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The Revolutionary Communist Party of India (abbreviated as RCPI) is a political party in India. The party was founded as the Communist League by
Ideology
The RCPI works toward a socialist revolution, rather than a people's democratic revolution, a national democratic revolution or a new democratic revolution.
The party strives to build socialism under the leadership of the proletariat with active cooperation of other exploited strata of the humanity, including peasants, working intellectuals and non-manual working sections of people.[4]
Communist League
S.N. Tagore founded the Communist League on 1 August 1934.
Tagore denounced the
Communist League and the peasantry
After the formation of the Communist League Tagore began touring the Bengal country-side, organizing peasants to struggle for abolishing the zamindari system.[citation needed] In early 1938 Tagore built a peasants wing, the Bangiyo Pradeshik Kisan Sabha, separate from the CPI-led Krishak Samiti.[citation needed] Tagore's BPKS demanded abolition of the zamindari system without giving any compensation to landlords, free distribution of land among the cultivators and agricultural labourers, minimization of revenue demands and cancellation of debts to moneylenders.[citation needed]
Communist League in Murshidabad
Tarapada Gupta set up the Communist League branch in Murshidabad in 1936, raising the red flag for the first time in recorded history in the district.[12][13] Tarapada Gupta had been released from jail in 1935, and he established contact with Tagore's group.[12] The Communist League preceded both the CPI and the RSP in Murshidabad.[12] The party successfully organized peasants to refuse to pay rents to landlords in the area.[12] Gupta would later side with Tagore in the 1948 party split.[13]
Tagore in Assam
RCPI was the first left organization to established itself in Assam.
Tagore made a second visit to Assam in December 1941.
On 2 May 1940 the
As the Indian National Congress dominated the tea gardens of Assam and there was little industrial labour in the province, the Communist League instead sought to organize rice mill workers, horse cart drivers and steamboat labourers.[22] The efforts had meagre results.[22] Notably RCPI made no intents to build the party in the hill areas of Assam.[15]
RCPI and the World War
The party was organized along
The party raised the slogan "Not one
In 1941 the Third Party Conference of the Communist League of India changed its name to Communist Party of India (not to be confused with its far more well-known namesake).[7] In March 1943 the name RCPI was adopted, in order to differentiate itself from the CPI.[7] The party positioned itself claiming to be the sole true leftist party in the country, denouncing all other left forces as ideologically bankrupt.[10] Overall RCPI avoided collaboration with other left-wing groups.[24] RCPI labour organizing was done largely outside the All India Trade Union Congress.[24] It managed to build a core of political cadres and was active building a labour movement amongst workers at the jute mills in the Beliaghata-Narkeldanga area of Calcutta.[24] The party was often referred to as the 'Tagorites' or as the 'Ganavani group' (after the name of its publication).[24][25]
RCPI differed with CPI on tactical questions during the
The RCPI fully supported the
In the "Red Front", in October 1942, Saumyendranath Tagore wrote:
The conclusions that we draw from the Quit India movement are the following:
First, the utter bankruptcy of the Congress, the party of the Indian bourgeoisie and its total inability to lead the national movement.
Secondly, the complete overthrow of non-violence as a technique of struggle.
Thirdly, the complete exposure of the National Frontists, the legal Communists, the germ-carriers of anti-revolutionary Stalinism.
Fourthly, the rapid revolutionisation of the masses.
Fifthly, the ripening of the ideological premises for the growth of real leftism as a result of the political development, both national and international.
The national revolution in India has definitely jumped over the hurdles of Gandhism and has scornfully rejected the petty bourgeois Congress Socialism which is at the service of the Indian bourgeoisie.
It has thoroughly exposed the legal communist traitors of the Stalinist and the Royist brand. Only the political line of the Revolutionary Communist Party stands fully vindicated by the development and march of the national revolutionary movement.
In 1945 RCPI raised two key slogans in Assam, 'land to the tiller' (nangal jar mati tar) and 'one third share' (tin bhag), slogans which became very popular amongst landless peasants and agricultural labourers.[26] KBP was able to make some inroads amongst these sectors.[27]
Some Tribal League leaders in Assam, such as Aniram Basumatari and Daben Khaklari, became RCPI members in the mid-1940s.[28] Their presence in the party helped it to make inroads amongst the tribals in Assam.[28]
Independence and Partition
As the departure of British colonial rule came closer, RCPI denounced the negotiated independence as a joint conspiracy between British imperialism and the Indian bourgeoisie.
