Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury
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Richard Neville Neville |
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Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury
Origins
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He was born in 1400 at
The Neville lands were primarily in County Durham and Yorkshire, but both King Richard II and King Henry IV (Joan's cousin and half-brother respectively) found the family useful to counterbalance the strength of the Percys on the Scottish Borders. This led to Ralph's earldom being granted in 1397, and to his appointment as Warden of the West March in 1403.
Ralph's marriage to Joan Beaufort, at a time when the distinction between royalty and nobility was becoming more important, can be seen as another reward; as a granddaughter of King Edward III, she was a member of the royal family.
The children of Ralph's first wife, Margaret Stafford, made good marriages to local nobility, and his eldest son had married into royalty in the person of Elizabeth Holland, but his Beaufort children married into even greater families. Three of Richard's sisters married dukes, the youngest
Marriage
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Richard married
Salisbury came into possession of greater estates than, as a younger son under
He also gained possession of the lands and grants made jointly to Ralph and Joan. Ralph's heir (his grandson Ralph Neville, 2nd Earl of Westmorland) as the representative of the senior line, disputed the loss of his inheritance, and although he agreed to a settlement in 1443, it was on unequal terms – Salisbury kept the great Neville possessions of Middleham and Sheriff Hutton, as well as the more recent grant of Penrith.
Only
Warden of the West March
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The defence of the Scottish Border was carried out by two
After Hotspur was killed at the Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403, Ralph Neville was employed by King Henry V to capture the elder Percy. His reward was to succeed the Percys as Warden of both Marches. Under King Henry V, the Percys were restored to their lands, and eventually in 1417, to the East March.
Salisbury became a
In 1436, he resigned from both posts, although this may have originally been intended as a means of forcing the crown to make good its arrears of payment. When his resignation was accepted, he accompanied his brother-in-law
He did not resume either of the Wardenships, as the Percy-Neville dispute took up most of his time, but when this was resolved in 1443 he resumed the Wardenship of the West March. Although this was at a reduced fee of just under £1,000, the money was secured on specific sources of Crown income, not on the frequently uncollectable tallies.
He was invested as a Knight of the
Neville and Percy
At the end of 1443, from his principal seat at
It was becoming apparent that the rise of the Nevilles was coming to an end. The king, who during the late 1430s had started to exercise personal rule, was more concerned to promote the fortunes of his closest relatives – and Salisbury was only related by a junior, legitimised and female line. In this context, the local rivalry between the Nevilles and the Percys in the north of England was likely to take on greater importance. A strong and capable ruler would be able to control such feuds, or even profit from them. A weak king could find the disputes spreading from local to regional or national conflict.[citation needed]
The Percys had lands throughout northern England, while the northern lands of the Nevilles were concentrated in north Yorkshire and in County Durham. As Warden of the West March, Salisbury was in a position to exert great power in the northwest, in spite of holding only Kendal and Penrith. The Percys resented the fact that their tenants in Cumberland and Westmorland were being recruited by Salisbury, who even with the reduced grant of 1443 still had great spending power in the region. The senior Neville line (now related by marriage to the Percys) still resented the inequitable settlement of their inheritance dispute.[citation needed]
The fifteenth century could be regarded as the peak of "bastard feudalism" – when every subject needed a "good lord". In return for a commitment by the retained man to provide (usually) military support, the lord would give his retainer a small annual fee, a badge or item of clothing to mark his loyalty (livery) and provide help for him in his disputes with his neighbours (maintenance). Northern England was a long way from the Palace of Westminster, and rapid legal redress for wrongs was impossible.[2] With his economic power as Warden, Salisbury could provide better support for Percy tenants than Northumberland, unpaid in regard to the East March for years, could hope to.[citation needed]
In 1448, during the renewal of the war with Scotland, Northumberland took his forces through Salisbury's West March – a grave breach of etiquette. Northumberland was defeated at the
On 24 August 1453,
Neville and York
Salisbury changed his allegiance to
Death and burial
After the defeat of the Yorkists at the Battle of Wakefield, Salisbury himself escaped the battlefield but was captured during the night. Upon discovery, battle-worn and now a traitor to the realm, he was taken to the Lancastrian camp. Although due to his great wealth, the Lancastrian nobles might have been prepared to allow Salisbury to ransom himself, he was nevertheless dragged out of Pontefract Castle and beheaded by the local population, to whom he had been a harsh overlord.[5]
He was buried first at
Marriage and issue
He married
Sons
- Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick (1428–1471), "The Kingmaker", eldest son and heir, who married Lady Anne Beauchamp and had issue.
