Richard of Cornwall
Richard | |
---|---|
Rudolf I of Habsburg | |
Born | 5 January 1209 Winchester Castle, Hampshire, England |
Died | 2 April 1272 (aged 63) Berkhamsted Castle, Hertfordshire, England |
Burial | , Gloucestershire |
Spouses | |
Issue more... | |
Isabella, Countess of Angoulême |
Richard (5 January 1209
Biography
Early life
He was born 5 January 1209 at
In 1225, Richard traded with Gervase de Tintagel, swapping the land of
The dating to the period of Richard has superseded Ralegh Radford's interpretation which attributed the earliest elements of the castle to Earl Reginald de Dunstanville and later elements to Earl Richard.[5] Sidney Toy, however, has suggested an earlier period of construction for the castle.[6]
Marriage to Isabel, 1231–1240
In March 1231, he married Isabel Marshal, the wealthy widow of the Earl of Gloucester, much to the displeasure of his brother King Henry, who feared the Marshal family because they were rich, influential, and often opposed to him, as did Richard by this point. The joining of Richard to the Marshal family increased the power behind these rebellions, and the potential risk for Henry. Richard became stepfather to Isabel's six children from her first husband. In that same year he acquired his main residence, Wallingford Castle in Berkshire (now Oxfordshire), and spent much money on developing it. He had other favoured properties at Marlow and Cippenham and was a notable lord of the manor at Earls Risborough, all in Buckinghamshire.
Isabel and Richard had four children, of whom only their son, Henry of Almain, survived to adulthood. Richard opposed Simon de Montfort and rose in rebellion in 1238 to protest against the marriage of his sister, Eleanor, to Simon. Once again he was placated with rich gifts. When Isabel was on her deathbed in 1240, she asked to be buried next to her first husband at Tewkesbury, but Richard had her interred at Beaulieu Abbey instead. As a pious gesture, however, he sent her heart to Tewkesbury.
On Crusade and marriage to Sanchia, 1240–1243
Later that year, Richard departed for the Holy Land, leading the second host of crusaders to arrive during the
After the birth of
Eleanor and Sanchia's youngest sister
Poitou and Sicily
Richard was appointed count of Poitou some time before August 1225.[10] However, Richard's claims to Gascony and Poitou were never more than nominal, and in 1241, King Louis IX of France invested his own brother Alphonse with Poitou. Moreover, Richard and Henry's mother, Isabella of Angoulême, claimed to have been insulted by the French queen. They were encouraged to recover Poitou by their stepfather, Hugh X of Lusignan, but the expedition turned into a military fiasco after Lusignan betrayed them.[11] Richard conceded Poitou around December 1243.[10]
Pope Innocent IV offered Richard the crown of Sicily, but according to Matthew Paris, he responded to the extortionate price by saying, "You might as well say, 'I will sell or give you the moon, rise up and take it'".[12] Instead, his brother King Henry attempted to purchase the kingdom for his own son Edmund.
Elected King of Germany, 1257
Richard was elected in 1257 as King of Germany by four of the seven German Electoral Princes:
- Cologne;
- Gerhard I von Dhaun , Archbishop of Mainz;
- Louis II, the Count Palatine;
- Ottokar II, King of Bohemia.
His candidacy was opposed by Alfonso X of Castile, who was supported by three electors:
- Albert I, Duke of Saxony;
- John I, Margrave of Brandenburg;
- Arnold II of Isenburg, Archbishop of Trier.
Later life, death and successors
He founded Burnham Abbey in Buckinghamshire in 1263, and the Grashaus , Aachen in 1266.
He joined King Henry in fighting against Simon de Montfort's rebels in the Second Barons' War (1264–1267). After the shattering royalist defeat at the Battle of Lewes, Richard took refuge in a windmill, was discovered, and was imprisoned until September 1265.
Richard bought the feudal barony of Trematon in 1270.
In March 1271 Richard's son and heir Henry of Almain was murdered in Viterbo at the Church of San Silvestro by Guy and Simon de Montfort the Younger in revenge for their father and brother Henry de Montfort being killed at the Battle of Evesham. Simon and Guy were Richard's nephews and sources say that Richard did not recover from the shock. In December 1271, he had a stroke. His right side was paralysed and he lost the ability to speak. On 2 April 1272, Richard died at Berkhamsted Castle in Hertfordshire. He was buried next to his second wife Sanchia of Provence and Henry of Almain, his son by his first wife, at Hailes Abbey, which he had founded.