In 1946 RCPI discussed a possible merger with the
In September 1947 RCPI and BLPI collaborated to build a United Workers Front to challenge the Congress-led trade unions.[30] In December 1947 Tagore was elected president of the All India Bank Employees Association, at its conference held in Lucknow.[31]
Tagore–Dasgupta split
Tagore was jailed in November 1947.[6] Tagore was released from prison in 1948.[6] After his release from jail Tagore argued that armed revolution was premature in India.[6] But a sector of the party, led by Pannalal Dasgupta, insisted on turning the campaign of building panchayats into a general armed insurrection.[6][11]
Dasgupta assembled an All India Party Conference in
After the Birbhum conference Tagore, at a public meeting in
26 February 1949 attacks
On 26 February 1949 the Dasgupta-led RCPI initiated its armed revolt.
After the 1949 revolt, the party cast away its line of insurrectional politics.[6] Whilst RCPI acted from underground, no formal ban was placed on the party.[33]
Assam insurgency
The Assam branch of RCPI sided with Dasgupta in the 1948 split.[32] In the wake of Independence, RCPI and CPI initiated mass peasant unrest in Assam.[37] In the wake of the Dum Dum-Basirhat attacks, the party decided to launch an armed movement for the independence of Assam from India.[32] The party held a conference in Khowang, Dibrugarh, at which is decided to build a 'People's Army' as an armed mass front of the party.[32] RCPI-led uprisings in Assam took place between 1948 and 1952.[38] Khagen Barbarua led the movement in the non-tribal areas in Upper Assam.[15] The party raised the battle cry 'land belongs to the one who wields a plough, the jungle belongs to one who wields an axe', calling for ownership rights for sharecroppers.[38] The Assam government placed a ban on the party, citing the pretext that RCPI organized peasants to cease payments to landlords and supported illegal felling of trees.[38]
In early 1950 RCPI killed Ganga Sarma, a local Indian National Congress leader in Assam, during a meeting.[39] According to the government of Assam, RCPI committed 12 assassinations in the state in 1950.[39] RCPI financed its rebellion in Assam through robberies and extortion.[40] The government responded by cracking down on RCPI in Assam.[39] The government responded by cracking down on RCPI in Assam.[39] As a symbolic protest against the state violence, RCPI cadres tore down the national flag at different places in the state.[39] In the wake of state repression against RCPI, the party lost influence amongst the sharecroppers in Assam.[41]
In the wake of state repression against RCPI, the party lost influence amongst the sharecroppers in Assam.[41] In Assam RCPI and CPI were at loggerheads, especially around the issue of the Soviet Union (RCPI accusing CPI of being controlled by the Soviets, CPI accusing RCPI of being anti-Soviet).[42] RCPI-CPI relations reached its lowest point in 1952.[42]
Work amongst refugees
RCPI had a mass organization, the Bastuhara Kalyan Parishad, which organized relief activities in camps of refugees from East Pakistan.[43] The party also had a separate refugee women's organization, Bangiya Dal Seba Sangathan.[44] RCPI concentrated its work amongst refugees in Nadia district.[43] In 1948–1949 the RCPI and the All India Forward Bloc dominated the Chandmari and Goshala refugee camps in Nadia district.[44] Prabhat Mukherjee and Amalendu Neogi were key RCPI leaders at Chandmari camp.[30] At Goshala the RCPI cadre Arun Banerjee organized refugee youth into revolutionary politics.[30] The party joined the United Central Refugee Council in August 1950.[45] RCPI(Rebel) in UCRC and ULF.[46] In October 1950 RCPI forcefully took control of 175 bighas near Gayeshpur Colony and redistributed the land amongst 350 refugee families.[44]
First General Election
The party boycotted the 1951–1952 elections.[33] In October 1952, the Assam government withdrew the ban on the RCPI.[41]
Union activism
RCPI was active within the United Trade Union Congress, but opposed RSP domination of UTUC.[47]
RCPI in Bihar
RCPI never gained any prominence in
RCPI in Bombay
Desai had sought refugee in Calcutta, as he was on the run after his role in communal violence. The stayed with the RCPI there and when he returned to Bombay he founded a RCPI branch there.[51] Another labour organizer of RCPI in Bombay was K.L. Bajaj, who became a RCPI member after a visit to Calcutta in the early 1950s.[52] He joined CPI(M) in 1964 and later became vice president of the Centre of Indian Trade Unions.[53]
RCPI took part in the
1957 elections
The party fielded 5 candidates in the 1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election.[54]
Khagen Barbarua of RCPI was elected to the
1960 Party Congress
The party held an All India Party Conference in Howrah in 1960.
1962 elections
Ahead of the
In Assam RCPI stayed out of the United Opposition Front set up by the Praja Socialist Party and independents.[60] Khagen Barbarua retained the Amguri seat in the 1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election.[61] RCPI had fielded 16 candidates in the election.[56]
1962 Indo-China war
When Dasgupta returned after his release from jail, the relations with the former RWP cadres deteriorated.
