Rhynchophorus ferrugineus
Rhynchophorus ferrugineus | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Coleoptera |
Infraorder: | Cucujiformia |
Family: | Curculionidae |
Genus: | Rhynchophorus |
Species: | R. ferrugineus
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Binomial name | |
Rhynchophorus ferrugineus | |
Synonyms | |
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The palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus is one of two species of
Originally from tropical Asia, the red palm weevil has spread to Africa and Europe, reaching the Mediterranean in the 1980s. It was first recorded in Spain in 1994,[3] and in France in 2006.[4] Additional infestations have been located in Malta, Italy (Tuscany, Sicily, Campania, Sardinia, Lazio, Marche, Puglia and Liguria), Croatia and Montenegro. It is also well established throughout most of Portugal, especially in the South.[5] It also has established in Morocco, Tunisia, and other North African countries.[6] The weevil was first reported in the Americas on Curaçao in January 2009[7] and sighted the same year in Aruba.[8] It was reported in the United States at Laguna Beach, California late in 2010[9][10] but this was a misidentification of the closely related species, R. vulneratus, and it did not become established.[11]
Larvae of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus are considered a delicacy in
Taxonomy
Primarily due to the existence of numerous color forms across their ranges, the taxonomy and classification of red palm weevils has undergone a number of changes in understanding and circumscription. As such, the information in the literature should be viewed as a compilation of data which may apply to both species, depending primarily upon the biogeography; accordingly, the vast majority of publications presumably do refer to R. ferrugineus rather than vulneratus, as the former is by far the most widely invasive. The most recent genus-level revision in 1966[13] recognized two species of red palm weevil, ferrugineus and vulneratus, and for decades these were interpreted as separate taxa. A genetic study in 2004[14] concluded that vulneratus was not distinct from ferrugineus, and treated them as synonyms, a view that was accepted until 2013, when yet another genetic study[15] came to the opposite conclusion, based on more comprehensive geographic sampling. Accordingly, the "red palm weevil" species that appeared in the US was vulneratus rather than ferrugineus, though the latter is the invading species in all of the other global introductions.[15]
Distribution
Range
The native range of this species is considered to include Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Laos, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and Vietnam; records from Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, and Thailand largely or exclusively refer to R. vulneratus.[15] R. ferrugineus has now been reported and confirmed from Albania, Algeria, Aruba, Bahrain, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Curaçao, Cyprus, Egypt, France (incl. Corsica), Greece, Israel, Italy (incl. Sicily and Sardinia), Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Portugal (incl. Madeira), Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Slovenia, Spain (incl. the Balearic and Canary islands), Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, and United Arab Emirates. Records from Australia, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, the Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu[6] have not been confirmed and are likely to be specimens of R. bilineatus, a closely related species indigenous to the region.
CABI ISC range list
Africa
Asia
- Bahrain
- Bangladesh
- Cambodia
- : 247
- Georgia
- Hong Kong
- India
- absent from Indonesia[15]
- Iran
- Iraq
- Israel
- Japan
- Jordan
- Kuwait
- Lebanon
- Laos
- absent from Malaysia[15]
- Myanmar
- Oman
- Pakistan
- Philippines
- Qatar
- Saudi Arabia
- absent from Singapore[15]
- Sri Lanka
- Syria
- Taiwan
- Thailand
- Turkey
- United Arab Emirates
- Vietnam
- Yemen
Europe
- Albania
- absent from Austria
- absent from Belgium
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Bulgaria
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- absent from Denmark
- absent from Finland
- France
- Greece
- Italy
- Malta
- Montenegro
- absent from the Netherlands
- absent from Poland
- Portugal
- Russia
- eradicated from Slovenia
- Spain
- Balearic Islands
- eradicated from the Canary Islands
- absent from Ukraine
- absent from the United Kingdom
- absent from England
North America
- Aruba
- Curaçao
- Netherlands Antilles
- eradicated from the United States
- eradicated from California
South America
- Uruguay (identified in 2022)[17]
Oceania
- Australia unassessed
- absent from New South Wales
- absent from the Northern Territory
- Queensland unassessed
- absent from South Australia
- absent from Tasmania
- absent from Victoria
- absent from Western Australia
- absent from Papua New Guinea[15]
- Samoa unassessed
- Solomon Islands unassessed
- Vanuatu unassessed
Hosts
This species of red palm weevil is reported to attack 19 palm species
All known hosts of R. ferrugineus as compiled from sources by CABI ISC are:
The palm species
Life cycle
This weevil usually infests palms younger than twenty years.
