Revolutions of 1830
The Revolutions of 1830 were a
Romantic revolutions
The
In France
In France, the July Revolution led to the overthrow of the
The French July Monarchy would last until the revolution of 1848.
In Belgium
The Belgian Revolution broke out on 25 August 1830. The short-term influence was the outbreak of the French July Revolution one month earlier: Belgium had been attached to the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815, and a Belgian Patriot movement had emerged, campaigning for a written constitution that would limit the powers of the Dutch absolute monarchy and enshrine fundamental civil rights; the French July Revolution appeared to them to be an equivalent struggle to their own. Within this context, the staging of a nationalistic opera (La muette de Portici) in Brussels led to a minor insurrection among the capital's bourgeoisie, who sang patriotic songs and captured some public buildings in the city. This early revolutionary group was swelled by a large number of urban workers. The following day, the revolutionaries began flying their own flag, clearly influenced by that of the Brabant Revolution of 1789.[1] To maintain order, several bourgeois militia groups were formed. The situation in Brussels led to widespread unrest across the country. King William I rejected his son's advice to negotiate with the rebels, forcing them towards a more radical, pro-independence stance, and sent a large military force to Brussels to suppress the insurrection.[1]
Between 23 and 28 September 1830, heavy fighting took place between Dutch forces and Brussels revolutionaries, who were reinforced by small contingents from across the country. The Dutch were eventually forced to retreat.
Other revolutions and uprisings
In Italy
By 1830, revolutionary sentiment in favour of a unified Italy began to experience a resurgence, and a series of insurrections laid the groundwork for the creation of one nation along the Italian peninsula.
The
The new French king Louis-Philippe had promised revolutionaries such as Ciro Menotti that he would intervene if Austria tried to interfere in Italy with troops. Fearing he would lose his throne, Louis-Philippe did not, however, intervene in Menotti's planned uprising. The Duke of Modena abandoned his Carbonari supporters, arrested Menotti and other conspirators in 1831, and once again conquered his duchy with help from the Austrian troops. Menotti was hanged, and the idea of a revolution centered in Modena faded.
At the same time, other insurrections arose in the
The rebellious provinces planned to unite as the Italian United Provinces which prompted Pope Gregory XVI to ask for Austrian and French help against the rebels. Prince Metternich warned Louis-Philippe that Austria had no intention of letting Italian matters be, and that French intervention would not be tolerated. Louis-Philippe sent a naval expedition to occupy Ancona (until 1838) and arrested Italian patriots living in France.
In the spring of 1831, the Austrian army began its march across the Italian peninsula, slowly crushing resistance in each province that had revolted. This military action suppressed much of the fledgling revolutionary movement, and resulted in the arrest of many radical leaders.[3]
In Poland
Simultaneously in Congress Poland, the unsuccessful November Uprising against Nicolas I of the Russia occurred. The uprising began on 29 November 1830 in Warsaw when the young Polish officers from the local Army of Congress Poland's military academy revolted, led by lieutenant Piotr Wysocki. They were soon joined by large segments of Polish society, and the insurrection spread to the territories of Lithuania, western Belarus, and the right-bank of Ukraine, all of which had been part of pre-partition Poland.
Despite some local successes, the uprising was eventually crushed by a numerically superior Imperial Russian Army under Ivan Paskevich.[4][5][6] Tsar Nicholas I decreed that henceforth Poland was an integral part of Russia, with Warsaw little more than a military garrison, and its university was closed.[7]
In Brazil and Portugal
The outbreak of the revolutions in Europe provided the opportunity for Brazilian liberals to expel Emperor Pedro I from the country, where he had played an authoritarian role since the struggle for independence. Given his commitment to Portuguese liberals, he took their side in the Portuguese Civil War.[citation needed]
In Switzerland
In Switzerland, the rural population was poor and uneducated while politically and economically under the control of the nearby cities. During the French-controlled
Following the French July Revolution in 1830, a number of large assemblies were held calling for new cantonal constitutions. As each canton had its own constitution, the assemblies in each canton addressed different specifics, but they all had two main issues. First, they called for peacefully adjusting the constitutions by adjusting the way seats in local legislatures and the Tagsatzung were allocated. In particular they objected to what they saw as the over-representation of the cantonal capital in the government.[9] Secondly, they sought a way to amend the constitution. Very few cantons even had a way to amend or modify the constitutions, and none of them allowed citizens' initiatives to be added.
The first assembly was held near
The speeches and articles reporting on the assemblies were widely distributed and became very popular. The crowds were generally well behaved and orderly. For example, in Wohlenschwil it was reported that they met "in unexpectedly quiet attitude with decency and perfect order".[9] Even in Aargau and St. Gallen, where the crowd marched through the streets of Aarau (known as the Freiämtersturm)[10] and St. Gallen, the protest march was peaceful. Following the assemblies and marches, cantonal governments quickly gave in to the demands of the assemblies and amended their constitutions.
References
- ^ a b c d e Galloy & Hayt 2006, pp. 91–2.
- ^ "From the Morning Chronicle of February 26th". The Sydney Monitor. 17 August 1831. p. 5. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
- ^ "Italian unification - Early revolutionary activity 1820 to 1830 -". Archived from the original on 2013-12-02. Retrieved 2014-03-18.
- ^ The lands of partitioned Poland, 1795–1918. By Piotr Stefan Wandycz. Page 106.
- ^ "Polish Uprising of 1830–31." The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970–1979). Gale Group, 2010.
- ISBN 978-1-4051-8464-9
- ISBN 9781851096671, p. 1157
- ^ City of Uster-Ustertag (in German) accessed 6 January 2010
- ^ a b Volkstage in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
- ^ "Auf nach Aarau, Freiämter!" (PDF). Bremgarter Bezirks-Anzeigers (in German). 2 December 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
Bibliography
- Artz Frederick B. Reaction And Revolution 1814-1832 (1934) online
- Church, Clive H. Europe in 1830: Revolution and political change (1983).
- Church, Clive H. "Forgotten Revolutions: recent work on the revolutions of 1830 in Europe." European Studies Review 7.1 (1977): 95-106.
- Fishman, Joel S. Diplomacy and Revolution: The London Conference of 1830 and the Belgian Revolt (CHEV, 1988).
- Galloy, Denise; Hayt, Franz (2006). La Belgique: des Tribus Gauloises à l'Etat Fédéral (in French) (5th ed.). Brussels: De Boeck. ISBN 2-8041-5098-4.
- Hordynski, Joseph. The 1830 Revolution in Poland (2018)
- Kramer, Lloyd S. Threshold of a new world: Intellectuals and the exile experience in Paris, 1830-1848 ( Cornell University Press, 2019).
- Pinkney, David H. French Revolution of 1830 (Princeton University Press, 1972).
- Popkin, Jeremy D. Press, Revolution, and Social Identities in France, 1830-1835 (Penn State Press, 2010).