1967 elections
Kumar served as convenor of the
RCPI won 3 seats in the first Howrah Municipal Corporation polls, held in 1967.[67]
Md. Shamsul Huda of RCPI won the
In the Second United Front government
After the 1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election Kumar was named Food and Supplies Minister in the second United Front state government.[6][70][71] The Food Minister had been given to the Communist Party of India (Marxist) in the coalition government, but CPI(M) opted to name Kumar as its choice for the post.[72]
The RCPI won two seats in the
1970s
After the fall of the United Front cabinet, the RCPI joined the CPI(M)-led United Left Front.
In the
In the 1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election RCPI fielded its three incumbent legislators; Mukherjee, Kumar and Mal.[80] All three were defeated, gathering 47038 votes (0.35% of the statewide vote).[80] Whilst RCPI lost its Dhing seat in the 1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election, it managed to score an impressive victory against Dharanidar Chowdhury in Bhabanipur constituency.[81] The Bhabanipur legislator was Ghanakanta Boro.[82]
As of the mid-1970s RCPI published the Bengali weekly Mat-o-Path and the Bengali fortnightly Janasadharan, both issued from Calcutta.[83]
RCPI fielded a single candidate in the
1977 elections
Ahead of the 1977 Indian general election RCPI was one of the six founding parties of the CPI(M)-led West Bengal Left Front.[86][87] The Left Front contested the general election in West Bengal with an electoral understanding with the Janata Party.[86]
But whilst CPI(M) was supportive of the
In the subsequent
Left Front era
After the 1977 election, Kumar was named Minister for Food and Civil Supplies in the first Left Front cabinet.[93][94]
RCPI fielded three candidates in the 1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election; Mukherjee in Santipur, Kumar in Howrah Central and Mal in Hansan. In total the three candidates obtained 106,973 votes (0.48% of the statewide vote).[95] Mukherjee and Mal retained their seats.[95] Kumar lost the Howrah Central seat to Congress(I) candidate Ambica Banerjee.[95] Kumar finished in second place with 29,785 votes (43.34%).[96] After having lost his assembly seat, Kumar lost his post as minister.[97] Bimalananda Mukherjee replaced him as the RCPI representative in the Left Front government.[98][99] However, whilst Kumar had been a cabinet minister Mukherjee was named Minister of State (for Excise).[98][99] In 1984 CPI(M) wanted to nominate Kumar for a Rajya Sabha (Upper House of the Parliament of India) seat, but that proposal met resistance from other Left Front partners.[100] Kumar died in 1984.[101]
In 1985 a by-election was held in the Hansan (SC) constituency, after the death of incumbent legislator Trilochan Mal.[102] RCPI candidate Umakanta Roy won the by-election.[103]
RCPI contested 8 out of 1111 seats in the West Bengal municipal elections of 1986.[104]
RCPI fielded three candidates in the 1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election; Sankar Mondol in Howrah Central, Bimalananda Mukherjee in Santipur and Trilochan Das in Hansan.[105] In total the RCPI candidates obtained 118,985 votes (0.42% of the statewide vote).[105] Mukherjee was the sole RCPI candidate elected.[105]
RCPI contested two seats in the 1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election; Trilochan Das in Hansan and Asim Ghosh in Santipur.[106] Das won the Hansan seat.[106]
In the 1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election RCPI fielded Bimalananda Mukherjee in Santipur and Mihir Bain in Hansan.[107] Both finished in second place in their respective constituencies.[107] The two RCPI candidates obtained 105,366 votes (0.29% of the statewide vote).[107] RCPI failed to regain its presence in the assembly in the 2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election.[108]
In the West Bengal panchayat elections, 2003 RCPI won 3
RCPI did not win any seat in the 2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election.[111]
In the West Bengal panchayat elections, 2008 RCPI won 3
RCPI contested ward 87 in the Kolkata Municipal Corporation election, 2010 with Simki Sengupta as its candidate.[112] Sengupta, an artist, finished in third place with 684 votes (12.38% of the votes cast)[113][114]
In the 2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election RCPI fielded Yar Mullick in Santipur and Kamal Hassan in Hansan. Both candidates were new contestants.[115] The election symbol of the party was determined only a few weeks before the vote.[116] Both candidates finished in second place in their respective constituencies. In total they obtained 107,662 votes (0.23% of the statewide vote).[117]
1978 Assam elections
The left forces made significant headway in the post-Emergency 1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election.[118] RCPI won 4 seats.[119] In total 10 candidates ran on RCPI tickets, obtaining 72,445 votes.[120]
