Richard Dawkins

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For the archaeologist, see Richard MacGillivray Dawkins.

Richard Dawkins

MA, DPhil
)
Known for
Spouses
  • ​
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    (m. 1967; div. 1984)​
  • Eve Barham
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    (m. 1984, divorced)​
  • ​
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    (m. 1992; sep.Tooltip separated 2016)​
Children1
Awards
Scientific career
Institutions
  • New College of the Humanities
ThesisSelective pecking in the domestic chick (1967)
Doctoral advisorNikolaas Tinbergen
Richard Dawkins introduces himself. (Recorded November, 2016.)
Websitericharddawkins.com
Signature

Richard Dawkins

gene-centred view of evolution, as well as coining the term meme. Dawkins has won several academic and writing awards.[5]

Dawkins is well known for his criticism of creationism and intelligent design as well as for being a vocal atheist.[6] Dawkins wrote The Blind Watchmaker in 1986, arguing against the watchmaker analogy, an argument for the existence of a supernatural creator based upon the complexity of living organisms. Instead, he describes evolutionary processes as analogous to a blind watchmaker, in that reproduction, mutation, and selection are unguided by any sentient designer. In 2006, Dawkins published The God Delusion, writing that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and that religious faith is a delusion. He founded the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science in 2006.[7][8] Dawkins has published two volumes of memoirs, An Appetite for Wonder (2013) and Brief Candle in the Dark (2015).

Background

Early life

Dawkins was born Clinton Richard Dawkins on 26 March 1941 in

Second World War[14][15] and returned to England in 1949, when Dawkins was eight. His father had inherited a country estate, Over Norton Park in Oxfordshire, which he farmed commercially.[13] Dawkins lives in Oxford, England.[16] He has a younger sister, Sarah.[17]

His parents were interested in

Anglican".[20][21][22]

Education

The Great Hall, Oundle School

On his return to England from Nyasaland in 1949, at the age of eight, Dawkins joined Chafyn Grove School, in Wiltshire,[23] where he says he was molested by a teacher.[24] From 1954 to 1959 attended Oundle School in Northamptonshire, an English public school with a Church of England ethos,[17] where he was in Laundimer House.[25] While at Oundle, Dawkins read Bertrand Russell's Why I Am Not a Christian for the first time.[26] He studied zoology at Balliol College, Oxford (the same college his father attended), graduating in 1962; while there, he was tutored by Nobel Prize-winning ethologist Nikolaas Tinbergen. He graduated with a second-class degree.[27]

Dawkins continued as a research student under Tinbergen's supervision, receiving his Doctor of Philosophy[28] degree by 1966, and remained a research assistant for another year.[29][30] Tinbergen was a pioneer in the study of animal behaviour, particularly in the areas of instinct, learning, and choice;[31] Dawkins's research in this period concerned models of animal decision-making.[32]

Teaching

From 1967 to 1969, Dawkins was an assistant professor of zoology at the

Simonyi Professor for the Public Understanding of Science at Oxford, a position that had been endowed by Charles Simonyi with the express intention that the holder "be expected to make important contributions to the public understanding of some scientific field",[34] and that its first holder should be Richard Dawkins.[35] He held that professorship from 1995 until 2008.[36]

Since 1970, he has been a

Skeptic magazine since its foundation.[39]

Dawkins has sat on judging panels for awards as diverse as the

New College of the Humanities, a private university in London established by A. C. Grayling, which opened in September 2012.[42]

Work

Evolutionary biology

Further information:
Gene-centred view of evolution
At the University of Texas at Austin, March 2008

Dawkins is best known for his popularisation of the gene as the principal unit of selection in evolution; this view is most clearly set out in two of his books:[43][44]

  • The Selfish Gene (1976), in which he notes that "all life evolves by the differential survival of replicating entities."
  • The Extended Phenotype (1982), in which he describes natural selection as "the process whereby replicators out-propagate each other". He introduces to a wider audience the influential concept he presented in 1977,[45] that the phenotypic effects of a gene are not necessarily limited to an organism's body, but can stretch far into the environment, including the bodies of other organisms. Dawkins regarded the extended phenotype as his single most important contribution to evolutionary biology and he considered niche construction to be a special case of extended phenotype. The concept of extended phenotype helps explain evolution, but it does not help predict specific outcomes.[46]

