Richard J. Evans
Notable students | Nikolaus Wachsmann Stefan Ihrig |
---|---|
Main interests | History of Germany Historical method Theory of history Historiography |
Notable works | The Third Reich Trilogy The Pursuit of Power |
Sir Richard John Evans
Early life
Richard Evans was born at
Historian of Germany
Evans first established his academic reputation with his publications on the German Empire. In the early 1970s, Evans travelled to Germany to research his dissertation, a study of the feminist movement in Germany in the first half of the 20th century.[1] It was later published as The Feminist Movement in Germany, 1894–1933 in 1976. Evans followed his study of German feminism by another book, The Feminists (1977), which traced the history of the feminist movement in North America, Australasia and Europe from 1840 to 1920.[1]
A theme of both books was the weakness of German middle-class culture and its susceptibility to the appeal of nationalism. Evans argued that both liberalism and feminism failed in Germany for those reasons despite flourishing elsewhere in the Western world.[1]
Evans' main interest is
Evans studied under Fischer in Hamburg in 1970 and 1971 but came to disagree with the "
In 1978, as editor of a collection of essays by young British historians entitled Society And Politics in Wilhelmine Germany, he launched a critique of the 'top-down' approach of the Bielefeld School associated with Hans-Ulrich Wehler and Jürgen Kocka regarding Wilhelmine Germany. With the historians Geoff Eley and David Blackbourn, Evans instead emphasized the "self-mobilization from below" of key sociopolitical groups, as well as the modernity of National Socialism. In the 1980s, Evans organized ten international workshops on modern German social history at the University of East Anglia that did a good deal to refine these ideas, to pioneer research in this new historical field and, in six collections of papers, present it to an Anglophone readership.[9]
Among Evans' major research works are Death in Hamburg (1987), a study of class conflict and liberal government in 19th-century Germany using the example of
In Death in Hamburg, Evans studied the cholera outbreak in Hamburg in 1892, which he concluded was caused by a failure in the medical system to safeguard against such an event. Another study in German social history was Tales from the German Underworld (1998), where Evans traced the life stories of four German criminals in the late 19th century, namely a homeless woman, a forger, a prostitute and a conman.[1]
In Rituals of Retribution, Evans traced the history of capital punishment in Germany, and using the ideas of Michel Foucault, Philippe Ariès and Norbert Elias as his guide argued that opposition to the death penalty was strongest when liberalism was in the ascendancy, and support for capital punishment coincided when the right was in the ascendancy. Thus, in Evans' view, capital punishment in Germany was never a mere matter of law being disinterestedly applied but was rather a form of state power being exercised.[1]
In addition, Evans examined such subjects as belief in witchcraft, torture, the last words of the executed, the psychology of mobs, varying forms of execution from the
In the 1980s, Evans was a conspicuous figure in the
Evans characterized Nolte's statements as crossing the line into
Evans also denounced, as an attempt to
In his 1989 book, In Hitler's Shadow, Evans also criticised the
Evans' In Defence of History defends the discipline of history against
Role as an expert witness in Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt
Evans is probably best known to the general public in the role of an expert witness for the defence in the high-profile libel case of David Irving against the American historian Deborah Lipstadt in 2000, Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt. Lipstadt was sued for libel by Irving, after she referred to him as a "Holocaust denier" and "an ardent follower of Adolf Hitler" in her 1993 book, Denying the Holocaust. Lipstadt further accused Irving of "distorting evidence and manipulating documents to serve his own purposes...[as well as] skewing documents and misrepresenting data in order to reach historically untenable conclusions, particularly those that exonerate Hitler."[19]
Evans acted as an expert witness for the defence in the case. Starting in the autumn of 1997, Evans, along with Thomas Skelton-Robinson and Nik Wachsmann, two of his PhD students, closely examined Irving's work.[20] They found instances in which he had used forged documents, disregarded contrary evidence, selectively quoted historical documents out of context, and mis-cited historical records, thus misrepresenting historical evidence in order to support his prejudices.[21][22] Evans subsequently proved to be a powerful witness in Lipstadt's ultimately successful defence. In his expert witness report he wrote:
