Richard Speck
Richard Speck | |
---|---|
Born | Richard Benjamin Speck December 6, 1941 Kirkwood, Illinois, U.S. |
Died | December 5, 1991 Joliet, Illinois, U.S. | (aged 49)
Other names | Richard Franklin Lindbergh |
Spouse |
Shirley Malone
(m. 1962; div. 1966) |
Children | 1 |
Motive |
|
Conviction(s) | Murder (8 counts) |
Criminal penalty | Death; commuted to 100 to 300 years imprisonment |
Details | |
Victims | 8 |
Date apprehended | July 17, 1966 |
Imprisoned at | Stateville Correctional Center |
Richard Benjamin Speck (December 6, 1941 – December 5, 1991) was an American
Convicted of all eight murders on April 15, 1967, Speck was
Early life and crimes
This section relies largely or entirely upon a single source.(June 2018) ) |
Childhood
Richard Benjamin Speck[2][3] was born in Kirkwood, Illinois in 1941 and was the seventh of eight children of Benjamin Franklin Speck and Mary Margaret Carbaugh. The family moved to Monmouth, Illinois, shortly after Speck's birth. He and his sister Carolyn (b. 1943) were much younger than their four older sisters and two older brothers. His mother was religious and a teetotaler. His father worked as a packer at Western Stoneware in Monmouth having previously worked as a farmer and logger.
In 1947, when Speck was six years old, his father died from a heart attack at the age of 53. Speck was reportedly very close to his father.[4]
On May 10, 1950, three years after the death of his father, his mother Mary married Carl August Rudolph Lindberg in Palo Pinto, Texas. She and Lindberg had met during a train ride to Chicago. Lindberg was a traveling insurance salesman from Texas, with a 25-year criminal record that ranged from forgery to several DUIs. Lindberg was also a hard drinker unlike Speck's father. Speck and his sister Carolyn stayed with their married sister Sara Thornton in Monmouth for a few months so Speck could finish second grade, before joining their mother and Lindberg in rural Santo, Texas, 40 miles (64 km) west of Fort Worth, Texas, where Speck attended third grade.
In 1952, Speck's eldest brother, Robert, died in an automobile accident at the age of 23.[4]
Dallas, 1951–1966
In 1951, after a year in Santo, Speck moved with his mother, Lindberg, and sister Carolyn to East Dallas. The family moved frequently, living at 10 different addresses, usually in poor neighborhoods over the next 12 years. Speck loathed his stepfather who was often drunk, verbally abusive, and frequently absent.[4]
Speck struggled in school, refusing to wear the glasses that he needed for reading. He repeated the eighth grade at J. L. Long Jr. High School, in part because of his fear of people staring at him and his subsequent refusal to speak in class.[4][5] In autumn 1957, Speck started ninth grade at Crozier Technical High School, but failed every subject. Speck did not return for the second semester, dropping out of school in January 1958, after his 16th birthday.
Having started drinking alcohol at age 12, by age 15 he was getting drunk almost every day. His first arrest, in 1955 at age 13 for trespassing, was followed by dozens of other arrests for misdemeanors over the next eight years.[4]
From 1960 to 1963, Speck worked as a laborer for the
In July 1963, at the age of 21, Speck was sentenced to serve three years in prison after being convicted of forgery and burglary. Speck had forged and cashed a co-worker's $44 paycheck (equivalent to $438 in 2023) and also robbed a grocery store for cigarettes, beer, and $3 in cash (equivalent to $30 in 2023). He was paroled in 1965 after serving 16 months at Texas State Penitentiary in Huntsville, Texas.[4] His release lasted a week. Speck was arrested again on January 9, 1965. Speck attacked a woman in the parking lot of her apartment building, wielding a 17-inch (43 cm) carving knife, but fled when the woman screamed. The police arrived within minutes and apprehended Speck a few blocks away. Speck was convicted of aggravated assault, given a 16-month sentence to run concurrently with a parole violation sentence, and returned to prison in Huntsville. However, due to an error, he was released just six months later upon the completion of his parole violation sentence on July 2, 1965.[4] After his release, Speck worked for three months as a driver for the Patterson Meat Company. Although he had six accidents in the company's truck, he was fired for failing to show up for work.