Dawkins has consistently been sceptical about non-adaptive processes in evolution (such as spandrels, described by Gould and Lewontin)[47] and about selection at levels "above" that of the gene.[48] He is particularly sceptical about the practical possibility or importance of group selection as a basis for understanding altruism.[49]

Altruism appears at first to be an evolutionary paradox, since helping others costs precious resources and decreases one's own chances for survival, or

humans. Similarly, Robert Trivers, thinking in terms of the gene-centred model, developed the theory of reciprocal altruism, whereby one organism provides a benefit to another in the expectation of future reciprocation.[51] Dawkins popularised these ideas in The Selfish Gene, and developed them in his own work.[52]

In June 2012, Dawkins was highly critical of fellow biologist E. O. Wilson's 2012 book The Social Conquest of Earth as misunderstanding Hamilton's theory of kin selection.[53][54] Dawkins has also been strongly critical of the Gaia hypothesis of the independent scientist James Lovelock.[55][56][57]

Critics of Dawkins's biological approach suggest that taking the

George C. Williams's definition of the gene as "that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency".[59] Another common objection is that a gene cannot survive alone, but must cooperate with other genes to build an individual, and therefore a gene cannot be an independent "unit".[60]
In The Extended Phenotype, Dawkins suggests that from an individual gene's viewpoint, all other genes are part of the environment to which it is adapted.

Advocates for higher levels of selection (such as Richard Lewontin, David Sloan Wilson, and Elliott Sober) suggest that there are many phenomena (including altruism) that gene-based selection cannot satisfactorily explain. The philosopher Mary Midgley, with whom Dawkins clashed in print concerning The Selfish Gene,[61][62] has criticised gene selection, memetics, and sociobiology as being excessively reductionist;[63] she has suggested that the popularity of Dawkins's work is due to factors in the Zeitgeist such as the increased individualism of the Thatcher/Reagan decades.[64] Besides, other, more recent views and analysis on his popular science works also exist.[65]

In a set of controversies over the mechanisms and interpretation of evolution (what has been called 'The Darwin Wars'),

Leon J. Kamin, and Richard C. Lewontin.[71] Two other thinkers who are often considered to be allied with Dawkins on the subject are Steven Pinker and Daniel Dennett; Dennett has promoted a gene-centred view of evolution and defended reductionism in biology.[72] Despite their academic disagreements, Dawkins and Gould did not have a hostile personal relationship, and Dawkins dedicated a large portion of his 2003 book A Devil's Chaplain
posthumously to Gould, who had died the previous year.

When asked if Darwinism informs his everyday apprehension of life, Dawkins says, "In one way it does. My eyes are constantly wide open to the extraordinary fact of existence. Not just human existence but the existence of life and how this breathtakingly powerful process, which is natural selection, has managed to take the very simple facts of physics and chemistry and build them up to redwood trees and humans. That's never far from my thoughts, that sense of amazement. On the other hand, I certainly don't allow Darwinism to influence my feelings about human social life", implying that he feels that individual human beings can opt out of the survival machine of Darwinism since they are freed by the consciousness of self.[16]

"Meme" as behavioural concept

Main article: Meme
Dawkins at Cooper Union in New York City to discuss his book The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution in 2010

In his book The Selfish Gene, Dawkins coined the word meme (the behavioural equivalent of a gene) as a way to encourage readers to think about how Darwinian principles might be extended beyond the realm of genes.[73] It was intended as an extension of his "replicators" argument, but it took on a life of its own in the hands of other authors, such as Daniel Dennett and Susan Blackmore. These popularisations then led to the emergence of memetics, a field from which Dawkins has distanced himself.[74]