Not one of [Irving's] books, speeches or articles, not one paragraph, not one sentence in any of them, can be taken on trust as an accurate representation of its historical subject. All of them are completely worthless as history, because Irving cannot be trusted anywhere, in any of them, to give a reliable account of what he is talking or writing about. ... if we mean by historian someone who is concerned to discover the truth about the past, and to give as accurate a representation of it as possible, then Irving is not a historian.[23]
The cross-examination of Evans by Irving was noted for the high degree of personal dislike between the two men.[24] Such was the degree of dislike that Irving challenged Evans on very minor points, such as Evans doubting the fairness of a 1936 German election in which the Nazi Party (the only legal political party in Germany at the time) received 98.8% of the vote (in a rigged election).[25] A subject that drew Irving and Evans deep into debate was a memo by the Chief of the Reich Chancellery Hans Lammers to the Reich Justice Minister Franz Schlegelberger in which Lammers wrote that Hitler ordered him to put the "Jewish Question" on the "back-burner" until after the war.[26] Evans chose to accept the interpretation of the memo put forward by Eberhard Jäckel in the 1970s;[27] Irving chose to interpret the memo literally and taunted Evans by saying, "It is a terrible problem, is it not that we are faced with this tantalizing plate of crumbs and morsels of what should have provided the final smoking gun, and nowhere the whole way through the archives do we find even one item that we do not have to interpret or read between the lines of, but we do have in the same chain of evidence documents which ... quite clearly specifically show Hitler intervening in the other sense?"[28]
In response, Evans stated, "No, I do not accept that at all. It is because you want to interpret euphemisms as being literal, and that is what the whole problem is. Every time there is a euphemism, Mr. Irving ... or a camouflage piece of statement or language about Madagascar, you want to treat it as the literal truth, because it serves your purpose of trying to exculpate Hitler. That is part of ... the way you manipulate and distort the documents."[29]
In a 2001 interview, Evans described to the Canadian columnist Robert Fulford his impression of Irving after being cross-examined by him as: "He [Irving] was a bit like a dim student who didn't listen. If he didn't get the answer he wanted, he just repeated the question."[30]
His findings and his account of the trial were published in his 2001 book Lying About Hitler: History, Holocaust, and the David Irving Trial, which was published as Telling Lies About Hitler in the United States in 2002. The High Court rejected Irving's libel suit and awarded costs to the defence.[31]
Evans' involvement in the trial was included in the 2016 film Denial, in which he was played by British actor John Sessions.[32]
The Third Reich Trilogy
Between 2003 and 2008, Evans published a three-volume history of the Third Reich. Drawing on years of experience as a leading scholar of
Evans masterfully interweaves testimony that has come to light in the intervening decades with learned judgments from hundreds of authors to create a balanced and thoughtful narrative. This book, therefore, will assuredly become the definitive work on The Third Reich at War.[35]
The first volume, The Coming of the Third Reich: How the Nazis Destroyed Democracy and Seized Power in Germany (published by Penguin in 2003), shows how a country torn apart by the
The second volume, The Third Reich in Power, 1933–1939: How the Nazis Won Over the Hearts and Minds of a Nation (published by Penguin in 2005), covers the years of Nazi rule between 1933 and 1939. The final chapter examines the road to the Second World War, but the real focus is on life inside the Third Reich. Evans allows small stories of key individuals to illustrate many of the key social, economic and cultural events of the period. Richard Overy described this installment of the trilogy as "magisterial".[36]
The third volume, The Third Reich at War: How the Nazis Led Germany from Conquest to Disaster (published by Penguin in 2008), looks at major developments from 1939 to 1945, including the key battles of the Second World War, a vivid, moving and detailed account of the mass murder enacted during the Holocaust and Hitler's dramatic downfall in Berlin in 1945. In an October 2008 review of the third volume for The Times, best-selling historian Antony Beevor writes: "With this third volume, Richard Evans has accomplished a masterpiece of historical scholarship ... [He] has produced the best and most up-to-date synthesis of the huge work carried out on the subject over the past decades."[37] Aspects of it, however, were sharply criticised by Timothy Snyder.[38]
Walter Reich, former Director of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., states about the third-volume of the trilogy, The Third Reich at War, "If any work of accurate history has a chance to correct the distortions of public memory, this is it."[39]
The Third Reich trilogy has been, or is being translated, into sixteen foreign languages.
