Revolutionary movement for Indian independence
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The Revolutionary movement for Indian Independence was part of the Indian independence movement comprising the actions of violent underground revolutionary factions. Groups believing in armed revolution against the ruling British fall into this category, as opposed to the generally peaceful civil disobedience movement spearheaded by Mahatma Gandhi.
The revolutionary groups were mainly concentrated in Bengal, Bombay, Bihar, the United Provinces and Punjab. More groups were scattered across India.
Beginnings
Apart from a few stray incidents, the armed rebellion against the British rulers was not organised before the beginning of the 20th century. The revolutionary philosophies and movement made their presence felt during the 1905
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, changed the political discourse of the Indian independence movement.
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Aurobindo Ghosh was one of the founding members of Jugantar, as well as being involved with nationalist politics in the Indian National Congress and the nascent revolutionary movement in Bengal with the Anushilan Samiti.
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Barindra Kumar Ghosh, was one of the founding members of Jugantar and the younger brother of Sri Aurobindo.
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Indo-German Conspiracy.
Andaman Island
Communist Consolidation
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Communist Consolidation was an organization formed in Cellular Jail and was founded by Hare Krishna Konar with other 39 intimate in the jail this organization was formed after the freedom fighters started studying about Communism, Socialism and Marxism and in 1937 the political prisoners and the members of the Communist Consolidation of Cellular Jail started feeling that the atmosphere for a World War II and they though before the war starts they should get back to mainland country to be with their people and take an active part in the upheaval that was imminent, so the prisoners started hunger strike against the British government and this hunger strike was led by the founder of Communist Consolidation Hare Krishna Konar, some notable strikers were Batukeshwar Dutt (associated with Bhagat Singh), Sachindra Nath Sanyal(founder of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association), Ganesh Ghosh(member of Chittagong armoury raid) and many others.
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Hare Krishna Konar, was the member of Jugantar party and the founder of Communist Consolidation in Cellular Jail, later founding member of Communist Party of India (Marxist).
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Batukeshwar Dutt, was the member of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association and member of Communist Consolidation.
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Shiv Verma, he was associated with Bhagat Singh and member of Communist Consolidation in Cellular Jail.
Andhra Pradesh
Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy (died 22 February 1847) was the son of a former Indian Telugu polygar who was at the heart of a rebellion in 1846, when 5000 peasants rose up against the British East India Company (EIC) in Kurnool district, Rayalaseema Region of Andhra Pradesh. They were protesting changes to the traditional agrarian system the British introduced in the first half of the nineteenth century. Those changes, which included the introduction of the ryotwari system and other attempts to maximize revenue, impacted lower-status cultivators by depleting their crops and leaving them impoverished.
Bengal
Anushilan Samiti
The Greatest Influential
- Dhaka district (now in Bangladesh)
- Shaheed Jatin Das
- Shaheed Benoy Basu
- Shaheed Badal Gupta
- Shaheed Dinesh Gupta
- Shaheed
- Midnapore district (now in West Bengal)
- Shaheed Khudiram Bose
- Shaheed Matangini Hazra
- Chittagong district (now in Bangladesh)
- Shaheed Surya Sen
- Shaheed Pritilata Waddedar
- Nadia district (now in Kushtia district of Bangladesh)
- Shaheed Baghajatin Mukherjee
- Shaheed
- Bogra district (now in Bangladesh)
- Shaheed Prafulla Chaki
Established by
Jugantar
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Khudiram Bose was one of the youngest Indian revolutionaries tried and executed by the British.
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Prafulla Chaki, was associated with the Jugantar. He carried out assassinations against British colonial officials in an attempt to secure Indian independence.
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Jugantar Party, which was the central association of revolutionary Indian freedom fighters in Bengal.
Some senior members of the group were sent abroad for political and military training. One of them,
Bagha Jatin was one of the top leaders in Jugantar. He was arrested, along with several other leaders, in connection with the Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case. They were tried for treason, the charge being that they had incited various regiments of the army against the ruler.[4]
Jugantar, along with other revolutionary groups, aided by Indians abroad, planned an armed revolt against the British rulers during the First World War. This plan largely depended on the clandestine landing of German arms and ammunitions on the Indian coast.[5][6] This plan came to be known as the Indo-German Plot. However, the planned revolt did not materialise.