Dawkins's meme refers to any cultural entity that an observer might consider a replicator of a certain idea or set of ideas. He hypothesised that people could view many cultural entities as capable of such replication, generally through communication and contact with humans, who have evolved as efficient (although not perfect) copiers of information and behaviour. Because memes are not always copied perfectly, they might become refined, combined, or otherwise modified with other ideas; this results in new memes, which may themselves prove more or less efficient replicators than their predecessors, thus providing a framework for a hypothesis of cultural evolution based on memes, a notion that is analogous to the theory of biological evolution based on genes.[75]

Although Dawkins invented the term meme, he has not said that the idea was entirely novel,

Lamarckian by modern biologists.[78] Laurent also found the use of the term mneme in Maurice Maeterlinck's The Life of the White Ant (1926), and Maeterlinck himself stated that he obtained the phrase from Semon's work.[77] In his own work, Maeterlinck tried to explain memory in termites and ants by stating that neural memory traces were added "upon the individual mneme".[78] Nonetheless, James Gleick describes Dawkins's concept of the meme as "his most famous memorable invention, far more influential than his selfish genes or his later proselytising against religiosity".[79]

Foundation

Main article: Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science

In 2006, Dawkins founded the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science (RDFRS), a

charitable organisations that are secular in nature.[80] In January 2016, it was announced that the foundation was merging with the Center for Inquiry, with Dawkins becoming a member of the new organization's board of directors.[81]

Criticism of religion

Lecturing on his book The God Delusion, 24 June 2006

Dawkins was confirmed into the Church of England at the age of 13, but began to grow sceptical of the beliefs. He said that his understanding of science and evolutionary processes led him to question how adults in positions of leadership in a civilised world could still be so uneducated in biology,[82] and is puzzled by how belief in God could remain among individuals who are sophisticated in science. Dawkins says that some physicists use 'God' as a metaphor for the general awe-inspiring mysteries of the universe, which he says causes confusion and misunderstanding among people who incorrectly think they are talking about a mystical being who forgives sins, transubstantiates wine, or makes people live after they die.[83]

He disagrees with Stephen Jay Gould's principle of nonoverlapping magisteria (NOMA)[84] and suggests that the existence of God should be treated as a scientific hypothesis like any other.[85] Dawkins became a prominent critic of religion and has stated his opposition to religion as twofold: religion is both a source of conflict and a justification for belief without evidence.[86] He considers faith—belief that is not based on evidence—as "one of the world's great evils".[87]

On his

Lazarus was raised from the dead.[98]

Dawkins has risen to prominence in public debates concerning science and religion since the publication of his most popular book,

Sam Harris, and Daniel Dennett met at Hitchens's residence for a private, unmoderated discussion that lasted two hours. The event was videotaped and entitled "The Four Horsemen".[104]

Dawkins sees education and consciousness-raising as the primary tools in opposing what he considers to be religious dogma and indoctrination.[33][105][106] These tools include the fight against certain stereotypes, and he has adopted the term bright as a way of associating positive public connotations with those who possess a naturalistic worldview.[106] He has given support to the idea of a free-thinking school,[107] which would not "indoctrinate children" but would instead teach children to ask for evidence and be skeptical, critical, and open-minded. Such a school, says Dawkins, should "teach comparative religion, and teach it properly without any bias towards particular religions, and including historically important but dead religions, such as those of ancient Greece and the Norse gods, if only because these, like the Abrahamic scriptures, are important for understanding English literature and European history."[108][109] Inspired by the consciousness-raising successes of feminists in arousing widespread embarrassment at the routine use of "he" instead of "she", Dawkins similarly suggests that phrases such as "Catholic child" and "Muslim child" should be considered as socially absurd as, for instance, "Marxist child", as he believes that children should not be classified based on the ideological or religious beliefs of their parents.[106]

While some critics, such as writer

cosmological questions and that he is not a fundamentalist, as he is willing to change his mind in the face of new evidence.[124][125][126]

Dawkins has faced backlash over some of his public comments about Islam. In 2013, Dawkins tweeted that "All the world's Muslims have fewer Nobel Prizes than Trinity College, Cambridge. They did great things in the Middle Ages, though."[127] In 2016, Dawkins' invitation to speak at the Northeast Conference on Science and Skepticism was withdrawn over his sharing of what was characterized as a "highly offensive video" satirically showing cartoon feminist and Islamist characters singing about the things they hold in common. In issuing the tweet, Dawkins stated that it "Obviously doesn't apply to vast majority of feminists, among whom I count myself. But the minority are pernicious."[128]