Recent publications and current work
In 2013, Evans delivered the Menachem Stern Jerusalem Lectures to the Historical Society of Israel, publishing them in 2014 as Altered Pasts: Counterfactuals in History. The book puts forward a variety of arguments against the use of long-range alternative historical timelines as an aid to serious historical understanding. In "Cosmopolitan Islanders: British Historians and the European Continent" (2009, an expanded version of his Inaugural Lecture as Regius Professor), he explored the reasons why so many British historians have made such major contributions to the historical understanding of other European countries. The Third Reich in History and Memory (2015) is a collection of 28 articles and review essays on modern German history published since the turn of the century.
In 2016, Evans published The Pursuit of Power: Europe 1815–1914, volume 7 in the
He has written a biography on the historian Eric Hobsbawm entitled Eric Hobsbawm: A Life in History. From 2013 to 2018 he was principal investigator in a £1.6 million Leverhulme Programme Grant on conspiracy theories and is preparing work based on the findings of the project.
Regius Professor of Modern History
In 2008, Evans was appointed
Evans is used to combining administration with research. At Birkbeck College, London, where he worked before Cambridge, he acted as Master of the college when
Media appearances
This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. (January 2023) |
Evans has appeared regularly on a number of TV documentaries related to Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich. He recently appeared on a major TV documentary on the History Channel which examined the Valkyrie bomb plot against Hitler in July 1944.
He writes reviews of history books for the London Review of Books, the Times Literary Supplement and The Guardian, as well as historical reflections on recent events for American magazines and websites, including Foreign Policy, The Nation, and Vox.
Other contributions
Evans has been co-editor of the Journal of Contemporary History since 2000, and has also served as Deputy Chair of the Spoliation Advisory Panel, a UK government non-departmental public body formed to make recommendations to the Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport on the restitution of cultural objects looted during the Nazi era. He has been a judge of the Wolfson History Prize, the UK's richest history book award, for over twenty years.
Lectures and commentaries
In 2011, Evans became involved in a polemical exchange of letters with Peter Baldwin after agreeing with Leif Jerram, who wrote in Cosmopolitan Islanders in 2009 that students in Britain could find a richer selection of courses on the histories of other countries in British universities than students from other countries could in their own countries.[42]
Hobsbawm lecture
On 7 February 2019, Evans gave a lecture at Chancellor's Hall in the
Honours and distinctions
1978 Fellow of the Royal Historical Society 1988 Wolfson History Prize 1989 William H. Welch Medal of the American Association for the History of Medicine 1993 Civic Medal for Arts and Sciences of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg
- 1993: Fellow of the British Academy (FBA)
1994 Fraenkel Prize in Contemporary History 1998 Honorary Fellow, Jesus College, Oxford 1999 Honorary Fellow, Birkbeck, University of London
- 2000: Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature(FRSL)
2010 Founding Fellow, Learned Society of Wales (FLSW) 2011 Honorary Fellow, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
- 2012: Knighted for services to Scholarship in the 2012 Birthday Honours
2012 Honorary Doctor of Letters, University of London 2015 Honorary Doctor of Letters, University of Oxford 2015 British Academy Leverhulme Prize and Medal 2017 Honorary Fellow, Wolfson College, Cambridge
Works
- The Feminist Movement in Germany, 1894–1933, London: SAGE, 1976.
- "German Women and the Triumph of Hitler", The Journal of Modern History Vol. 48, No. 1, 1976.
- The Feminists: Women's Emancipation Movements in Europe, America and Australasia, 1840–1920, London: Croom Helm, 1977.
- (ed.) Society and Politics in Wilhelmine Germany, London: Croom Helm, 1978.
- The German Family: Essays on the Social History of the Family in Nineteenth and Twentieth-Century Germany, London: C. Helm; Totowa, NJ: Barnes & Noble Books, 1981.