After the First World War, Jugantar supported Gandhi in the
Benoy Basu, Badal Gupta and Dinesh Gupta, who are noted for launching an attack on the Secretariat Building – the Writers' Building in the Dalhousie Square in Kolkata, were Jugantar members.
Uttar Pradesh
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
The Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) was established in October 1924 in
In Lahore on 17 December 1928, Bhagat Singh, Azad and Rajguru assassinated Saunders, a police official involved in deadly lathi-charge on Lala Lajpat Rai. Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb inside the Central Legislative Assembly. The Assembly Bomb Case trial followed. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar and Shivaram Rajguru were hanged on 23 March 1931.
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River Ravi.
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Rajendra Lahiri was the mastermind behind Kakori conspiracy and Dakshineshwar bombing.
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Pandit Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan and Rajendra Lahiri.
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Ram Prasad Bismil Udyan (Park) in Greater Noida, was dedicated to Ram Prasad Bismil, who participated in Manipuri conspiracy of 1918, and the Kakori conspiracy of 1925, and struggled against British colonial rule.
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Chandra Shekhar Azad reorganised the Hindustan Republican Association under its new name of Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA) after the death of its founder, Ram Prasad Bismil.
Maharashtra
The Abhinav Bharat Society (Young India Society) was a secret society founded by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and his brother Ganesh Damodar Savarkar
in 1904.
Savarkar's revolutionary propaganda led to the assassination of Lt. Col.
The investigation into the Jackson assassination revealed the existence of the Abhinav Bharat Society and the role of the Savarkar brothers in leading it. Vinayak Savarkar was found to have dispatched twenty Browning pistols to India, one of which was used in the Jackson assassination. He was charged in the Jackson murder and sentenced to "transportation" for life. Savarkar was imprisoned in the Cellular Jail in the Andaman Islands in 1910.[12]
Kotwal Dasta
Veer Bhai Kotwal alias Veer Bhai Kotwal during Quit India Movement formed group of underground mercenaries called "Kotwal Dasta", a parallel government in the Karjat taluka of Thane district. They were about 50 in numbers including farmers and voluntary school teachers. They decided to cut down the electric pylons supplying electricity to Mumbai city. From September 1942 through November 1942 they felled 11 pylons, paralyzing the industries and railways.
South India
The uprising against the British was evidenced at Halagali (Mudhol taluk of Bagalkot district). The prince of Mudhol, Ghorpade, had accepted British overlordship. But the Bedas (hunters), a martial community, were seething with dissatisfaction under the new dispensation. The British proclaimed the Disarming Act of 1857 whereby men possessing firearms had to register them and secure a license before 10 November 1857. Babaji Nimbalkar, a soldier thrown out of job from Satara Court, had advised these people not to lose their hereditary right to own arms.
One of the leaders of the Bedas, Jadgia, was invited by the administrator at Mudhol and was persuaded to secure a license on 11 November, though Jadgia had not asked for it. The administrator's expectation that others would follow Jadgia was belied. So he sent his agents to Halagali on 15 and 20 November and again on 21. But the entreaties of the agents did not succeed, and the agents sent on 21 November were attacked by Jadgia and Baalya, another leader, and they were forced to return. Another agent sent on 25 November was not allowed to enter the village.
Meanwhile, the Bedas and other armed men from the neighbouring villages of Mantur, Boodni, and Alagundi assembled at Halagali. The administrator reported the matter to Major Malcolm, the Commander at the nearby army headquarters, who sent Col. Seton Karr to Halagali on 29 November.
The insurgents, numbering 500, did not allow the British to enter Halagali. There was a fight during the night. On 30 November, Major Malcolm came with 29th Regiment from Bagalkot. They set fire to the village and many insurgents died, including Babaji Nimbalkar. The British, who had a bigger army and better arms, arrested 290 insurgents; and of those 29 were tried and 11 were hanged at Mudhol on 11 December, and six others, including Jadagia and Baalya, were hanged at Halagali on 14 December 1857. No prince or jagirdar was involved in this uprising, but it was the common soldiers.
Violent revolutionary activities never took firm root in South India. The only violent act attributed to the revolutionaries was the assassination of the Collector of Tirunelveli (Tinnevelly). On 17 June 1911, the Collector of Tirunelveli, Robert Ashe, was killed by Vanchinathan, who subsequently committed suicide, which was the only instance of political assassination by a revolutionary in South India.
