Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)
Revolutions and interventions in Hungary | |||||||
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Part of the aftermath of World War I and the Revolutions of 1917–1923 | |||||||
Heltai's sailors, supporters of the Hungarian revolution | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Hungarian Republic Hungarian SR Slovak SR |
Czechoslovakia Romania Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes Republic of Prekmurje Hutsul Republic Kingdom of Hungary France | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Mihály Károlyi Béla Kun Antonín Janoušek | |||||||
Strength | |||||||
Hungary: 10,000–80,000 |
Czechoslovakia: 20,000 Romania: 10,000–96,000 | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
Hungary: unknown |
Czechoslovakia: 1,000[citation needed] Romania: 11,666[citation needed] |
There was a period of revolutions and interventions in Hungary between 1918 and 1920. The
Background
With the volatile and politically unstable atmosphere of Central Europe in the interwar years, the establishment of independent governments of the former
Military conflicts
During the war, the Hungarian communists fought separate battles against troops from Czechoslovakia and Romania, and France was also highly involved[4] diplomatically in the conflicts. By the war's final stage, more than 120,000 troops on both sides were involved.
Appealing to Hungarians with promises of regaining the land lost to neighboring countries within a week of his rise to power, Kun declared war upon Czechoslovakia as Hungarian forces invaded Upper Hungary on May 20, capturing southern territories within weeks. In the face of advancing Hungarian troops, the Allies began to put pressure on the Hungarian government, and within three weeks with Kun's assurances of Russian support failing to materialise, Hungary was forced to withdraw from the just-proclaimed Slovak Soviet Republic after Kun had been given an ultimatum by France, together with a guarantee that Romanian forces would retreat from Tiszántúl.
The Romanians disregarded the guarantees of the French leadership and remained on the eastern banks of the
The Romanian troops withdrew from Hungary in March 1920 after they had seized large amounts of goods from Hungary, which they regarded as war reparations.[5][6][7]
Prekmurje and Yugoslav Clashes against Hungary
See also 1918 occupation of Međimurje and Creation of Yugoslavia
Shortly after Kingdom of Serbia had been liberated, the new Banat Republic was proclaimed on 1st of November, but because it could achieve control over most of the territory that it claimed, and the Belgrade Agreement of 15 November 1918 and the previous Allied mandates to Serbia had it for a takover, the Serbian Army entered the western and central parts of Banat (including Temeschwar) and abolished the republic. The Romanian Army entered the eastern part of the region. Bačka and Baranja were also handed over to provisional local Serbian administration that governed from Novi Sad.
Meanwhile a
On 29 May, the new Republic of Prekmurje was proclaimed, which was invaded and occupied by the Hungarian Soviet Republic one week after its independence. On 1 August, the Hungarian Soviet Republic was overthrown by Romanian forces, and soon, the Yugoslav Army marched into Prekmurje and ended the communist rule there.
The
Aftermath
After the Hungarian–Romanian War, the country was totally defeated.
In the name of what they considered to be war reparations, the Romanian government requested the delivery of 50% of the country's rolling stock, 30% of its livestock and 20,000 carloads of fodder and even assessed payment for their expenditures.
By early 1920, it had seized much from Hungary, including food, trucks, locomotives and railroad cars, factory equipment andeven the telephones and typewriters from government offices;[8] the Hungarians regarded the Romanian seizures as looting.[8] The Romanian occupation lasted for nearly six months.[9]
After the Romanian occupation, Miklós Horthy's "White Terror" was carried out in response to the previous "Red Terror". The Hungarians had to cede all war materials except weapons that were necessary for the troops under Horthy's command.
See also
References
- ^ a b David Parker, Revolutions and the revolutionary tradition in the West, 1560-1991, Routledge, 2000, p. 170.
- ^ Priscilla Mary Roberts, World War I: A Student Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, 2005, p. 1824
- ^ Miklós Lojkó, Meddling in Middle Europe: Britain and the 'Lands Between, 1919-1925, Central European University Press, 2006, p. 13
- ISBN 0472108069.
- ISBN 9781419145315.
- ISBN 9781438131320.
- ISBN 9780847698097.
- ^ a b Cecil D. Eby, Hungary at war: civilians and soldiers in World War II, Penn State University Press, 2007, p. 4
- Infobase Publishing, 2010, p. 84