energy."[3]
  • George Hertzberg appears as Adam, although in human form rather than in the demon/cyborg makeup he had appeared in throughout the season.
  • Mercedes McNab appears as Harmony Kendall is present during Willow's dream as both an ordinary classmate and an inept vampire.
  • Olivia
    in Giles's dream heavily pregnant and pushing a baby stroller.
  • Kristine Sutherland appears as Joyce Summers, Buffy's mother. Whedon enjoyed that she got "to play just completely sexy [in Xander's dream], because when you play the mom on a show you're sort of relegated to momhood, so it was nice to see that side of her."[3]

It was during the filming of this episode that Michelle Trachtenberg, who would go on to play Buffy's sister Dawn in season five, first visited the set. Sarah Michelle Gellar had worked with her previously and suggested to Joss Whedon that she read for the part of Dawn.[3]

Music

In Giles' dream, actor

Anthony Stewart Head sings "The Exposition Song"; this was the third time he sang during the season.[6] The song was written by Joss Whedon, arranged by composer Christophe Beck, and performed by Four Star Mary. Beck appears in the scene playing the piano, while members of Four Star Mary play the other instruments.[3] From seasons two to four of the series, Four Star Mary were the real band behind character Oz's fictional band, Dingoes Ate My Baby.[7]

Analysis

A man with brown hair in a dark red shirt talking into a microphone.
Writer and director Joss Whedon provided an in-depth analysis of the dreams in his audio commentary for the episode.

Each dream acts as a character study, exploring the fears and future of the dreamer. Willow, Xander, and Giles are stalked by a shadowy figure, then killed within their dreams. The way in which each is killed is directly related to the role they had assumed when melding with Buffy in the previous episode—that role is indicated by the Tarot-like card used to symbolize the character's essence. Willow's card had been Spiritus, representing her magical powers; she is killed by having her spirit sucked out of her. Xander's card had been Animus, representing his heart; he is killed by having his heart ripped out. Giles had been represented by the card Sophus, a symbol of his intellect and role as teacher; he is killed by being scalped. Buffy's card, Manus, was representative of her physical strength. In her dream the stalker is revealed as the primitive first slayer, who confronts her aggressively. The two fight, but the First Slayer is defeated when Buffy realizes a key difference between them: the First Slayer was alone and isolated, while Buffy is unique among Slayers in that she has friends and a life beyond slaying, factors which make her the greatest Slayer ever.[3][4]

In Willow's dream she has an intimate conversation with her girlfriend Tara while painting a Sapphic love poem on her bare back. She talks about her unwillingness to leave Tara’s dorm room, a place of comfort and security, but finds herself at college anyway. She struggles to find her place in a bizarre school theater production, apparently Death of a Salesman, while her friends and classmates are fully costumed, prepared, and ready to go on stage. Her confusion represents her lack of self-confidence, her fear that she still does not fit in or have a place in the world, unlike those around her, who are notably less intelligent but instinctively understand the strange idiosyncratic rules. She wears ordinary clothes, but the others repeatedly comment on the excellence of her "costume", a reference to her fear that her friends do not see what she has grown into, but rather what she was when younger: nerdy and awkward. This fear is confirmed when Buffy strips off her shirt and jeans, revealing the same unfashionable turtleneck and corduroy jumper she wore in episode one of the series, four years earlier, before her demon-fighting experiences and study of magic increased her confidence and competence. Willow stands anxiously at the front of the class, trying to read a paper, while her classmates express their boredom with listening to her and Oz whispers into Tara's ear, until she is attacked by the First Slayer and her breath is sucked out of her body.

Whedon stated that the maze of red curtains on the stage in Willow's dream are not a direct homage to Twin Peaks, as some have posited,[4][6] but rather represent the safety and comfort of being with Tara, and are a sexual metaphor as well.[3]

The main theme of Xander's dream is his sense of failure and of being left behind as his friends move ahead in life. His fear that he is stuck is reiterated throughout his dream by his inability to escape his basement bedroom in his parents' home. No matter where his dream takes him, he ends up back in the basement. He also struggles to understand and feel comfortable with his sexuality, heavily idealising and sexualising Joyce, Willow and Tara and seeing Anya, his girlfriend, as distant and impenetrable and Buffy, who he still has a lingering crush on, as a little girl playing in a sandpit who calls him her ‘big brother’. As the only one of the Scoobies not in college, he feels anxiety about his ability to understand and keep up with ideas and conversations, a fear which is realized when he goes to the university, a place he already feels excluded from, and finds that he cannot understand what people say to him. Aware that he is being chased and is in danger, he asks Giles what is happening but cannot understand his answer, nor what Anya says to him, as they are both inexplicably speaking French. He exclaims, "I don't understand!"[3] During his dream both Buffy and Willow tell him, "I'm way ahead of you," and Giles tells him "the others have gone on ahead," underscoring his fear that this is really the case.[4] His dream ends with a culmination to his encounters with various male authority figures throughout - his father storms into the basement and displays all of the traits Xander hates about himself, transforming into the First Slayer and ripping his heart out, metaphorically turning Xander into his dad and removing his compassion.