I dedicate my life as a small contribution to my motherland. I am alone responsible for this.
The
Sanatana Dharma of the Hindus and destroy them. Every Indian is trying to drive out the English and get swarajyam and restore Sanatana Dharma. Our Raman, Sivaji, Krishnan, Guru Govindan, Arjuna ruled our land protecting all dharmas, but in this land, they are making arrangements to crown George V, a mlecha, and one who eats the flesh of cows.
Three thousand Madrasees have taken a vow to kill George V as soon as he lands in our country. In order to make others know our intention, I who am the least in the company, have done this deed this day. This is what everyone in Hindustan should consider it as his duty.
I will kill Ashe, whose arrival here is to celebrate the crowning of cow-eater King George V in this glorious land which was once ruled by great Samrats. This I do to make them understand the fate of those who cherish the thought of enslaving this sacred land. I, as the least of them, wish to warn George by killing Ashe.
Vande Mataram. Vande Mataram. Vande Mataram
Outside India
India House
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Shyamji Krishna Varma, who founded the Indian Home Rule Society, India House and The Indian Sociologist in London.
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V. V. S. Aiyar subscribed to militant resistance against the British.
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Pandurang Mahadev Bapat, acquired the title of Senapati, meaning commander, as a consequence of his leadership during the Mulshi Satyagraha.[16]
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Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, during the Indian independence movement, who formulated the Hindutva philosophy and prominent member of the Hindu Mahasabha.
The India House was an informal Indian nationalist organization that existed in London between 1905 and 1910. Initially begun by Shyamji Krishna Varma as a residence in Highgate, North London, for Indian students to promote nationalist views and work, the house became a centre for intellectual political activities, and rapidly developed into a meeting ground for radical nationalists among Indian students in Britain at the time, and of the most prominent centers for revolutionary Indian nationalism outside India. The Indian Sociologist, published by the house, was a noted platform for anti-colonial work and was banned in India as "seditious literature".
The
Gadar Party
Gadar party was a predominantly
Berlin Committee
The "Berlin committee for Indian independence" was established in 1915 by Virendra Nath Chattopadhya, including Bhupendra Nath Dutt & Lala Hardayal under "Zimmerman plan" with the full backing of German foreign office.
Their goal was mainly to achieve the following four objectives:
- Mobilize Indian revolutionaries abroad.
- Incite rebellion among Indian troops stationed. abroad.
- Send volunteers and arms to India.
- Even to Organized an armed invasion of British India to gain India's independence.
Chronology
Pre World War I
Alipore bomb conspiracy case and Action and Arms finding
Several leaders of the Jugantar party including Hare Krishna Konar were arrested for connection with Jugantar party in 1932 and depoted to Cellular Jail for 6 years and there he founded Communist Consolidation one of the revolutionary group of India Independence.[18] Several others were also depoted to the Andaman Cellular Jail for doing Indian independence movement.
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The trial room, Alipore Sessions Court, Calcutta, depiction from 1997.
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Muraripukur garden house, in the Manicktolla suburbs of Calcutta. This served as the headquarters of Barindra Kumar Ghosh and his associates.
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A wing of the Cellular Jail, Port Blair; showing the central tower where many revolutionaries for Indian independence were held imprisoned.
Howrah gang case
Most of the eminent
Delhi-Lahore conspiracy case
The Delhi Conspiracy case, also known as the Delhi–Lahore Conspiracy, hatched in 1912, planned to assassinate the then
In the aftermath of the event, efforts were made to destroy the Bengali and Punjabi revolutionary underground, which came under intense pressure for sometime. Rash Behari successfully evaded capture for nearly three years, becoming actively involved in the
The investigations in the aftermath of the assassination attempt led to the Delhi Conspiracy Trial. Although Basanta Kumar Biswas was convicted of having thrown the bomb and executed, along with Amir Chand and Avadh Behari for their roles in the conspiracy, the true identity of the person who threw the bomb is not known to this day.
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Rash Behari Bose, was one of the key organisers of the Ghadar Mutiny and later the Indian National Army.
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Delhi–Lahore Conspiracy.
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United Provinces.