In December 1965, upon the recommendation of his mother, Speck moved in with a 29-year-old divorced woman, an ex-professional wrestler and now a bartender at his favorite bar, Ginny's Lounge, to babysit her three children. In January 1966, Malone, who had been separated from Speck, filed for divorce. That same month, Speck stabbed a man in a knife fight at Ginny's Lounge. He was charged with aggravated assault, but a defense attorney hired by his mother got the charge reduced to disturbing the peace. Speck was fined $10 (equivalent to $94 in 2023) and jailed for three days after he failed to pay the fine. This was the last time Speck was in police custody in Dallas.[4]
On March 5, 1966, Speck bought a 12-year-old car then robbed a grocery store the following evening, stealing 70 cartons of cigarettes, which he then sold out of the trunk of his car in the grocery store's parking lot. The police traced the car (which Speck had abandoned) and issued a warrant for his arrest for burglary on March 8. Had he been apprehended under that warrant, it would have been his 42nd arrest in Dallas and would have surely resulted in another prison term. On March 9, 1966, Speck's sister Carolyn drove him to the Dallas bus depot, where he took a bus to
Monmouth, March–April 1966
Speck stayed with his sister Martha Thornton and her family in Chicago for a few days, and then returned to his boyhood hometown of
On April 3, Mrs. Virgil Harris, a 65-year-old resident of Monmouth, returned home at 1:00 a.m. to find a burglar in her house brandishing a knife. He was a 6-foot-tall white man who was "very polite" and spoke "very softly with a Southern drawl." The man blindfolded her, tied her up, raped her, ransacked her house, and stole the $2.50 she had earned babysitting that evening.[4]
A week later, Mary Kathryn Pierce, a 32-year-old barmaid who worked at her brother-in-law's tavern, Frank's Place, in downtown Monmouth, was last seen leaving the tavern at 12:20 a.m. on April 9. She was reported missing on April 13, and her body was found that day in an empty hog house behind the tavern. She had died from a blow to her abdomen that ruptured her liver.[4]
Speck had frequented Frank's Place, and the empty hog house was one of several he had helped build in the preceding month, so Monmouth police briefly questioned him about Pierce's death when he showed up to collect his final carpentry paycheck on April 15 and asked him to stay in town for further questioning. When police showed up at the Christy Hotel on April 19 to continue questioning Speck, they discovered he had left the hotel a few hours earlier, carrying his suitcases and saying he was just going to the laundromat. He had instead left town. A search of his room turned up a radio and costume jewelry Mrs. Virgil Harris had reported missing from her house, as well as items reported missing in two other local burglaries in the previous month.[4]
Chicago, April–June 1966
On April 19, 1966, Speck returned to stay at his sister Martha's second-floor apartment at 3966 N. Avondale Ave., in the Old Irving Park neighborhood on the Northwest side of Chicago, where she lived with her husband, Gene Thornton, and their two teenage daughters. Martha had worked as a registered nurse in pediatrics before she was married, and her husband Gene worked nights as a railroad switchman. Speck told them an unbelievable story about having to leave Monmouth after refusing to sell narcotics for a "crime syndicate" there. Gene Thornton, who had served in the U.S. Navy, thought that the U.S. Merchant Marine might provide a suitable occupation for his unemployed brother-in-law, so on April 25 he took Speck to the U.S. Coast Guard office to apply for a letter of authority to work as an apprentice seaman. The application required being fingerprinted and photographed, and having a physical examination by a doctor.[4]
Speck found work immediately after obtaining the letter of authority, joining the 33-member crew of Inland Steel's Clarence B. Randall, an L6-S-B1 class bulk ore lake freighter, on April 30. Speck's first voyage on the Clarence B. Randall was brief, since he was stricken with appendicitis on May 3, and was evacuated by U.S. Coast Guard helicopter to St. Joseph's Hospital in Hancock, Michigan, on the Keweenaw Peninsula of Michigan's Upper Peninsula where he had an emergency appendectomy.[4]
After he was discharged from the hospital, Speck returned to stay with his sister Martha and her family in Chicago to recuperate. On May 20, he rejoined the crew of the Clarence B. Randall on which he served until June 14, when he got drunk and quarreled with one of the boat's officers and was put ashore on June 15. For the following week, Speck stayed at the St. Elmo, an
On June 30, Speck's brother-in-law Gene drove him to the
Chicago, July 1966