Criticism of creationism

Dawkins is a prominent critic of creationism, a religious belief that humanity, life, and the universe were created by a deity[129] without recourse to evolution.[130] He has described the young Earth creationist view that the Earth is only a few thousand years old as "a preposterous, mind-shrinking falsehood".[131] His 1986 book, The Blind Watchmaker, contains a sustained critique of the argument from design, an important creationist argument. In the book, Dawkins argues against the watchmaker analogy made famous by the eighteenth-century English theologian William Paley via his book Natural Theology, in which Paley argues that just as a watch is too complicated and too functional to have sprung into existence merely by accident, so too must all living things—with their far greater complexity—be purposefully designed. Dawkins shares the view generally held by scientists that natural selection is sufficient to explain the apparent functionality and non-random complexity of the biological world, and can be said to play the role of watchmaker in nature, albeit as an automatic, unguided by any designer, nonintelligent, blind watchmaker.[132]

scarlet 'A' lapel pin, at the 34th annual conference of American Atheists
(2008)

In 1986, Dawkins and biologist

use of the word theory, Dawkins stated that "evolution has been observed. It's just that it hasn't been observed while it's happening." He added that "it is rather like a detective coming on a murder after the scene... the detective hasn't actually seen the murder take place, of course. But what you do see is a massive clue... Huge quantities of circumstantial evidence. It might as well be spelled out in words of English."[134]

Dawkins has opposed the inclusion of intelligent design in science education, describing it as "not a scientific argument at all, but a religious one".[135] He has been referred to in the media as "Darwin's Rottweiler",[136][137] a reference to English biologist T. H. Huxley, who was known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy of Charles Darwin's evolutionary ideas. He has been a strong critic of the British organisation Truth in Science, which promotes the teaching of creationism in state schools, and whose work Dawkins has described as an "educational scandal". He plans to subsidise schools through the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science with the delivery of books, DVDs, and pamphlets that counteract their work.[138]

Political views

Further information:
Political views of Richard Dawkins
With Ariane Sherine at the Atheist Bus Campaign launch in London, January 2009

Dawkins is an outspoken

gay rights movement, he endorsed the Out Campaign to encourage atheists worldwide to declare their stance publicly.[148] He supported a UK atheist advertising initiative, the Atheist Bus Campaign in 2008 and 2009, which aimed to raise funds to place atheist advertisements on buses in the London area.[149]

Speaking at Kepler's Books, Menlo Park, California, 29 October 2006

Dawkins has expressed concern about the growth of the human population and about the matter of

Roman Catholic attitudes to family planning and population control, stating that leaders who forbid contraception and "express a preference for 'natural' methods of population limitation" will get just such a method in the form of starvation.[151]

As a supporter of the Great Ape Project—a movement to extend certain moral and legal rights to all great apes—Dawkins contributed the article 'Gaps in the Mind' to the Great Ape Project book edited by Paola Cavalieri and Peter Singer. In this essay, he criticises contemporary society's moral attitudes as being based on a "discontinuous, speciesist imperative".[152]

Dawkins also regularly comments in newspapers and

British monarchy with a type of democratic republic.[157] Dawkins has described himself as a Labour voter in the 1970s[158] and voter for the Liberal Democrats since the party's creation. In 2009, he spoke at the party's conference in opposition to blasphemy laws, alternative medicine, and faith schools. In the UK general election of 2010, Dawkins officially endorsed the Liberal Democrats, in support of their campaign for electoral reform and for their "refusal to pander to 'faith'".[159] In the run up to the 2017 general election
, Dawkins once again endorsed the Liberal Democrats and urged voters to join the party.

Dawkins discusses free speech and Islam(ism) at the 2017 Conference on Free Expression and Conscience.