World War I
Indo-German Joint Movement
The Indo-German movement, also referred to as the Hindu–German Conspiracy or the Ghadar movement (or Ghadr conspiracy), was formulated during World War I between
World War I began with an unprecedented outpouring of loyalty and goodwill towards the United Kingdom from within the mainstream political leadership, contrary to initial British fears of an Indian revolt. India contributed massively to the British war effort by providing men and resources. About 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, while both the Indian government and the princes sent large supplies of food, money, and ammunition. However,
The Indo-Irish-German alliance and the conspiracy were the target of a worldwide intelligence effort by the British intelligence agencies which was ultimately successful in preventing further attempts and plans, and in the aftermath of the Annie Larsen affair, successfully directed the American intelligence agencies to arrest key figures at the time she entered World War I in 1917. The conspiracy led to the Lahore conspiracy case in India and the Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial in the USA, of which the latter at the time was one of the longest and most expensive trials in that country.[19] Largely subdued and suppressed by the end of the war, the movement posed a significant threat to British India during World War I and its aftermath, and was a major factor guiding
Tehrek e Reshmi Rumal
During the war, the Pan-Islamist movement also attempted to overthrow the Raj, and came to form a close liaison with the Indo-German Conspiracy. Out of the
Between the wars
Chittagong armoury raid
Surya Sen led Indian revolutionaries to raid the armoury of police and auxiliary forces and to cut all communication lines in Chittagong on 18 April 1930. After successfully completing the raid, revolutionaries establish Provincial National Government of India, after this in deadly clash with Government troops in Jalalabad Hill, revolutionaries scattered themselves in small groups. and Some revolutionaries were soon killed or arrested in a gun-fight with the police. Scores of Government officials, policeman were also killed. Pritilata Waddedar led the attack on European club in Chittagong in 1932. Surya Sen was arrested in 1933 and was hanged on 12 January 1934.
Central Assembly Bomb Case (1929)
On 27 February 1931, Chandrasekar Azad died in a shootout when cornered by the police.
It is unclear of the eventual fate of the Association, but the common understanding is that it disbanded with the death of Chandrashekar Azad and the hanging of its popular activists: Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru.
Dalhousie Square Bomb Case
A bomb was thrown on the Calcutta Police Commissioner, Charles Tegart on 25 August 1930.
Kakori train robbery
World War II and aftermath
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MajorMohan Singh, leader of the First Indian National Army. Circa April 1942.
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Sikh soldiers of the Indian Legion guarding the Atlantic Wall in France in March 1944.
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Women's Regiment of the Indian National Army.
The scenario changed with the years. The British were thinking to quit India and religious politics came into play. The basic political background of revolutionary ideas seemed to evolve in a new direction. The organised revolutionary movements can be said to have nearly ceased by 1936, apart from some stray sparks, like the killing of Sir
During the Quit India Movement of 1942, several other activities took place in different parts of India. However, those were discrete occurrences and hardly any large scale planned terrorism took place that could shake the British administration. Meanwhile, Subhas Chandra Bose was heading the Indian National Army outside India and was working with the Japanese Empire to move the army towards India. In 1945, Bose died in a plane crash; the INA surrendered soon after.
India gained independence on 15 August 1947.
Many revolutionaries participated in mainstream politics and joined political parties like the Congress and, especially, the communist parties and took part in the parliamentary democracy that came into being. On the other hand, many ex-revolutionaries, having being released from captivity, led the lives of common men.