On Friday, July 8, 1966, Speck's brother-in-law Gene drove him to the NMU hiring hall to pick up his seaman's card and register for a berth on a ship. Speck lost out that day to a seaman with more seniority for a berth on the SS Flying Spray, a C1-A cargo ship bound for South Vietnam, and returned to his sister Martha's apartment for the weekend.[4]
By Monday, July 11, Speck had outstayed his welcome with his sister Martha and her family. After packing his bags and again being driven by his brother-in-law to the NMU hiring hall to await a berth on a ship, Speck stayed the night at Pauline's rooming house, about 1 mile (1,600 m) away at 3028 E. 96th St., in the Vets Park neighborhood of South Deering, Chicago.[4]
On Tuesday, July 12, Speck returned to the NMU hiring hall. In mid-afternoon, he received an assignment on
On Wednesday, July 13, Speck picked up his bags and checked in at the NMU hiring hall. He was angry for being sent to a non-existent assignment, and he talked for 30 minutes in the car with his sister Martha and her husband Gene, who had driven down to visit him at 9 a.m. They parked on E. 100th St. next to Luella Elementary School, across the street from the townhouses where the nurses lived. At 10:30 a.m., he was tired of waiting at the NMU hiring hall for a job. Speck had $25 that his sister had given him, and he left and walked about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east on E. 100th St. to check in at the Shipyard Inn at E. 101st St. & S. Avenue N; the inn was an East Side, Chicago rooming house.[4]
Speck spent the rest of the day drinking in nearby taverns before he accosted Ella Mae Hooper at knifepoint; she was a 53-year-old woman who had spent the day drinking at the same taverns that Speck had patronized. Speck took her to his room at the Shipyard Inn, raped her, and stole her black $16 mail-order
Murder of eight student nurses
At 11 p.m. on July 13, 1966, Speck broke into the 2319 E. 100th St townhouse in Chicago's Jeffery Manor neighborhood; the townhouse was functioning as a dormitory for student nurses. He entered and, using only a knife, killed Gloria Davy, Patricia Matusek, Nina Jo Schmale, Pamela Wilkening, Suzanne Farris, Mary Ann Jordan, Merlita Gargullo, and Valentina Pasion. Speck, who later claimed he was both drunk and high on drugs, may have originally planned to commit a routine burglary.[9] Speck held the women in a room for hours, leading them out one by one, stabbing or strangling each to death, then finally raping and strangling his last victim, 22-year-old Gloria Davy. Intervals of between twenty and thirty minutes elapsed between each murder.[10]
One woman, Corazon Amurao, escaped death because she crawled and hid under a bed while Speck was out of the room. Speck possibly lost count or might have known eight women lived in the townhouse but was unaware that a ninth woman was spending the night. Amurao stayed hidden until almost 6 a.m.[11] Amurao and two of the murder victims, Gargullo and Pasion, were exchange nurses from the Philippines.[12]
Fingerprints found at the scene were matched to Speck.[13]
Two days after the murders, drifter named Claude Lunsford identified Speck. Speck, Lunsford, and another man had been drinking the evening of July 15 on the fire escape of the Starr Hotel at 617 W. Madison. On July 16, Lunsford recognized a sketch of the murderer in the evening paper and phoned the police at 9:30 p.m. after finding Speck in his (Lunsford's) room at the Starr Hotel. The police, however, did not respond to the call although their records showed the call had been made. Speck then attempted
Concerns over the recent Miranda decision that had vacated the convictions of a number of criminals meant Speck was not even questioned for three weeks after his arrest.[14]
Pre-trial
This section relies largely or entirely upon a single source.(June 2018) ) |
Felony Court Judge Herbert J. Paschen appointed an impartial panel to report on Speck's competence to stand trial and his sanity at the time of the crime—a panel of three physicians suggested by the defense and three physicians selected by the prosecution, consisting of five psychiatrists and one general surgeon. The panel's confidential report deemed Speck competent to stand trial and concluded he had not been insane at the time of the murders.[4]
While awaiting trial, Speck participated in twice-weekly sessions with part-time Cook County Jail psychiatrist, Dr. Marvin Ziporyn. These continued after Speck's transfer from Cermak Memorial Hospital (inside Chicago's House of Corrections) on July 29, 1966, until February 13, 1967, the day before Speck was transferred to Peoria to stand trial. Ziporyn prepared a discharge summary with depression, anxiety, guilt, and shame among Speck's emotions, but also a deep love for his family. It went on to note an