Oviposition
After fertilization, the adult female can lay between 300 and 500 eggs. They lay in holes they produced while searching for food, or take advantage of the cracks or wounds in a recently cut palm. At oviposition, females bend upward and the tarsi are anchored to the tissue with the spines of the third pair of legs to push the ovipositor into the tough palm tissue. After laying, the female protects and secures the eggs with a secretion that rapidly hardens around the eggs. On average, females produce 210 eggs per clutch, most of which hatch over a period of 3 days. The eggs are white, cylindrical, glossy, oval shaped, and measure 1 to 2.5 millimetres (3⁄64 to 3⁄32 in). The back of these eggs possess special 'gill cover' structures that provide the developing insect with oxygen.[citation needed]
Larvae
The neonate larvae are yellow-white, segmented, legless, and have a chitinous head capsule that is a darker brown than the rest of the body. They have powerful horizontal conical jaws which they use to burrow from the axils of the leaves to the crown, where they feed voraciously. Upon completion of larval development, the larva will sometimes emerge from the trunk of the tree, and build a pupal case of fiber extracted from the galleries inside the palm. The larva will then undergo metamorphosis into an adult. The larva will also weave a pupal case at the base of the palm fronds within the frond itself or at the centre of the base of the plant.[24]
Adult
The adult insect is an excellent flier and is able to travel great distances.[26] While they prefer to attack palms that are already infested or weakened by other stresses, they will colonize healthy palms.[27]
Predators, diseases, and parasites
R. ferrugineus is predated by
Behaviour
Studies show that this insect is attracted by ethyl acetate, 2-methoxy.4.vinylphenol, gamma-nonanoic lactone, 4SSS-ferrugineol, 50H and 4me-9-5Kt.[29]
Symptoms of infestation
The infestation of the pest can result in yellowing and wilting of palms, that may lead to the death of the affected plant. The crown wilts first, and lower leaves will follow, due to damage to vascular tissue. Major symptoms such as crown loss or leaf wilt are usually only visible long after the palm has become infested. Secondary infections of opportunistic bacteria and fungi may occur within damaged tissues, accelerating decline. By the time these external symptoms are observed, the damage is usually sufficient to kill the tree, and the infestation may have been present for six months or longer.[24] In high-density infestations, sounds of the larvae burrowing and chewing can be heard by placing one's ear to the trunk of the palm. Recent research has been conducted using electronic listening devices or dogs trained to recognize the scent of weevils or palm decay to detect infestations at low densities earlier in the process.[24]
-
Canary Island date palm, with first obvious infestation signs
-
Destroyed crown of CIDP
-
Bases of palm leaves fallen from the crown of the tree, with burrows and extracted pupal cases
-
Killed date palm, Kfar Saba, Israel.
Control
The main control method is through the application of a
Palms' natural
Prevention
As the weevil prefers to lay its eggs in softer tissues, avoiding mechanical damage to plants can help to reduce infestation. Tarring wounds after pruning a plant of dead or old leaves can also reduce the probability of infestation. The movement of plant material such as husks, dead leaves, or untreated coir from infested to uninfested areas is not recommended.[24]
Culinary uses
The larval grub is considered a delicacy in Vietnam.[35] In Vietnam, the larvae are usually eaten alive with fish sauce.[36] Other methods of cooking include toasting, frying and steaming. They are eaten with sticky rice and salad or cooked with porridge. The larvae are known in the Vietnamese language as đuông dừa ("coconut beetle-larva").[35] "Sago worms" reported from other countries (e.g., East Malaysia, New Guinea) refer to different, related species of Rhynchophorus.[37]
References
- ^ "Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (RHYCFE)". Global Database. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. 2002-10-21. Retrieved 2021-02-15.
- ^ "Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Oliver". Phytosanitary Alert System. Retrieved 2021-02-15.
- ^ S2CID 81168514.
- ^ "EPPO Reporting Service" (PDF). EPPO Reporting Service (11). Paris, France. 2006-11-01.
- ^ Soares, Marisa (9 February 2014). "As palmeiras ainda podem ganhar a guerra contra o escaravelho-vermelho". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-01-05.
- ^ a b c "Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (red palm weevil) CABI fact Sheet".
- ^ "Niet Gevonden". amigoe.com. Retrieved 2022-01-05.
- ^ 2010 California Farmer periodical "World's worst palm pest in state" Richardson[dead link]
- ^ "Destructive exotic beetle found in Laguna Beach". Orange County Register. 2010-10-04. Retrieved 2022-01-05.
- ^ [1] Archived 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine CDFA; Red Palm Weevil, Worst Known Pest of Palm Trees Detected in Laguna Beach
- ISSN 0008-0845.