The four RCPI legislators were Md. Shamsul Huda from Dhing, Baneswar Saikia from Batadroba, Khagen Barbarua from Amguri and Budha Baruah from Mahmara.[121] Whilst Md. Shamsul Huda was elected with over 75% of the votes cast in his constituency, Baruah managed to get elected with just 20.9% of the votes cast.[120] All other RCPI candidates forfeited their deposits.[120] In the assembly RCPI formed a Left Bloc aligned with CPI(M), CPI, SUCI and CPI(ML).[122]
RCPI and CPI(M) supported the formation of a Janata Party cabinet with Golap Borbora as Chief Minister.[123]
When the
RCPI in Assam after the Assam agitation
As of 1981 RCPI was part of the Left Democratic Alliance (along with CPI(M), CPI and SUCI).[125] In April 1984 RCPI joined a convention of opposition parties (along with CPI, Congress (S) and the Janata Party), a move which side-lined the CPI(M). The April 1984 opposition convention used a language largely supportive of the Assam agitation.[126]
RCPI fielded a single candidate in the
RCPI fielded two candidates in the
RCPI fielded a single candidate in the
RCPI joined the Nationalist Congress Party-led Regional Democratic Alliance ahead of the 2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election.[118]
RCPI fielded a single candidate in the
RCPI fielded a single candidate in the
Later period
In the Kolkata Municipal Corporation, 2015 RCPI again contested ward 87 with Tarun Basu as its candidate.[133][134]
Leadership
Paramesh Das was the Assam state secretary of RCPI.[135] Subhas Roy is the West Bengal State Secretary of the party.[136]
Biren Deka is the Secretary of the Central Committee of the party.[136]
On the 28th day of October 2018, an Organising State Committee was formed in Kerala, under the secretaryship of Dipin Thekkepuram.[137]
2016 elections
As per the second list of Left Front candidates for the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, released in March 2016, RCPI fielded Sanjoy Basu, a Calcutta High Court lawyer, in the Santipur seat and Kamal Hassan in the Hansan seat.[138][139] After a period of vacillation RCPI endorsed the Left Front-Congress electoral understanding ahead of the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, although the agreement would mean no seats for RCPI to contest.[140] Hassan's candidature was unofficially withdrawn in favour of the Indian National Congress after the prescribed date for withdrawal of nominations.[141][142] Kamal Hassan obtained 751 votes (0.4%).[142] Basu's nomination had been withdrawn prior to the prescribed date.[142]
RCPI joined the six-party United Left ahead of the 2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election.[143] RCPI contested the Dhing and Mahmara seats[144][145] RCPI candidate Jamanur Rahman in Dhing obtained 737 votes (0.43%) and Nityananda Gogoi in Mahmara obtained 448 votes (0.43%).[146] The party has since joined the 11-party Left-Democratic Manch, Assam.[147] As of 2016 LDMA demanded that 24 March 1971, be chosen as the base year for deportation of foreigners from Assam.[148]
Mass Organisations
- Students' Wings:
- Assam Provincial Students' Federation (APSF) (till 1949)
- Progressive Students' Federation of India (PSFI)
- Youth Wing: Progressive Youth Federation of India (PYFI)
- Peasants' Wing: Krishak Panchayat
- Women's Wing: Xodou Axom Pragati Nari Sangha (সদৌ অসম প্ৰগতি নাৰী সংঘ)
Leaders
- Saumyendranath Tagore
- [Haren Kalita]
- Bishnu Prasad Rabha
- Khagen Barbarua
- Baneswar Saikia
- Biren Deka
- Harakanta Das
- Mihir Bain
- Tarunsen Deka
- Mohan Hazarika
- Sudhindranath Kumar
- [ Sabitri Chetia]
- [Mohanlal Mukherjee ]
- Bimalananda Mukherjee
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- ^ a b Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 2004 TO THE 14th LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS)
- ^ a b Election Commission of India. 25 – CONSTITUENCY WISE DETAILED RESULTS
- ^ Kolkata24x7. পুরভোটে বরো আট: মোদী ম্যাজিক সরাতে মমতার কার্ড
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- ^ a b "Contact Us". www.rcpicommunist.in. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
- ^ "Organising Committee of the RCPI formed in Kerala". www.rcpi-communist.in. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
- ^ The Telegraph. Cadres spoil Buddha lunch
- ^ Ganashakti. "আরো ৮৫ আসনে প্রার্থী ঘোষণা বামফ্রন্টের"
- ^ Anandabazaar Patrika. "কংগ্রেসের পাশে আরসিপিআই-ও"
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- ^ a b c Election Commission of India. Detailed Report
- ^ First Post. Assam election: Defeating 'corrupt' Congress, 'communal' BJP essential, says CPM
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- ^ The Telegraph. Muslim migrants the problem: BJP
External links
- Tagore, Soumyendranath (1901–1974)
- Trotskyism in India by Robert Alexander
- Writings of Saumyendranath Tagore