In April 2021, Dawkins said on Twitter that "In 2015, Rachel Dolezal, a white chapter president of NAACP, was vilified for identifying as Black. Some men choose to identify as women, and some women choose to identify as men. You will be vilified if you deny that they literally are what they identify as. Discuss." After receiving criticism for this tweet, Dawkins responded by saying that "I do not intend to disparage trans people. I see that my academic "Discuss" question has been misconstrued as such and I deplore this. It was also not my intent to ally in any way with Republican bigots in US now exploiting this issue."[160] The American Humanist Association retracted Dawkins' 1996 Humanist of the Year Award in response to these comments.[161] Robby Soave of Reason magazine criticized the retraction, saying that "The drive to punish dissenters from various orthodoxies is itself illiberal."[162]

Dawkins has voiced his support for the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation that campaigns for democratic reform in the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system.[163]

Dawkins identifies as a feminist.[164] He has said that feminism is "enormously important".[165] Dawkins has been accused by writers such as Amanda Marcotte, Caitlin Dickson, and Adam Lee of misogyny, criticizing those who speak about sexual harassment and abuse while ignoring sexism within the New Atheist movement.[166][167][168]

Views on postmodernism

See also: Social construction of gender

In 1998, in a book review published in

Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science by Paul R. Gross and Norman Levitt and Intellectual Impostures by Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont. These books are famous for their criticism of postmodernism in U.S. universities (namely in the departments of literary studies, anthropology, and other cultural studies).[169]

Echoing many critics, Dawkins holds that postmodernism uses obscurantist language to hide its lack of meaningful content. As an example he quotes the psychoanalyst Félix Guattari: "We can clearly see that there is no bi-univocal correspondence between linear signifying links or archi-writing, depending on the author, and this multireferential, multi-dimensional machinic catalysis." This is explained, Dawkins maintains, by certain intellectuals' academic ambitions. Figures like Guattari or Lacan, according to Dawkins, have nothing to say but want to reap the benefits of reputation and fame that derive from a successful academic career: "Suppose you are an intellectual impostor with nothing to say, but with strong ambitions to succeed in academic life, collect a coterie of reverent disciples and have students around the world anoint your pages with respectful yellow highlighter. What kind of literary style would you cultivate? Not a lucid one, surely, for clarity would expose your lack of content."[169]

In 2024, Dawkins co-authored an op-ed in The Boston Globe with Sokal criticizing the use of the terminology "sex assigned at birth" instead of "sex" by the American Medical Association, the American Psychological Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Dawkins and Sokal argued that sex is an "objective biological reality" that "is determined at conception and is then observed at birth," rather than assigned by a medical professional. Calling this "social constructionism gone amok," Dawkins and Sokal argued further that "distort[ing] the scientific facts in the service of a social cause" risks undermining trust in medical institutions.[170]

Other fields

Musician Jayce Lewis at Dawkins' home in 2018 while working on Million (Part 2)

In his role as professor for public understanding of science, Dawkins has been a critic of pseudoscience and alternative medicine. His 1998 book Unweaving the Rainbow considers John Keats's accusation that by explaining the rainbow, Isaac Newton diminished its beauty; Dawkins argues for the opposite conclusion. He suggests that deep space, the billions of years of life's evolution, and the microscopic workings of biology and heredity contain more beauty and wonder than do "myths" and "pseudoscience".[171] For John Diamond's posthumously published Snake Oil, a book devoted to debunking alternative medicine, Dawkins wrote a foreword in which he asserts that alternative medicine is harmful, if only because it distracts patients from more successful conventional treatments and gives people false hopes.[172] Dawkins states that "There is no alternative medicine. There is only medicine that works and medicine that doesn't work."[173] In his 2007 Channel 4 TV film The Enemies of Reason, Dawkins concluded that Britain is gripped by "an epidemic of superstitious thinking".[174]

Continuing a long-standing partnership with Channel 4, Dawkins participated in a five-part television series, Genius of Britain, along with fellow scientists Stephen Hawking, James Dyson, Paul Nurse, and Jim Al-Khalili. The series was first broadcast in June 2010, and focuses on major, British, scientific achievements throughout history.[175] In 2014, he joined the global awareness movement Asteroid Day as a "100x Signatory".[176]

Awards and recognition

Receiving the Deschner Prize in Frankfurt, 12 October 2007, from Karlheinz Deschner

He holds

Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2001.[1][29] He is one of the patrons of the Oxford University Scientific Society
.