Giles' dream presents a choice: either to remain a father figure and Watcher to Buffy, or to begin his own life, represented by the presence of his girlfriend Olivia, who pushes an empty baby stroller. During this part of his dream, Buffy is dressed as a child, with pigtails, and is unable to throw a ball straight without his help and instruction, an indication of his fear that she will be unable to do her job without his guidance. Later, Olivia is seen weeping, while the baby stroller has been overturned and abandoned, signifying elements of his unfulfilled life, such as marriage and children. Later, in The Bronze, he is explaining the reason they are all being stalked and attacked, performing his job as Watcher, but his singing this information represents his unfulfilled longing to be a musician, something he's been exploring privately throughout the season.[4]

The major theme of Buffy's dream is her fear of the personal cost of her life as a Slayer, the isolation and loneliness she is forced to endure. This theme of aloneness is reiterated by several shots in which she is alone in the frame, most notably the wide shot of her in the vast and empty desert. Another source of anxiety is her relationship with her current boyfriend, Riley, whom she finds plotting world domination with Adam in his original, human, form. She fears what Riley could turn into as a result of his alliance with the military. She also fears the destabilizing effect of this alliance on their relationship, and the destabilizing effect of this relationship on her life as the slayer. She is shown putting mud on her face, mimicking the mud mask of the primal, First Slayer. By the end of her encounter in the desert with the First Slayer, Buffy realizes that she does not have to be entirely alone, that it is her closeness to friends and family that makes her a great Slayer, and once she experiences this revelation, the efforts of the First Slayer to continue to engage her in battle become fruitless and increasingly comical. The dream finally ends in a mundane way, as Buffy refuses to accept a tragic climax and instead insists on normality in her life.[3][4]

All of the many elements in the dream sequences have meaning, with the exception of the Cheese Man. Whedon explains: "...the Cheese Man—meaningless. Why? Because I needed something in the show that was meaningless, because there is always something in the dream that doesn't make any sense at all. In this case it was the Cheese Man. He confounds everybody because of that, and people ascribe him meaning. This to me means that we're being successful, because this means they're not worried about everything else, which means they sort of did understand most other things."[3]

Foreshadowing

Buffy's dream includes several references to past and future episodes. In a dream sequence in the

tweed jacket. Giles comments, "Spike's like a son to me." In "Tabula Rasa" (season six), when the characters lose their memories, Spike wears the same tweed jacket and believes Giles is his father.[3]

Reception

The episode received critical praise and is often included on lists of the best episodes of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. In Entertainment Weekly's list of the 25 best Whedonverse episodes—including episodes from Buffy, as well as Angel, Firefly and Dollhouse—"Restless" placed at #20, where they called it "Visually lush and trippy," and said, "...it reestablished that this genre show was really and truly a deeply affecting character drama with a delightfully bent sense of humor."[9] At Syfy.co.uk, the episode was listed as the seventh best episode in their list of the top 10 Buffy episodes, saying "This surreal episode marks the show's turning point, as it moved from a very well-executed urban fantasy drama series to something more creative, more thoughtful, and more surprising than pretty much anything else on television."[10] In The Futon Critic's list of the 20 best episodes of 2000, the episode was placed at #1, with the author calling it an even more daring episode than "Hush", another acclaimed episode from the fourth season.[11] In other publications lists of the best Buffy episodes, "Restless" placed at #7 by /Film,[12] TV Guide,[13] and Vox,[14] #6 by The Guardian,[15] #5 by Den of Geek,[16] and #4 by TVLine.[17]

At Slayage.com, the Online Journal of Buffy Studies, author Daniel Erenberg placed the episode as the second best of the series; stating that the episode "lends itself to infinite interpretations. No one watches it the same way. That's the mark of a true masterpiece."[18] When Noel Murray of The A.V. Club reviewed "Restless" in 2009, after beginning his first look at the series in 2008, he praised Joss Whedon's ability to represent what dreams are actually like.[19] The A.V. Club also included "Restless" as an "essential episode" of the series in their list of the best TV series of the 2000s, in which Buffy the Vampire Slayer placed at #25.[20] "Restless" was listed at #10 in The A.V. Club's list of "21 TV episodes that do dream sequences right", commenting, "This device allows for a lot of surreal images and moments of weird comedy" and that "there are also some striking, unsettling touches that have the indefinable power and strangeness of a real dream."[21] The episode was listed as #1 in Daily Kos' list of the top 10 episodes of the series,[22] and the episode was listed as the second best episode featuring dream sequences by USA Today.[23] In series creator Joss Whedon's own list of his favorite episodes, he includes "Restless", saying "Most people sort of shake their heads at it. It was different, but not pointless."[24]