Notable revolutionaries
Name | Birth | Death | Activity |
---|---|---|---|
Vasudev Balwant Phadke | 4 November 1845 | 17 February 1883 | Deccan Rebellion |
Hemchandra Kanungo | 12 June 1871 | 8 April 1951 | Alipore bomb case
|
Ubaidullah Sindhi | 10 March 1872 | 21 August 1944 | Silk Letter Conspiracy
|
Sri Aurobindo Ghosh | 15 August 1872 | 5 December 1950 | Alipore Bomb Case
|
Thakur Kesari Singh Barhath | 21 November 1872 | 14 August 1941 |
Kota Murder Case. Founder of Revolutionary organizations in Rajputana ('Veer Bharat Sabha', 'Rajasthan Seva Sangh' and 'Rajputana-Madhya Bharat Sabha') |
Bagha Jatin | 7 December 1879 | 10 September 1915 | The Howrah-Sibpur conspiracy case, Hindu–German Conspiracy |
Barindra Kumar Ghosh | 5 January 1880 | 18 April 1959 | Alipore bomb case
|
Bhavabhushan Mitra | 1881 | 27 January 1970 | Ghadar Mutiny |
Satyendranath Bosu | 30 July 1882 | 21 November 1908 | Assassination of British approver |
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar | 28 May 1883 | 26 February 1966 | Abhinav Bharat |
Madan Lal Dhingra | 18 February 1883 | 17 August 1909 | Curzon Wyllie's assassination |
Thakur Zorawar Singh Barhath | 12 September 1883 | 17 October 1939 | assassination attempt on the Viceroy of India, Lord Hardinge in 1912 (Delhi Conspiracy Case), Arrah Conspiracy Case |
Ullaskar Dutta | 16 April 1885 | 17 May 1965 | Alipore bomb case
|
Vanchinathan | 1886 | 17 June 1911 | Shot dead Robert Ashe , the Tax Collector of Thirunelveli
|
Rash Behari Bose | 25 May 1886 | 21 January 1945 | Indian National Army |
Krishnaji Gopal Karve | 1887 | 19 April 1910 | Shooting of British Officer Jackson |
Prafulla Chaki | 10 December 1888 | 2 May 1908 | The Muzaffarpur killing |
Kanailal Dutta | 31 August 1888 | 10 November 1908 | Assassination of British approver |
Khudiram Bose | 3 December 1889 | 11 August 1908 | The Muzaffarpur killing |
Anant Laxman Kanhere | 7 January 1892 | 19 April 1910 | Shooting of British Officer Jackson |
Roshan Singh | 22 January 1892 | 19 December 1927 | Kakori Conspiracy, Bamrauli Action |
Ambika Chakrabarty | January 1892 | 6 March 1962 | Chittagong armoury raid |
Kunwar Pratap Singh Barhath | 25 May 1893 | 7 May 1918 | assisted Zorawar Singh in Delhi Conspiracy to assassinate Lord Hardinge, Benaras Conspiracy (part of the larger Ghadar Movement) |
Surya Sen (Masterda) | 22 March 1894 | 12 January 1934 | Chittagong Armoury Raid |
Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee | 1895 | 2 April 1960 | Kakori Conspiracy |
Ram Prasad Bismil | 11 June 1897 | 19 December 1927 | Kakori Conspiracy |
Alluri Sitarama Raju | 1897 | 7 May 1924 | Rampa Rebellion of 1922 |
Udham Singh | 26 December 1899 | 31 July 1940 | Shooting in Caxton Hall |
Ashfaqulla Khan | 22 October 1900 | 19 December 1927 | Kakori Conspiracy |
Rajendra Lahiri | 29 June 1901 | 17 December 1927 | Kakori Conspiracy |
Bhagwati Charan Vohra | 15 November 1903 | 28 May 1930 | Philosophy of Bomb |
Ananta Singh | 1 December 1903 | 25 January 1979 | Chittagong armoury raid |
Jatindra Nath Das | 27 October 1904 | 13 September 1929 | Hunger strike and Lahore conspiracy case |
Sachindra Bakshi | 25 December 1904 | 23 November 1984 | Kakori Conspiracy |
Kushal Konwar | 21 March 1905 | 15 June 1943 | Train sabotage Sarupathar |
Chandra Shekhar Azad | 23 July 1906 | 27 February 1931 | Kakori Conspiracy |
Sukhdev Thapar | 15 May 1907 | 23 March 1931 | Central Assembly Bomb Case 1929 |
Bhagat Singh | 28 September 1907 | 23 March 1931 | Central Assembly Bomb Case 1929 |
Durgawati Devi (Durga Bhabi) | 7 October 1907 | 15 October 1999 | Running the bomb factory 'Himalayan Toilets' |
Baikuntha Shukla | 1907 | 14 May 1934 | Assassination of Phanindra Nath Ghosh, a government Approver |
Manmath Nath Gupta | 7 February 1908 | 26 October 2000 | Kakori Conspiracy |
Shivaram Hari Rajguru | 24 August 1908 | 23 March 1931 | Murder of a British police officer, J. P. Saunders |
Benoy Basu | 11 September 1908 | 13 December 1930 | Attack at Writers Building |
Basawon Singh (Sinha) |
