Ribbon microphone
A ribbon microphone, also known as a ribbon velocity microphone, is a type of
Principle of operation
In a
One important advantage that the ribbon microphone had when it was introduced is that its very lightweight ribbon, which is under very little tension, has a resonant frequency lower than 20 Hz;[1] in contrast to the typical resonant frequency of the diaphragms in contemporary high quality microphones which used other technology. The typical resonant frequency of those microphones is within the range of human hearing. So even the very early commercially available ribbon microphones had excellent frequency response throughout the nominal range of human hearing (20 Hz to 20 kHz for a young adult).
The voltage output of older ribbon microphones is typically quite low compared to a dynamic moving coil microphone, and a step-up transformer is used to increase the voltage output and increase the output impedance. Modern ribbon microphones do not suffer from this problem due to improved magnets and more efficient transformers and have output levels that can exceed typical stage dynamic microphones.[2]
Ribbon microphones were once delicate and expensive, but modern materials make certain present-day ribbon microphones very durable, and so they may be used for loud popular music and stage work. They are prized for their ability to capture high-frequency detail, comparing very favorably with
As many mixers are equipped with phantom power in order to enable the use of condenser microphones, care should be taken when using condenser and ribbon microphones at the same time. If the ribbon microphone is improperly wired, which is not unheard of with older microphones, this capability can damage some ribbon elements;[9] however, improvements in designs and materials have made those concerns largely inconsequential in modern ribbon microphones.[10]
History
In the early 1920s, Drs.
The
Around 2002, relatively inexpensive ($80 – $200) ribbon microphones manufactured in China and inspired by the RCA-44 and older Soviet Oktava ribbon microphones became available.[17] UK based Stewart Taverner and his company XAudia developed "The Beeb", modifying vintage Reslo ribbon microphones for better tone, performance and increased output.
In 2007, microphones employing ribbon elements made of strong nanomaterials became available, offering orders of magnitude improvement in signal purity and output level.[18]
The ribbon microphone is an electrically simple design with no active circuitry; it is possible to build one from a kit, or with basic tools and materials.[19] The acoustic complexity of ribbon microphones is comparable to other types of air coupled transducers.
See also
- Audio recording
References
- ^ US 1885001, Olson, Harry & RCA, "Apparatus For Converting Sound Vibrations Into Electrical Variations", issued 25-Oct-1932.
- ^ James B. Calvert (2003-08-31). "Microphones". Retrieved 2011-01-22.
- ^ RCA Engineering Products Department. "Instructions for Velocity Microphone Type 44" (PDF). Radio Corporation of America. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
- ^ RCA Engineering Products Department. "Type KU-3A Unidirectional Microphone" (PDF). Radio Corporation of America. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
- ^ RCA Industrial Electronic Products. "Type BK-5A Uniaxial Microphone" (PDF). Radio Corporation of America. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
- ^ Beyerdynamic. "M160 product webpage". Beyerdynamic. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ RCA Engineering Products Division. "Type 77-DX Polydirectional Microphone" (PDF). Radio Corporation of America. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
- ^ "Broadcast Audio Equipment for AM FM Television (Third Edition)" (PDF). Radio Corporation of America. 1957. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
- ^ a b Ken Lanyon (2001-03-15). "Recording Engineer's Quarterly, March 2001". Recordingeq.com. Retrieved 2011-01-22.
- ^ Tomi Engdahl (1997–2000). "Powering microphones". Retrieved 2011-01-22.
- ^ "Walter Schottky". 2003-06-03. Archived from the original on 2009-10-19. Retrieved 2011-01-22.
- ^ Jim Webb. "Twelve Microphones That Made History". Retrieved 2011-11-19.
- ^ 1931 Harry F. Olson and Les Anderson, RCA Model 44 Ribbon Microphone, Mix Magazine, 2006-09-01, archived from the original on 2008-03-24, retrieved 2011-01-22
- ^ S. O. Coutant (1951-09-21). "The British Broadcasting Corporation Type AX Marconi Ribbon Microphone". Coutant.org. Retrieved 2011-01-22.
- ^ Stephen Murphy (2004-01-01). "Coles Electroacoustics 4040 Studio Ribbon Microphone". Pro Audio Review. Retrieved 2011-01-22.
- ^ "Beyerdynamic M 160". TEC Awards. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
- ^ Lynn Fuston, The Chinese Connection, EQ Magazine, retrieved 2011-01-22
- ^ Efrain Viscarolasaga (2008-02-11), Local firms strum the chords of real music innovation, Mass High Tech: The Journal of New England Technology, retrieved 2015-04-17
- ^ Matthew Shechmeister (Jan 2011), Ribbon Microphones: Audio Icon You Can Build in Your Garage, Wired.com, retrieved 2011-01-22