Dr. Ziporyn did not testify for the defense or the prosecution, as both sides were troubled to learn before the trial that Ziporyn was writing a book about Speck for financial gain. Ziporyn also earned the ire of the Cook County Jail, which fired him as its part-time psychiatrist the week after Speck's trial ended. At some point during his interviews with Speck, Ziporyn had obtained a written three-sentence consent from Speck authorizing him to tell "what I am really like." Ziporyn's biography of Speck was published in the summer of 1967.[4]
Confessions
Fatalities |
Gloria Jean Davy (22) |
Suzanne Bridgit Farris (21) |
Merlita Ornado Gargullo (23) |
Mary Ann Jordan (20) |
Patricia Ann Matusek (20) |
Valentina P. Pasion (24) |
Nina Jo Schmale (24) |
Pamela Lee Wilkening (20) |
Speck later claimed he had no
Trial
Speck's jury trial began April 3, 1967, in Peoria, Illinois, three hours southwest of Chicago, with a gag order on the press.[17] In court, Speck was positively identified by the sole surviving student nurse, Corazon Amurao. When Amurao was asked if she could identify the killer of her fellow students, Amurao rose from her seat in the witness box, walked directly in front of Speck and pointed her finger at him, nearly touching him, and said, "This is the man."[18] In addition, Lieutenant Emil Giese testified that fingerprints at the scene had been matched to Richard Speck.[13]
On April 15, after 49 minutes of deliberation, the jury found Speck guilty and recommended the death penalty. On June 5, Judge Herbert J. Paschen sentenced Speck to die in the
XYY syndrome myth
In December 1965 and March 1966, Nature and The Lancet published findings by British cytogeneticist Patricia Jacobs and colleagues of a chromosome survey of patients at Scotland's only security hospital for the developmentally disabled. Nine of the patients, ranging from 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m) to 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) height, were found to have an extra Y chromosome, the XYY syndrome.[20][21][22] Jacobs hypothesized that men with XYY syndrome are more prone to aggressive and violent behavior than males with the normal XY karyotype, but the idea was later shown to be incorrect.[23][24][25]
In August 1966, Eric Engel, a Swiss endocrinologist and geneticist at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, wrote to Speck's attorney, Cook County Public Defender Gerald W. Getty, who was reportedly planning an insanity defense. He suggested, based on Jacobs's unsubstantiated theory and Speck's height of 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m), that Speck might have XYY syndrome.[26][27] A chromosome analysis performed the following month by Engel revealed that Speck had a normal XY karyotype.[27] One month later, a court-appointed panel of six physicians rejected Getty's insanity argument and concluded that Speck was mentally competent to stand trial.[28]
In 1968,
After Getty contacted Telfer to discuss her findings and their possible relevance to his client, Telfer wrote a speculative piece for the British journal Think in which she mistakenly reported that Speck had an XYY karyotype. That, combined with his extensive acne scarring, led her to describe Speck as "the archetypal XYY male".[31][32][33]
In a three-part series on the XYY syndrome published in April 1968, The New York Times presented Jacobs's unsubstantiated theory associating the syndrome with violent behavior as an established fact, and noted that the karyotype had been cited as a mitigating factor by attorneys defending an XYY man charged with murder in Paris,[34][35] and another in Melbourne.[36][37][38] It also identified Speck as a "classic example" of an "XYY criminal" and citing Telfer and Getty as sources, predicted that XYY syndrome would form the crux of his insanity defense.[24][39][40][41] Similar articles followed, again citing Telfer, in Time[42] and Newsweek,[43] and six months later in The New York Times Magazine.[44]
In May 1968, Speck's chromosomes were karyotyped a second time by Engel, with the same result: a normal 46,XY genome.[27] After Speck's conviction and death sentence were upheld by the Illinois Supreme Court later that year[45] and the appeals process moved to the Federal court system,[46] articles continued to appear in the lay press reporting (or implying) that Speck's supposed XYY genotype would be invoked as a mitigating factor.[47][48]
In a review article published in the Journal of Medical Genetics in December 1968, Michael Court Brown found no overrepresentation of XYY males in chromosome surveys of Scottish prisons and hospitals for the developmentally and mentally disabled, and suggested that any conclusions drawn from study populations composed solely of institutionalized males were likely distorted by selection bias.[49]
In May 1969, at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Telfer et al. reported that they had found no evidence of significant behavior differences, on average, between men with XYY karyotypes and those with normal genomes, and that XYY males had been unfairly stigmatized by earlier unsupported speculation.[50][32][51]