- ^ "Chỉ thị 01/2015/CT-UBND nghiêm cấm nhân nuôi phát tán đuông dừa tỉnh Bến Tre". thuvienphapluat.vn. Retrieved 2022-01-05.
- ^ a b Wattanapongsiri, A. 1966. A revision of the genera Rhynchophorus and Dynamis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Department of Agriculture Science Bulletin 1: 1-328 (PhD).
- S2CID 12809903.
- ^ PMID 24143263.
- ^ ISBN 978-94-024-0948-2.
- ^ "Alerta fitosanitaria: Picudo rojo de las palmeras" [Phytosanitary alert: Red palm weevil]. Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-08-25.
- ^ .
- icipe. Retrieved 2021-02-15.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link - Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International). 2020-12-11. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
- ^ "Giant Palm Weevils of the Genus Rhynchophorus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Their Threat to Florida Palms" (PDF). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry. 18 February 2010.
- S2CID 85771716.
- S2CID 85677945.
- ^ a b c d e f
- Murphy, S.; Briscoe, B. (1999). "The red palm weevil as an alien invasive: biology and the prospects for biological control as a component of IPM". S2CID 52063069.
- Milosavljevic, Ivan; El-Shafie, Hamadttu; Faleiro, Romeno; Hoddle, Christina; Lewis, Michael; Hoddle, Mark (2018). "Palmageddon: the wasting of ornamental palms by invasive palm weevils, Rhynchophorus spp". S2CID 59527915.:
- These reviews cite this research.
- Abraham, V.; Al Shuaibi, M.; Faleiro, J.; Abozuhairah, R.; Vidyasagar, P. (1998). "An Integrated Management Approach for Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus Oliv. a Key Pest of Date Palm in the Middle East". Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences. 3 (1). S2CID 133994320.
- Murphy, S.; Briscoe, B. (1999). "The red palm weevil as an alien invasive: biology and the prospects for biological control as a component of IPM".
- ISBN 978-92-79-21268-0.
- ^ "Red palm weevils can fly 50 kilometers in 24 hours". Phys.org. 2015-12-16. Retrieved 2021-02-15.
- Center for Invasive Species Research(CISR). Retrieved 2022-09-09.
- Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International). 2020-12-11. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
- ^
- Soroker, Victoria; Harari, Ally; Faleiro, Jose Romeno (2015). "The Role of Semiochemicals in Date Pest Management". Sustainable Pest Management in Date Palm: Current Status and Emerging Challenges. Cham: S2CID 88366966.
- Dembilio, Óscar; Jaques, Josep A. (2015). "Biology and Management of Red Palm Weevil". Sustainable Pest Management in Date Palm: Current Status and Emerging Challenges. Cham: S2CID 88300895.
- These books cite this research.
- Al-Saoud, Ahmad Hussen (2013-09-01). "Effect of ethyl acetate and trap colour on weevil captures in red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) pheromone traps". S2CID 87703195.
- Soroker, Victoria; Harari, Ally; Faleiro, Jose Romeno (2015). "The Role of Semiochemicals in Date Pest Management". Sustainable Pest Management in Date Palm: Current Status and Emerging Challenges. Cham:
- ISSN 0567-7572.
- .
- ^ Hussein, Walid Barakat; Hussein, Mohamed Ahmed; Becker, Thomas (August 24–28, 2009). Application of The Signal Processing Technology in The Detection of Red Palm Weevil (PDF). 17th European Signal Processing Conference. Proceedings (EUSIPCO 2009). Vol. 17. Glasgow, Scotland (published 2009).
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-01-05.
- ^ a b c
AlDosary, Naji; AlDobai, Shoki; Faleiro, Jose (2016). "Review on the Management of Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier in Date Palm Phoenix dactylifera L". Review Article. S2CID 89447762.
- ^ a b "'Kinh dị' Đuông dừa, đặc sản khó xơi" (in Vietnamese). Vietnam Net. 7 March 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
- ^ James, Trevor (August 3, 2017). INSANE Street Food Tour in Saigon, Vietnam. Event occurs at 11 minutes, 24 seconds. Archived from the original on 2021-12-15.
- S2CID 213784596.
Additional resources
- European Commission - Directorate-General for Health & Consumers (2011) The insect killing our palm trees. EU efforts to stop the Red Palm Weevil. ISBN 978-92-79-21268-0
- CISR: Red Palm Weevil Information Archived 2016-05-07 at the Wayback Machine
- Red Palm Weevil Home
- Red Palm Weevil Control & Tips
- Red Palm Weevil Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh
- Greek webpage dedicated to management Archived 2012-03-21 at the Wayback Machine
- USDA information page