- (ed.) The German Working Class, 1888–1933: The Politics of Everyday Life, London: Croom Helm; Totowa, NJ: Barnes & Noble, 1982.
- (ed., with W. R. Lee) The German Peasantry: Conflict and Community in Rural Society from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries, London: Croom Helm, 1986.
- (ed., with Dick Geary) The German Unemployed: Experiences and Consequences of Mass Unemployment From The Weimar Republic to the Third Reich, London: C. Helm, 1987.
- Rethinking German History: Nineteenth-Century Germany and the Origins of the Third Reich, London: Allen and Unwin, 1987.
- Comrades and Sisters: Feminism, Socialism, and Pacifism in Europe, 1870–1945, Brighton, Sussex: Wheatsheaf Books; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987.
- Death in Hamburg: Society and Politics in the Cholera Years, 1830–1910, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987.
- The German Underworld: Deviants and Outcasts in German History, London: Routledge, 1988.
- In Hitler's Shadow: West German Historians and the Attempt to Escape from the Nazi Past. London: ISBN 1-85043-146-9.
- Proletarians and Politics: Socialism, Protest, and the Working Class in Germany Before the First World War, New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990.
- The German Bourgeoisie: Essays on the Social History of the German Middle Class from the Late Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Century London: Routledge, 1991.
- Rituals of Retribution: Capital Punishment in Germany 1600–1987, London: Oxford University Press, 1996.
- Rereading German History: From Unification to Reunification, 1800–1996, London: Routledge, 1997.
- Tales from the German Underworld: Crime and Punishment in the Nineteenth Century, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998.
- In Defence of History, London: Granta Books, 1997; rev. edn. New York: W. W. Norton, 1999; edn. with extensive new afterword, London: Granta, 2000.
- Lying About Hitler: History, Holocaust, and the David Irving Trial, New York: Basic Books, 2001; published in the United Kingdom as Telling Lies About Hitler: The Holocaust, History and the David Irving Trial, London: Verso, 2002.
- The Coming of the Third Reich, London: Allen Lane, 2003.
- The Third Reich in Power, 1933–1939, London: Allen Lane, 2005.
- The Third Reich at War: How the Nazis Led Germany from Conquest to Disaster, London: Allen Lane, 2008.
- Cosmopolitan Islanders: British Historians and the European Continent, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
- Altered Pasts: Counterfactuals in History, Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2013.
- The Third Reich in History and Memory, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
- The Pursuit of Power: Europe 1815–1914, London: Allen Lane, 2016.
- Eric Hobsbawm: A Life in History, London: Little, Brown, 2019.
- The Hitler Conspiracies: The Third Reich and the Paranoid Imagination, New York: Oxford University Press (ISBN 978-0-241-41346-3)
- Hitler's People: The Faces of the Third Reich, London: Allen Lane, 2024.
See also
- List of books by or about Adolf Hitler
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Snowman, Daniel (January 2004). "Daniel Snowman meets the historian of Germany, defender of history and expert witness in the Irving trial". History Today. 54 (1): 45–47. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
- ^ "No. 60173". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 June 2012. p. 1.
- ^ "Queen's birthday Honours list in full". The Telegraph. 16 June 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
- ^ "The Historical Society of Israel". Richard J. Evans. 25 April 2013.
I'm of a Welsh background; all my family comes from North Wales and were all Welsh-speaking, though I grew up in London, and so I didn't learn Welsh.
- ^ "Searching for an explanation of the origins and rise of Nazism in German history inevitably runs the risk of making the whole process seem inevitable. At almost every turn, however, things might have been different. The triumph of Nazism was far from a foregone conclusion right up to the early months of 1933. Yet it was no historical accident, either." Evans, Richard J. The Coming of the Third Reich 2004, pp. xxvii–xviii
- JSTOR 1869345.
- ^ a b Evans, Richard "Introduction: Wilhelm II's Germany and the Historians" from Society And Politics in Wilhelmine Germany London: Croom Helm, 1978, pp. 22–23.