Death penalty reversal
On June 28, 1971, the U.S. Supreme Court (citing their June 3, 1968 Witherspoon v. Illinois decision) upheld Speck's conviction but reversed his death sentence, because more than 250 potential jurors were unconstitutionally excluded from his jury because of their conscientious or religious beliefs against capital punishment.[6][52] The case was remanded back to the Illinois Supreme Court for re-sentencing.
On June 29, 1972, in
On November 21, 1972, in Peoria, Judge Richard Fitzgerald re-sentenced Speck to from 400 to 1,200 years in prison (eight consecutive sentences of 50 to 150 years),[54] which was then reduced to 100 to 300 years.[55] He was denied parole in seven minutes at his first parole hearing on September 15, 1976, and at six subsequent hearings in 1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 1987, and 1990.[56]
Imprisonment
While incarcerated at the
Speck loathed reporters, and granted only one press interview, in 1978, to Chicago Tribune columnist Bob Greene. During that interview, he publicly confessed to the murders for the first time, and said he thought he would get out of prison "between now and the year 2000," at which time he hoped to run his own grocery store business. When Greene asked him if he compared himself to celebrity killers like John Dillinger, he replied, "Me, I'm not like Dillinger or anybody else. I'm freakish."[15]
Speck stated that at the time of the killings, he "had no feelings," but things had changed: "I had no feelings at all that night. They said there was blood all over the place. I can't remember. It felt like nothing ... I'm sorry as hell. For those girls, and for their families, and for me. If I had to do it over again, it would be a simple house burglary." Speck's "final thought for the American people" was, "Just tell 'em to keep up their hatred for me. I know it keeps up their morale. And I don't know what I'd do without it."[15]
In his book Mindhunter: Inside the FBI's Elite Serial Crime Unit, John E. Douglas of the FBI's Behavioral Science Unit refers to a telling prison incident Speck revealed to him in an interview: "he found an injured sparrow that had flown in through one of the broken windows and nursed it back to health. When it was healthy enough to stand, he tied a string around its leg and had it perch on his shoulder. At one point, a guard told him pets weren't allowed. 'I can't have it?' Speck challenged, then walked over to a spinning fan and threw the small bird in. Horrified, the guard said, 'I thought you liked that bird.' 'I did,' Speck replied. 'But if I can't have it, no one can.'" [57]
Prison video
In May 1996, Chicago television news anchor Bill Kurtis received video tapes made at Stateville Correctional Center in 1988 from an anonymous attorney. Showing them publicly for the first time before the Illinois state legislature, Kurtis pointed out the explicit scenes of sex, drug use, and money being passed around by prisoners, who seemingly had no fear of being caught. In the center was Speck, performing oral sex on another inmate,[58][59] sharing a large quantity of cocaine with another inmate, parading in silk panties, sporting gynecomastia (allegedly grown using smuggled hormone treatments), and boasting: "If they only knew how much fun I was having, they'd turn me loose."[58] The Illinois legislature packed the auditorium to view the two-hour video,[58] but stopped the screening when the tape showed Speck performing oral sex on another man.[59]
From behind the camera, a prisoner asked Speck if he had killed the nurses. Speck responded: "Sure I did." When asked why, Speck shrugged and jokingly said: "It just wasn't their night." Asked how he felt about himself in the years since, he said: "Like I always felt ... had no feeling. If you're asking me if I felt sorry, no." He also described in detail the experience of strangling someone: "It's not like TV ... it takes over three minutes and you have to have a lot of strength."[58]
Death
Shortly before December 5, 1991, Speck was transported from Stateville Correctional Center to Silver Cross Hospital in Joliet, Illinois after complaining of severe chest pains.[60][61] Speck later died in the early morning hours of December 5, of what was believed to be a heart attack, one day shy of what would have been his 50th birthday.[62] The coroner stated that Speck had an "enlarged heart, emphysema and clogged arteries" which most likely contributed to his fatal heart attack.[63]
Speck's sister feared that his grave would be desecrated, so he was cremated, and his ashes were scattered in an undisclosed location in the Joliet area.[62]
Media
Film
- The 1967 film Violated Angels is a fictionalized version of Speck's murder spree, set in Japan.