After his death, a power struggle ensued in Germany, which only ended in 1273 with the emergence of
Wives and progeny
Richard of Cornwall married three times and had six legitimate children, none of whom themselves had children, and he also had illegitimate progeny:
First wife
Richard married first, on 30 March 1231 at Fawley, Buckinghamshire, to Isabel Marshal (d.1240) was the daughter of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, by his wife Isabel de Clare, who in turn was daughter of Sir Richard "Strongbow" de Clare and Aoife MacMurrough. Isabel Marshal died on 17 January 1240 while giving birth at Berkhamsted Castle and was buried at Beaulieu Abbey. By Isabel Marshal he had four children, of whom only one reached adulthood:[14]
- John of Cornwall (31 January 1232 – 22 September 1232), born and died at Marlow, Buckinghamshire, buried at Reading Abbey.
- Isabel of Cornwall (c. 9 September 1233 – 6 October 1234), born and died at Marlow, Buckinghamshire, buried at Reading Abbey.
- Henry of Cornwall (2 November 1235 – 13 March 1271). Known as "Henry of Almain" (Germany). He was buried at Hailes Abbey in Gloucestershire. He had no children.
- Nicholas of Cornwall (b. & d. 17 January 1240 at Berkhamsted Castle), died shortly after birth; buried at Beaulieu Abbey with his mother.
Second wife
Richard's second marriage took place nearly four years after the death of his first wife. His new bride, whom he married in
- unnamed son (Jul 1246 – 15 Aug 1246), died in infancy.
- Richard de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, but by her had no children.
Third wife
The third marriage of Richard was to
Illegitimate children
Richard had several documented out-of-wedlock children. One of Richard's mistresses was Joan de Vautort, widow of Ralph de Vautort[17] (d.1267), feudal baron of Harberton, Devon[18] and Trematon, Cornwall. Joan later married Sir Alexander Okeston, lord of the manor of Modbury in Devon, a part of the Vautorts' feudal barony of Harberton that had been granted him by Roger de Vautort.[17] Joan bore Alexander a son and heir, Sir James Okeston.[19]
By Joan de Vautort or other mistresses, the Earl of Cornwall had at least three sons and a daughter as follows:[20]
- Philip of Cornwall, a priest.
- Sir Richard of Cornwall, who received a grant from his half-brother Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall (d. 1300), in which he was called "brother". He married Joan, allegedly daughter of John Fitzalan III, and by her had three sons and a daughter. He was slain by an arrow at the Siege of Berwick in 1296. His daughter Joan of Cornwall married Sir John Howard, from whom the Howard family, Dukes of Norfolk, are descended.[21]
- Sir Walter of Cornwall, who received a grant of the royal manor of Brannel, Cornwall,[22] from his half-brother Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall, in which he was called "brother". He was ancestor of the Cornwalls of Branell.
- Joan of Cornwall, daughter of Joan de Vautort, in 1283 received a grant from her half-brother Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall, in which she was called "sister".[23][24] The younger Joan married (1st) Richard de Champernoun and (2nd) Sir Peter de Fishacre of Combe Fishacre and Coleton Fishacre, Devon,[25] having no issue by the second. Her childless half-brother Sir James Okeston made her son (or grandson) Richard de Champernoun his heir.[23][24]
Notes
- by the grace of GodKing of the Romans ever august")
- ^ Weis 1992, p. 232.
- ^ Historic England. "Merthen (1142128)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
- ^ Lovering, D. (2007, May 13). Arthurian legend lives on at Tintagel. Deseret News.
- ^ Radford, C. A. Ralegh (1939) Tintagel Castle, Cornwall; 2nd ed. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office; p. 12
- ^ Toy, S. (1939), Castles: a short history of fortifications from 1600 B.C. to A. D. 1600, London: Heinemann
- ^ Matthew Paris, Book of Additions, British Library Cotton MS Nero D I, fol 171v [1];
- ^ Cox 1974, p. 114.