- ^ ""I worry that the view people have of the past is becoming narrower": an interview with Sir Richard J Evans". HistoryExtra.
- ^ See Richard Evans, In Defence of History, London, 2002.
- ^ Evans 1989, pp. 33–34, 42–43, 56, 82–83, 184–185
- ^ Evans 1989, p. 83
- ^ Evans 1989, pp. 32–33
- ^ Evans 1989, p. 38
- ^ Evans 1989, pp. 68–72
- ^ Evans 1989, p. 119
- ^ Evans 1989, p. 71
- ^ Ian Kershaw, Hitler, 1889-1936: Hubris (New York: W.W. Norton, 1999), p. xvii.
- ^ Guttenplan 2001, p. 290
- ^ Evans, Richard Lying About Hitler, London: Perseus Books, 2002, p. 6
- ^ Lipstadt, Deborah, History on trial: my day in court with David Irving, New York: ECCO, 2005, p. 43
- ^ Evans, Richard Lying About Hitler, London: Perseus Books, 2002
- ^ Guttenplan 2001, p. 218.
- ^ Evans, Richard J. "Chapter 6. General Conclusion". Expert Witness Report by Richard J. Evans FBA, Professor of Modern History, University of Cambridge. Holocaust Denial on Trial. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
- ^ Guttenplan 2001, p. 223
- ^ Guttenplan 2001, p. 226.
- ^ Guttenplan 2001, pp. 230–233
- ^ Guttenplan 2001, pp. 230–232
- ^ Guttenplan 2001, pp. 232–233
- ^ Guttenplan 2001, p. 233
- ^ Fulford, Robert (30 January 2001). "David Irving: The Libel Trial Re-Examined". The National Post. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
- ^ Judgment of Mr. Justice Gray (11 April 2000), Sec. 14.1 (Verdict: "there must be judgment for the Defendants"); Irving v. Penguin Books Limited, Deborah E. Lipstat [2000] EWHC QB 115 (11 April 2000)."Judgment of Mr. Justice Gray". British and Irish Legal Information Institute. British and Irish Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
- ^ "IMDB". IMDb. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
- Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies(2011) 30#1 pp. 187–189
- ^ Robert M. Citino review in Central European History (2010) 43#3 pp. 535–537
- ^ Overy, Richard. "The Third Reich in Power, 1933–39 by Richard J. Evans". Literary Review (November 2005): 23–24. Retrieved 17 May 2005.
- ^ Beevor, Antony (9 October 2008). "The Third Reich at War by Richard J. Evans". The Times. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
- ^ Snyder, Timothy (2009). "Nazis, Soviets, Poles, Jews". The New York Review of Books. 56 (19). Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ Reich, Walter (13 May 2009). "We Are All Guilty". The New York Times.
- ^ Evans, R. J. "Alla conquista del potere. Europa 1815–1914", Laterza 2020.
- ^ He applied for the distinguished Cambridge position of Regius professor, rather than being appointed, a procedural change at Cambridge."Richard Evans: The don who's making history". The Independent. London. 23 October 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^
- S2CID 145719875.
- Evans, Richard J. (2011). "Response to Baldwin" (PDF). Contemporary European History. 20 (3): 367–376. S2CID 145573848.
- Baldwin, Peter (2011). "Response to Evans" (PDF). Contemporary European History. 20 (3): 377–380. S2CID 146921877.
- ^ "Eric Hobsbawm: A Life in History". Birkbeck, University of London. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
- ^ "Largest university in UK hit by boycott over outsourced staff". Personnel Today. 10 December 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
- ^ "Academics, politicians and trade unionists join boycott of UofL's use of outsourced workers". Morning Star. 10 December 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
- ^ Rawlinson, Kevin (7 February 2019). "Talk about Marxist historian under fire for breaching workers' rights boycott". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
- ^ "Senior Marxist academics accused of breaking boycott to give talk about Marxism". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
- ^ "Senior Marxist academics accused of breaking boycott to give talk about Marxism". The Argus. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
References
- ISBN 978-0-393-02044-1.
- Snowman, Daniel (2004). "Richard J. Evans". History Today. 54 (1): 45–47.