In 2001, the episode received two nominations for the

Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards, for Best Contemporary Makeup in a Series and Best Contemporary Hair Styling in a Series.[25]

In its original broadcast on May 23, 2000, on The WB, the episode received 4.5 million viewers according to

Nielsen ratings.[26]

References

  1. ISBN 978-1-55022-807-6
    .
  2. ISBN 1-4175-2192-9
    .
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Whedon, Joss (writer and director) (June 10, 2003). Buffy the Vampire Slayer: The Complete Fourth Season — "Restless" audio commentary (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Wilcox, Rhonda V. (December 2002). "T. S. Eliot Comes to Television: Buffy's "Restless"". Slayage: The Journal of the Whedon Studies Association. 7. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved June 11, 2011.
  5. ^ a b Whedon, Joss (writer and director) (June 10, 2003). Buffy the Vampire Slayer: The Complete Fourth Season — Season 4 Overview (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
  6. ^ a b "BBC - Cult - Buffy - Episode Guide - Restless". BBC. Retrieved June 11, 2011.
  7. ^ Lavery, David; Wilcox, Rhonda V. "Four Star Mary". Slayage: The Journal of The Whedon Studies Association. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
  8. ^ Whedon, Joss (series creator); Fury, David (writer) (December 9, 2003). Buffy the Vampire Slayer: The Complete Fifth Season — Spotlight on Dawn (DVD). 20th Century Fox.. The two-year interval is very rough; though it is expressed as 730 days, only 441 days passed between the first broadcast of this dream scene at the end of season 3 and that of Dawn's introduction at the beginning of season 5.
  9. ^ Bernardin, Marc; Vary, Adam B. (September 24, 2009). "25 Best Whedonverse Episodes". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
  10. ^ Thanigasapapathy, Nim. "Top 10 Buffy Episodes". Syfy.co.uk. Archived from the original on February 23, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
  11. ^ Sullivan, Brian Ford (January 4, 2001). "The 20 Best Episodes of 2000". The Futon Critic. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
  12. ^ Turner, Molly (September 7, 2022). "The 14 Best Buffy The Vampire Slayer Episodes, Ranked". /Film. Retrieved August 14, 2023.
  13. ^ Thomas, Kaitlin (March 7, 2017). "The 25 Best Buffy the Vampire Slayer Episodes Ever, Ranked". TV Guide. Retrieved August 14, 2023.
  14. ^ Framke, Caroline (March 10, 2017). "Every episode of Buffy, ranked, in honor of its 20th anniversary". Vox. Retrieved August 14, 2023.
  15. ^ Nicholson, Rebecca (June 1, 2020). "Demons, death and dynamite dialogue: the 20 best episodes of Buffy the Vampire Slayer". The Guardian. Retrieved August 14, 2023.
  16. ^ Mammano, Michael (September 2, 2019). "The 25 Best Buffy The Vampire Slayer Episodes". Den of Geek. Retrieved August 14, 2023.
  17. ^ "Buffy's 20 Best Episodes, Ranked!". TVLine. May 20, 2023. Retrieved August 14, 2023.
  18. ^ Erenberg, Daniel (February 20, 2003). "OPINION : Best of The Best". Slayage.com. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
  19. ^ Murray, Noel (September 4, 2009). ""The Yoko Factor" etc". The A.V. Club. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
  20. ^ Bowman, Donna; Handlen, Zack; Modell, Josh; Murray, Noel; Pierce, Leonard; Rabin, Nathan; Tobias, Scott; VanDerWerff, Todd; Zulkey, Claire (November 12, 2009). "The best TV series of the '00s". The A.V. Club. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
  21. ^ Adams, Erik; Cruickshank, Noah; Dyess-Nugent, Phil; Handlen, Zack; Harris, Will; Koski, Genevieve; Robinson, Tasha; Sava, Oliver; Semley, John (March 18, 2013). ""What a nightmare!": 21 TV episodes that do dream sequences right". The A.V. Club. Retrieved March 19, 2013.
  22. ^ "The 10 Best Buffy The Vampire Episodes". Daily Kos. June 27, 2009. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
  23. ^ Matheson, Whitney (March 27, 2006). "Attack of the TV dream sequences". USA Today. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
  24. ^ Bianco, Robert (April 28, 2003). "Show's creator takes a stab at 10 favorite episodes". USA Today. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
  25. ^ Francis, Rob (February 19, 2001). "News - 19th February". BBC. Retrieved July 3, 2013.
  26. Newspapers.com.Free access icon

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