- The 1976 film Naked Massacre is another fictionalized version of Speck's murder spree, set in Northern Ireland.[citation needed]
- The 2002 film Speck portrays Speck's murders from his perspective.
- The 2007 film Chicago Massacre: Richard Speck also portrays Speck's crimes.
- The 2012 film 100 Ghost Street: The Return of Richard Speck
Television
- The story of the investigation of Townhouse Massacre, the arrest, and trial of Speck was featured in an episode of Investigation Discovery's A Crime to Remember entitled, "And Then There Was One".[64]
- The second episode of season 1 of the FX series American Horror Story uses the murders as reference for the deaths of two nursing students in the Murder House in 1968.
- The ninth episode of season 1 of the Netflix series Mindhunter, actor Jack Erdie played Richard Speck, detailing the murders of the nurses.
- Great Crimes and Trials of the 20th Century S02E05 (1994). This series was commissioned by the BBC.[65]
See also
- List of multiple homicides in Illinois
- List of serial rapists
- Most prolific murderers by number of victims
References
Citations
- ISBN 0-747-20897-2p. 270
- ^ "Find missing woman sought in Speck case". Chicago Tribune. August 5, 1966. p. 14.
indictments were returned against Richard Franklin Speck, the name he used most frequently, instead of Richard Benjamin Speck, as shown on his birth certificate
- ^ Fornek, Scott (July 9, 2006). "Drinking buddy: 'He was just calm'". Chicago Sun-Times. p. A13.
Speck was born Richard Benjamin Speck on Dec. 6, 1941, in Downstate Kirkwood. Later, he took Franklin—his father's middle name—as his own middle name
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Breo, Martin & Kunkle (1993)
- OCLC 295373.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-448-01023-6.
- ^ Breo, Martin & Kunkle (1993), pp. 23–24: "Ella Mae had obtained the .22 caliber black Rohm pistol for $16 from a mail-order house in West Virginia...and it was delivered to her by parcel post on March 10, 1966".
- ^ Breo, Martin & Kunkle (1993), pp. 199–200: possibly a $4.75 black-handled Schrade Walden "Improved Muskrat" switchblade with 2+3⁄4 inch and 2+3⁄16 inch blades.
- ^ Fornek, Scott. "'They're all dead!': 40 years ago this week, Richard Speck killed 8". Chicago Sun-Times. July 9, 2006.
- ISBN 978-1-897-78404-4p. 149
- ^ Chua-Eoan, Howard (March 1, 2007). "Top 25 Crimes of the Century: Richard Speck, 1966". Time. Archived from the original on January 15, 2010.
- ^ "Three Filipina nurses and Chicago’s ‘Crime of the Century’" Archived 2016-07-26 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d Fornek, Scott. "Dogged detectives, alert physician nailed Speck"[permanent dead link]. Chicago Sun-Times. July 10, 2006. Reprint.
- ^ "Criminal Justice: Learning to Live with Miranda". Time. August 5, 1966. Archived from the original on June 12, 2009.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-689-11397-0.
- ^ Siemaszko, Corky (July 13, 2016). "How Richard Speck's Rampage 50 Years Ago Changed a Nation". NBC News. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
- ^ "The Press and Richard Speck". TIME. March 3, 1967.