23 March 1909 | 7 April 1989 | Lahore conspiracy case |
Batukeshwar Dutt | 18 November 1910 | 20 July 1965 | Central Assembly Bomb Case 1929 |
Pritilata Waddedar | 5 May 1911 | 24 September 1932 | Pahartali European Club attack |
Bina Das | 24 August 1911 | 26 December 1986 | Attempted to Assassinate the Bengal Governor Stanley Jackson |
Dinesh Gupta | 6 December 1911 | 7 July 1931 | Attack at Writers Building |
Badal Gupta | 1912 | 8 December 1930 | Attack at Writers Building |
Veer Bhai Kotwal | 1 December 1912 | 2 January 1943 | Kotwal Dasta, Quit India Movement |
Hare Krishna Konar | 5
August 1915 |
23
July 1974 |
Founder of Communist Consolidation in Cellular Jail in 1935 |
Hemu Kalani | 23 March 1923 | 21 January 1943 | Sabotage of Railway Track |
Rani Lakshmi Bai |
19 November 1828 | 18 June 1858 | For her Kingdom Jhansi Killing and insulting British official |
See also
References
- ^ Shah, Mohammad. "Jugantar Party". Banglapedia. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
- JSTOR 3517678. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ^ Misra, Chitta Ranjan; Shah, Mohammad. "Anushilan Samiti". Banglapedia. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
- ^ The major charge... during the trial (1910–1911) was "conspiracy to wage war against the King-Emperor" and "tampering with the loyalty of the Indian soldiers" (mainly with the 10th Jats Regiment) (cf: Sedition Committee Report, 1918)
- ^ Rowlatt Report (§109–110)
- ^ First Spark of Revolution by A.C. Guha, pp. 424–434.
- ^ "Gateway of India article". Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2006.
- ISBN 9780857864475.
- ^ Jayapalan 2001, p. 21; Bapu 2013, p. 96
- ^ Jaffrelot 1996, p. 26
- ^ Teltumbde 2005, p. 212
- ^ a b Bapu 2013, p. 96.
- ^ "Nasik Conspiracy Case – 1910". Bombay High Court. Archived from the original on 9 April 2009. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
- ISBN 978-81-7871-117-1.
- ISBN 978-0-7146-4580-3. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
- ISBN 9780520024076.
- ^ Study of Sikhism and Punjabi migration by Bruce La Brack, University of bcbPacifica, Stockton, California
- ^ Heehs 2008, p. 133
- ^ a b Plowman 2003, p. 84
- ^ Hoover 1985, p. 252
- ^ Brown 1948, p. 300
- ^ Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918–1924. (Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia). M. Naeem Qureshi. pp. 79, 80, 81, 82.
- ^ Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843–1947. Sarah F. D. Ansari, p. 82
Sources
- Bapu, Prabhu (2013), Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915-1930: Constructing Nation and History, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-67165-1
- Brown, Giles (August 1948). "The Hindu Conspiracy, 1914–1917". The Pacific Historical Review. 17 (3): 299–310. JSTOR 3634258.
- ISBN 978-0-231-14098-0.
- Hoover, Karl (May 1985). "The Hindu Conspiracy in California, 1913–1918". German Studies Review. 8 (2): 245–261. JSTOR 1428642.
- Jayapalan, N (2001), History of India (from National Movement To Present Day), vol. IV, New Delhi, India: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 81-7156-928-5
- Jaffrelot, Christofer (1996), The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, ISBN 1-85065-301-1
- Plowman, Matthew (Autumn 2003). "Irish Republicans and the Indo-German Conspiracy of World War I". New Hibernia Review. 7 (3): 81–105. S2CID 144632198.
- Teltumbde, Anand (2005), "Hindutva Agenda and Dalits", in ISBN 0761933387
Further reading
- Amstutz, Andrew (27 May 2019). "Review essay: Alternative histories of revolutionaries in modern South Asia: context, chronology, and archives". India Review. 18 (3): 324–342. S2CID 199354334.
- Chaudhuri, Nirad (1953). "Subhas Chandra Bose-His Legacy and Legend". Pacific Affairs. 26 (4): 349–57. JSTOR 2752872.
- Ghosh, Durba (2017). Gentlemanly Terrorists: Political Violence and the Colonial State in India, 1919-1947. Cambridge University Press.
- Maclean, Kama (2015). A Revolutionary History of Interwar India: Violence, Image, Voice and Text. Oxford University Press.