- Sir Thomas Neville (c. 1429–1460),[6] who was knighted in 1449 and died at the Battle of Wakefield. He was the second husband of Maud Stanhope (30 August 1497), who married firstly Robert Willoughby, 6th Baron Willoughby de Eresby (died 25 July 1452), and thirdly Sir Gervase Clifton, beheaded 6 May 1471 after the Battle of Tewkesbury.[7]
- John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu (c. 1431–1471), married Isabel Ingaldesthorpe and had issue.
- George Neville (1432–1476), who became Archbishop of York and Chancellor of England.
- Ralph Neville (b. 1440 approx.), did not survive infancy
- Robert Neville (b. 1446 approx.), did not survive infancy
Daughters
- William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel, and had issue.
- Henry Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick (1425–1446), and by him had one daughter, Anne Beauchamp, 15th Countess of Warwick (1444–1449), on whose death her title passed to her paternal aunt, who in turn had married her maternal uncle Richard Neville (below named).[8]
- King Henry VIII.
- Eleanor Neville (c. 1438–before 1472[9]), who married Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby, and had issue.
- Katherine Neville (1442–1504), who married first William Bonville, 6th Baron Harington, and second William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings, had issue.
- Margaret Neville (c. 1444–1506), who married John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford.
Ancestry
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References
- ^ They appear together in a law record in 1433. Plea Rolls of the Court of Common Pleas; CP40/689; as defendants concerning the Manor of Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire. image available on the AALT website: http://aalt.law.uh.edu/AALT1/H6/CP40no689/bCP40no689dorses/IMG_1180.htm first complete entry on the image, line 8
- ^ Robert Crackenthorpe murder case is given as an example of corrupt local justice
- ^ Sadler, J. (2010). The Red Rose and the White. Longman. pp. 1–2.
- ISBN 978-1-84383-025-2.
- ^ Dockray, Keith, The Battle of Wakefield and the Wars of the Roses (PDF), p. 14, retrieved 30 June 2009
- ^ Hicks, M. (1998). Warwick the Kingmaker. Oxford. p. 24.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Cokayne 1959, pp. 665–6; Richardson I 2011, pp. 512–13; Richardson IV 2011, p. 335.
- ^ Cokayne, G. (1912). Vicary Gibbs (ed.). The Complete Peerage. Vol. 2. St. Catherine Press. p. 428.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26279. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
Sources
- Cokayne, G. (1959). Geoffrey H. White (ed.). The Complete Peerage. Vol. 12. St. Catherine Press.
- ISBN 978-0-520-04372-5.
- ISBN 978-0-631-16259-9.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/19954. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) The first edition of this text is available at Wikisource: Tait, J. (1894). . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 40. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
- ISBN 978-1-4499-6637-9.)
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Richardson, D. (2011). Kimball G. Everingham (ed.). Magna Carta Ancestry. Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City. ISBN 978-1-4609-9270-8.)
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ISBN 978-0-86299-290-3.
Further reading
- Gibson, J.P (1 July 1911). "A Defence of the Proscription of the Yorkists in 1459". JSTOR 549840.
- S2CID 155012397.
- Jacob, E.F. (1988) [1961-12-31]. The Fifteenth Century 1399–1485. Oxford History of England. Vol. 6. Oxford University Press.
- .
- Mowat, R.B. (1914). The Wars of the Roses 1377–1471. London: Crosby Lockwood and Son. OCLC 4217871.
- Myers, A.R. (1953). English in the Later Middle Ages.
- Sadler, D.J. (2000). War in the North: The Wars of the Roses in the North East of England 1461–1464. Bristol: Stuart Press. ISBN 978-1-85804-154-4.
- JSTOR 557957.
External links
- Royal Berkshire History: Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury (1400–1460)
- Sir Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury
- War of the Roses: Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury (1400–1460)