- ^ Sobol, Rosemary (April 25, 2016), Richard Speck attack survivor: 'Somebody up there was hiding me from him', Chicago Tribune, retrieved December 17, 2020
- ^ Speck Conviction. from CBS Evening News, from the Vanderbilt Television News Archive. November 22, 1968.
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- ^ "Speck's lawyer maps strategy in defense". Chicago Tribune. August 3, 1966. p. 7. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
Wiedrich, Robert (August 19, 1966). "Mental test panel for Speck is asked". Chicago Tribune. p. 1.[permanent dead link]
"Judge orders Speck be given mental tests; Orders panel of 6 to report back Oct. 24". Chicago Tribune. September 10, 1966. p. 17. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
"Rule Speck can face trial; Panel silent on sanity on murder day; Final report due on Nov. 4". Chicago Tribune. October 25, 1966. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2017. - PMID 4169701.
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- ^ PMID 5443650. Archived from the originalon June 12, 2011. Retrieved March 18, 2009.
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- ^ Garrison, Lloyd (October 15, 1968). "French murder jury rejects chromosome defect as defense". The New York Times. p. 5.
- ^ "Criminal law: Question of Y". Time. Vol. 92, no. 17. October 25, 1968. p. 76. Archived from the original on November 20, 2007.
- ^ "Extra chromosome brings acquittal on murder charge". The New York Times. October 10, 1968. p. 94.
- ^ Auerbach, Stuart (October 10, 1968). "Genetic abnormality is basis for acquittal". The Washington Post. p. A1. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
- ^ Getze, George (February 3, 1969). "Australia precedent for XYY syndrome case held dubious". Los Angeles Times. p. C1. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013.
- ^ Lyons, Richard D. (April 21, 1968). "Genetic abnormality is linked to crime; Genetics linked to violent crimes". The New York Times. p. 1.
- ^ Lyons, Richard D. (April 22, 1968). "Ultimate Speck appeal may cite a genetic defect". The New York Times. p. 43.
- ^ editorial (April 23, 1968). "Nature or nurture?". The New York Times. p. 46.
- ^ "Of chromosomes & crime". Time. Vol. 91, no. 18. May 3, 1968. p. 41. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010.
- ^ "Born bad?". Newsweek. 76 (19): 87. May 6, 1968.
- ^ Stock, Robert W. (October 20, 1968). "The XYY and the criminal". The New York Times Magazine. p. SM30.
- ^ "Getty sends Speck appeal to high court; Cites 22 errors in his 193-page brief". Chicago Tribune. July 23, 1968. p. B11. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
- ^ "Getty tells Speck case plea basis; 10 issues are raised regarding trial". Chicago Tribune. November 26, 1968. p. A16. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
- ^ Kotulak, Ronald; Jones, William (November 17, 1968). "Test Speck, seek genetic error 'alibi'; Move to prevent execution". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
- ^ Howard, Robert (November 23, 1968). "Upholds Speck sentence; Court fixes Jan. 31 for execution; Trial was fair, Klingbiel rules". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
- PMID 4890326.
- ^ "A kind word said for the XYY men; Psychiatrist cites evidence many are good citizens". The New York Times. Associated Press. May 6, 1969. p. 93.
- PMID 4248395.
- ^ U.S. Supreme Court (June 3, 1968). "Witherspoon v. Illinois". Retrieved August 25, 2008.