In 1987, Dawkins received a

Horizon episode The Blind Watchmaker.[29]

In 1996, the American Humanist Association gave him their Humanist of the Year Award, but the award was withdrawn in 2021, with the statement that he "demean[ed] marginalized groups", including transgender people, using "the guise of scientific discourse".[180][160]

Other awards include the

The Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow (2002),[29] the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (2006),[181] and the Nierenberg Prize for Science in the Public Interest (2009).[182] He was awarded the Deschner Award, named after German anti-clerical author Karlheinz Deschner.[183] The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSICOP) has awarded Dawkins their highest award In Praise of Reason (1992).[184]

Dawkins accepting the Services to Humanism award at the British Humanist Association Annual Conference in 2012

Dawkins topped Prospect magazine's 2004 list of the top 100 public British intellectuals, as decided by the readers, receiving twice as many votes as the runner-up.[185][186] He was shortlisted as a candidate in their 2008 follow-up poll.[187] In a poll held by Prospect in 2013, Dawkins was voted the world's top thinker based on 65 names chosen by a largely US and UK-based expert panel.[188]

In 2005, the

Galaxy British Book Awards's Author of the Year Award for 2007.[189] In the same year, he was listed by Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2007,[190] and was ranked 20th in The Daily Telegraph's 2007 list of 100 greatest living geniuses.[191]

Since 2003, the Atheist Alliance International has awarded a prize during its annual conference, honouring an outstanding atheist whose work has done the most to raise public awareness of atheism during that year; it is known as the Richard Dawkins Award, in honour of Dawkins's own efforts.[192] In February 2010, Dawkins was named to the Freedom From Religion Foundation's Honorary Board of distinguished achievers.[193]

In 2012, a Sri Lankan team of ichthyologists headed by Rohan Pethiyagoda named a new genus of freshwater fish Dawkinsia in Dawkins's honor. (Members of this genus were formerly members of the genus Puntius).[194]

Personal life

Dawkins has been married three times and has a daughter. On 19 August 1967, Dawkins married ethologist

Marian Stamp in the Protestant church in Annestown, County Waterford, Ireland;[195] they divorced in 1984. On 1 June 1984, he married Eve Barham (1951–1999) in Oxford. They had a daughter. Dawkins and Barham divorced.[196] In 1992, he married actress Lalla Ward[196] in Kensington and Chelsea, London. Dawkins met her through their mutual friend Douglas Adams,[197] who had worked with her on the BBC's Doctor Who. Dawkins and Ward separated in 2016 and they later described the separation as "entirely amicable".[198] He identifies as an atheist who is a "cultural Anglican", associated with the Church of England, and a "secular Christian".[199][200][201][202] On 6 February 2016, Dawkins suffered a minor haemorrhagic stroke while at home.[203][204] Dawkins reported later that same year that he had almost completely recovered.[205][206]

Media

Selected publications

Main article: Richard Dawkins bibliography
  • The Selfish Gene. 1976.
  • The Extended Phenotype. 1982.
  • The Blind Watchmaker. 1986.
  • River Out of Eden. 1995.
  • Climbing Mount Improbable. 1996.
  • Unweaving the Rainbow. 1998.
  • A Devil's Chaplain. 2003.
  • The Ancestor's Tale. 2004.
  • The God Delusion. 2006.
  • The Oxford Book of Modern Science Writing. 2008.
  • The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution. 2009.
  • The Magic of Reality: How We Know What's Really True. 2011.
  • An Appetite for Wonder. 2013.. First volume of his memoirs.
  • Brief Candle in the Dark. 2015.. Second volume of his memoirs.
  • Science in the Soul. 2017.
  • Outgrowing God. 2019.
  • Books Do Furnish a Life. 2021.
  • Flights of Fancy: Defying Gravity by Design and Evolution. 2021.
  • The Genetic Book of the Dead. 2024