- ^ Sanders, IJ (1951). "The Texts of the Peace of Paris, 1259". The English Historical Review. Vol. 66, no. 258. Oxford University Press. pp. 81–97 [88].
- ^ a b Weir 1999, p. 67.
- ^ Cox 1974, p. 112-113.
- ISBN 978-0-8122-5086-2.
- ^ Goldstone, Nancy (2008). Four Queens: The Provençal Sisters who ruled Europe. Pinguin Books, London, p. 213.
- ^ a b Richardson 2011a, pp. 566–71
- ISBN 978-0-670-03843-5.
- ^ a b Richardson 2011a, p. 567
- ^ a b Pole 1791, p. 309
- ^ Pole 1791, p. 21.
- ^ Vivian, Lt.Col. J.L., (Ed.) The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564 & 1620, Exeter, 1895, p.160, pedigree of Champernowne
- ^ Richardson 2011a, pp. 573–4. An additional daughter, Isabel, who received a grant from King Henry III in which she was called "niece", has been attributed to Earl Richard. However, Cecil G. Savile, The House of Cornwall, pp. 37–40, shows this to be chronologically impossible, and suggests that this Isabel was Henry's niece only in the half-blood, being granddaughter of the second marriage of his mother Isabella of Angoulême with Hugh X of Lusignan.
- ^ Richardson 2011a, pp. 574–5; Richardson 2011b, p. 265
- ^ Pridham, T.L., Devonshire Celebrities, (regarding the ancestry of the Cornwall family of Brannell), pp 12–17
- ^ a b Pole 1791, p. 309.
- ^ a b Risdon 1811, p. 187.
- ^ Pole 1791, p. 274.
References
- Cox, Eugene L. (1974). The Eagles of Savoy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691052166.
- ISBN 978-1449966317.)
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ISBN 978-1449966348.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Pole, Sir William (1791). Collections Towards a Description of the County of Devon. London.
- Risdon, Tristram (1811). Survey of Devon. London.
- Weir, Alison (1999). Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy. London, UK: The Bodley Head.
- ISBN 9780806313672.
Further reading
- Davis, Henry William Carless (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). p. 294. .
- Denholm-Young, Noël. Richard of Cornwall. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1947.
- Jackson, Peter. "The Crusades of 1239–41 and their Aftermath". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 50, 1 (1987), pp. 32–60.
- Lewis, Frank R. "Beatrice of Falkenburg, the Third Wife of Richard of Cornwall". English Historical Review 52, 106 (1937), pp. 279–82.
- Lower, Michael. The Barons' Crusade: A Call to Arms and Its Consequences. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.
- Painter, Sidney. "The Crusade of Theobald of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall, 1239–1241". R. L. Wolff; H. W. Hazard, A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311, pp. 463–86. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969.
- Roche, T. W. E. The King of Almayne: A 13th-Century Englishman in Europe. London: John Murray, 1966.
- Schwab, Ingo. "The Charters of Richard of Cornwall for the Empire". Thirteenth Century England 12 (2009), pp. 183–92.
- Vincent, Nicholas. "Richard, first earl of Cornwall and king of Germany (1209–1272)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 2008 online [2004 print].
- Weber, F. P. "Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and His Coins as King of the Romans (1257–1271)". The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society, Third Series 13 (1893), pp. 273–81.
- Weiler, Björn. "Image and Reality in Richard of Cornwall's German Career". English Historical Review 113, 454 (1998), pp. 1111–42.
- Werner, Christoph. "Richard von Cornwall. Ein Engländer auf dem deutschen Thron. Historische Erzählung". Tredition GmbH, Hamburg 2022.
- Darren Baker: Richard of Cornwall. The English King of Germany. Amberley Publishing. Stroud, 2022.
- Gebauer, Georg Christian: Leben und denckwürdige Thaten Herrn Richards, Erwählten Römischen Kaysers, Grafens von Cornwall und Poitou: in dreyen Büchern beschrieben. Leipzig 1744.
External links
- Charter given by Richard as German King to the town of Zürich, 20.11.1262. Photograph taken from the collections of the Marburg Universityshowing Richards's seal.