- ^ Elsasser, Glen (June 30, 1972). "Supreme Court ruling: death sentences voided". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
Crews, Stephen; Crimmins, Jerry (June 30, 1972). "Most on death row here were appealing". Chicago Tribune. p. C16. Retrieved October 10, 2012.[permanent dead link]
"Top state court orders new Speck sentencing". Chicago Tribune. September 21, 1972. p. 1. Retrieved October 10, 2012.[permanent dead link]
"Chronology: The Illinois death penalty experience—Furman v. Georgia to the present". Chicago: Center on Wrongful Convictions, Northwestern University School of Law. August 18, 2004. Archived from the original on November 11, 2004. Retrieved February 6, 2007. - ^ Blatchford, Frank (November 22, 1972). "New Speck term: 400 to 1,200 years". Chicago Tribune. p. 1.[permanent dead link]
"New law makes Speck eligible for parole in 1977". Chicago Tribune. November 23, 1972. p. B14.[permanent dead link]
Oppenheim, Carol (November 24, 1972). "Plan study of new code; 1977 parole for Speck doubted". Chicago Tribune. p. 16.[permanent dead link] - ^ "Richard Speck Biography (1941–1991)". April 2, 2014. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
- ^ Oppenheim, Carol (September 16, 1976). "Speck's parole denied in 7 minutes". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
"Speck waives hearing on parole with fiery note". Chicago Tribune. September 8, 1977. p. 4. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
"Parole denied to Speck; next hearing set for 1981". Chicago Tribune. September 29, 1978. p. A7. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
"Parole for Speck is denied 4th time". Chicago Tribune. September 5, 1981. p. S2. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
"Board refuses parole for mass-killer Speck". Chicago Tribune. September 8, 1984. p. 5. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
O'Brien, John; Davidson, Jean (September 10, 1987). "Speck is denied parole again". Chicago Tribune. p. 3 (Chicagoland).[permanent dead link]
"Speck parole denied for 7th time". Chicago Tribune. September 11, 1990. p. 3 (Chicagoland). Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2017. - ISBN 978-0-671-01375-2.
- ^ a b c d "NARY A SPECK OF DECENCY". Time. New York City: Meredith Corporation. May 27, 1996. Archived from the original on March 8, 2008. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
- ^ a b Johnson, Dirk (May 16, 1996). "Killer's Prison Video Sparks Illinois Lawmakers' Outrage". The New York Times. New York City. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
- ^ Times, Los Angeles (December 6, 1991). "MASS MURDERER DIES IN PRISON RICHARD SPECK, WHO KILLED 8 NURSES IN 1966, SUFFERS HEART ATTACK". Sun-Sentinel.com. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
- ^ "The Times-News - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
- ^ a b Siemaszko, Corky (July 13, 2016). "How Richard Speck's Rampage 50 Years Ago Changed a Nation". NBC News. New York City: NBCUniversal. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
- ^ Report, Times Staff and Wire (December 6, 1991). "Speck's death puts era to rest. Victims' relatives, though". nwitimes.com. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
- ^ "A Crime to Remember: And Then There Was One". IMDB. imdb.com. May 29, 2019. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
- ^ "Great Crimes and Trials of the Twentieth Century: Richard Speck". IMDB. imdb.com. May 30, 2009. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
Works cited
- Breo, Daniel L.; Martin, William J.; Kunkle, Bill (1993). The Crime of the Century: Richard Speck and the Murders That Shocked a Nation. New York City: ISBN 978-0-553-56025-1.
Further reading
- Cawthorne, Nigel; Tibballs, Geoff (1993). Killers: Contract Killers, Spree Killers, Sex Killers. The Ruthless Exponents of Murder, the Most Evil Crime of All. London: Boxtree. ISBN 0-7522-0850-0.
- Duwe, Grant (2007). Mass Murder in the United States: A History. North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-786-43150-2.
- Foreman, Laura (1992). Mass Murderers: True Crime. New York: Time-Life Books. pp. 6-29. ISBN 0-7835-0004-1.
- Fox, James Allan (2015). Extreme Killing: Understanding Serial and Mass Murder. London: Sage Publishing. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-1-483-35072-1.
- Leyton, Elliot (2011) [1986]. Hunting Humans: The Rise Of The Modern Multiple Murderer. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 978-0-140-11687-8.
- Whittington-Egan, Richard; Whittington-Egan, Molly (1992). The Murder Almanac. Glasgow: Neil Wilson Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-897-78404-4.
External links
- July 18, 1966 Chicago Tribune article focusing upon the murders committed by Richard Speck
- Contemporary news article pertaining to the trial of Richard Speck
- July 1966 Life magazine article focusing upon the murders committed by Richard Speck
- Richard Speck at TruTV
- Britannica.com article pertaining to Richard Speck
- 2016 NBC news article published to mark the 50th anniversary of the murders committed by Speck
- Image gallery pertaining to the case