Documentary films

Other appearances

Dawkins has made many television appearances on news shows providing his political opinions and especially his views as an atheist. He has been interviewed on the radio, often as part of his book tours. He has debated many religious figures. He has made many university speaking appearances, again often in coordination with his book tours. As of 2016, he has over 60 credits in the

Internet Movie Database
where he appeared as himself:


Selected bibliography

Notes

a. ^ W. D. Hamilton influenced Dawkins and the influence can be seen throughout Dawkins's book The Selfish Gene.[33] They became friends at Oxford and following Hamilton's death in 2000, Dawkins wrote his obituary and organised a secular memorial service.[217]

b. ^ The debate ended with the motion "That the doctrine of creation is more valid than the theory of evolution" being defeated by 198 votes to 115.[218][219]

References

  1. ^ a b "Richard Dawkins". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  2. ^ Taylor, James E. "The New Atheists". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  3. ^ a b Tortoise (2 December 2019). OMG – A ThinkIn with Richard Dawkins. YouTube. Event occurs at 2:08. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  4. ^ Holt, T. "Richard Dawkins". Philosophy of Religion.
  5. ^ Fahy, Declan (2015). The New Celebrity Scientists: Out of the Lab and into the Limelight. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  6. Independent.co.uk. 18 January 2017. Archived
    from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  7. ^ Elmhirst, Sophie (9 June 2015). "Is Richard Dawkins destroying his reputation?". The Guardian.(Op-ed)
  8. ^ "Richard Dawkins on Charles Darwin". BBC News. 14 February 2009.
  9. ^
    Cengage Learning. Archived
    from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  10. ^ Dawkins, Richard. "My mother is 100 today. She & my late father gave me an idyllic childhood. Her writings on that time are quoted in An Appetite for Wonder". Twitter. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  11. ^ Dawkins, Richard. "My beloved mother died today, a month short of her 103rd birthday. As a young wartime bride she was brave and adventurous. Her epic journey up Africa, illegally accompanying my father, is recounted in passages from her diary, reproduced in An Appetite for Wonder. Rest in Peace". Twitter. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  12. ^ Burke's Landed Gentry 17th edition, ed. L. G. Pine, 1952, 'Dawkins of Over Norton' pedigree
  13. ^ a b Dawkins, Richard (11 December 2010). "Lives Remembered: John Dawkins". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 13 December 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
  14. ISBN 978-0-618-00583-3. Archived
    from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  15. ^ Dawkins, Richard. "Brief Scientific Autobiography". Richard Dawkins Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 June 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  16. ^ a b Anthony, Andrew (15 September 2013). "Richard Dawkins: 'I don't think I am strident or aggressive'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
  17. ^ a b c d Hattenstone, Simon (10 February 2003). "Darwin's child". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2008.
  18. ^ "Richard Dawkins: The foibles of faith". BBC News. 12 October 2001. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2008.
  19. ISSN 0309-3492. Archived
    from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  20. ^ "Dawkins: I'm a cultural Christian". BBC News. 10 December 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
  21. ^ "Q&A with Richard Dawkins: 'I guess I'm a cultural Christian'". Charleston City Paper. 4 March 2013. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  22. ^ "Richard Dawkins: I Guess I'm a Cultural Christian". The Christian Post. 4 March 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  23. ^ Alister E. McGrath, Dawkins' God: From The Selfish Gene to The God Delusion (2015), p. 33
  24. ^ Ohlheiser, Abby (11 September 2013). "Richard Dawkins Defends 'Mild' Pedophilia, Again and Again". The Atlantic. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  25. ^ "The Oundle Lecture Series". Oundle School. 2012b. Archived from the original on 30 April 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
  26. ^ Dawkins 2015, p. 175.
  27. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived
    from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  28. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.710826
  29. ^ a b c d e f g Dawkins, Richard (1 January 2006). "Curriculum vitae" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2008.
  30. ^ Dawkins, Richard (1 January 2006). "Richard Dawkins: CV". Archived from the original on 23 April 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2007. For direct link to media, see this link
  31. ^ Schrage, Michael (July 1995). "Revolutionary Evolutionist". Wired. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2008.
  32. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(69)90120-1
    .
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Further reading

External links
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