Richard Stallman
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Richard Matthew Stallman (/ˈstɔːlmən/ STAWL-mən; born March 16, 1953), also known by his initials, rms,[1] is an American free software movement activist and programmer. He campaigns for software to be distributed in such a manner that its users have the freedom to use, study, distribute, and modify that software. Software that ensures these freedoms is termed free software. Stallman launched the GNU Project, founded the Free Software Foundation (FSF) in October 1985,[2] developed the GNU Compiler Collection and GNU Emacs, and wrote all versions of the GNU General Public License.
Stallman launched the GNU Project in September 1983 to write a Unix-like computer operating system composed entirely of free software.[3] With this, he also launched the free software movement. He has been the GNU project's lead architect and organizer, and developed a number of pieces of widely used GNU software including, among others, the GNU Compiler Collection,[4] GNU Debugger,[5] and GNU Emacs text editor.[6]
Stallman pioneered the concept of
In 1989, he co-founded the
.In September 2019, Stallman resigned as president of the FSF and left his visiting scientist role at MIT after making controversial comments about the Jeffrey Epstein sex trafficking scandal. Stallman remained head of the GNU Project, and in 2021 returned to the FSF board of directors.
Early life
Stallman was born March 16, 1953,
His first experience with actual computers was at the
Harvard University and MIT
As a first-year student at Harvard University in fall 1970, Stallman was known for his strong performance in Math 55.[14] He was happy: "For the first time in my life, I felt I had found a home at Harvard."[10]
In 1971, near the end of his first year at Harvard, he became a programmer at the
Stallman considered staying on at Harvard, but instead decided to enroll as a graduate student at the
While working (starting in 1975) as a research assistant at MIT under
As a hacker in MIT's AI laboratory, Stallman worked on software projects such as
Events leading to GNU
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the hacker culture that Stallman thrived on began to fragment. To prevent software from being used on their competitors' computers, most manufacturers stopped distributing source code and began using copyright and restrictive software licenses to limit or prohibit copying and redistribution. Such proprietary software had existed before, and it became apparent that it would become the norm. This shift in the legal characteristics of software was a consequence triggered by the US Copyright Act of 1976.[21]
When
In 1980, Stallman and some other hackers at the AI Lab were refused access to the source code for the software of a newly installed
Stallman argues that software users should have the freedom to share with their neighbors and be able to study and make changes to the software that they use. He maintains that attempts by proprietary software vendors to prohibit these acts are antisocial and unethical.
In February 1984, Stallman quit his job at MIT to work full-time on the GNU project, which he had announced in September 1983. Since then, he had remained affiliated with MIT as an unpaid
GNU project
Stallman announced the plan for the
In 1985, Stallman published the
Stallman popularized the concept of copyleft, a legal mechanism to protect the modification and redistribution rights for free software. It was first implemented in the GNU Emacs General Public License, and in 1989 the first program-independent GNU General Public License (GPL) was released. By then, much of the GNU system had been completed.
Stallman was responsible for contributing many necessary tools, including a
In 1991, Linus Torvalds, a Finnish student, used the GNU's development tools to produce the free monolithic Linux kernel. The existing programs from the GNU project were readily ported to run on the resultant platform. Most sources use the name Linux to refer to the general-purpose operating system thus formed, while Stallman and the FSF call it GNU/Linux. This has been a longstanding naming controversy in the free software community. Stallman argues that not using GNU in the name of the operating system unfairly disparages the value of the GNU project and harms the sustainability of the free software movement by breaking the link between the software and the free software philosophy of the GNU project.
Stallman's influences on hacker culture include the name
In 1992, developers at
has characterized what he sees as Stallman's uncompromising stubbornness as common among elite computer programmers:There's something comforting about Stallman's intransigence. Win or lose, Stallman will never give up. He'll be the stubbornest mule on the farm until the day he dies. Call it fixity of purpose, or just plain cussedness, his single-minded commitment and brutal honesty are refreshing in a world of spin-meisters and multimillion-dollar marketing campaigns.[42]
In 2018, Stallman instituted "Kind Communication Guidelines" for the GNU project to help its mailing list discussions remain constructive while avoiding explicitly promoting diversity.[43]
In October 2019, a public statement signed by 33 maintainers of the GNU project asserted that Stallman's behaviour had "undermined a core value of the GNU project: the empowerment of all computer users" and called for "GNU maintainers to collectively decide about the organization of the project".[44] The statement was published soon after Stallman resigned as president of the FSF and left his "visiting scientist" role at MIT in September 2019.[45][46] In spite of that, Stallman remained head of the GNU project.[47][48]
Activism
Stallman has written many essays on software freedom, and has been an outspoken political campaigner for the free software movement since the early 1990s.[16] The speeches he has regularly given are titled The GNU Project and the Free Software Movement,[49] The Dangers of Software Patents,[50] and Copyright and Community in the Age of Computer Networks.[51] In 2006 and 2007, during the eighteen month public consultation for the drafting of version 3 of the GNU General Public License, he added a fourth topic explaining the proposed changes.[52]
Stallman's staunch advocacy for free software inspired the creation of the Virtual Richard M. Stallman (
In 1999, Stallman called for development of a free online encyclopedia through the means of inviting the public to contribute articles.
In August 2006, at his meetings with the government of the Indian State of Kerala, he persuaded officials to discard proprietary software, such as Microsoft's, at state-run schools. This has resulted in a landmark decision to switch all school computers in 12,500 high schools from Windows to a free software operating system.[59]
After personal meetings, Stallman obtained positive statements about the free software movement from the then-president of India, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam,[60] French 2007 presidential candidate Ségolène Royal,[61] and the president of Ecuador Rafael Correa.[62]
Stallman has participated in protests about software patents,[63] digital rights management,[64][65] and proprietary software.
Protesting against proprietary software in April 2006, Stallman held a "Don't buy from ATI, enemy of your freedom" placard at an invited talk given by an ATI compiler architect in the building where Stallman worked, resulting in the police being called.[66] AMD has since acquired ATI and has taken steps to make their hardware documentation available for use by the free software community.[67]
Stallman has characterized Steve Jobs as having a "malign influence" on computing because of Jobs' leadership in guiding Apple to produce closed platforms.[68][69] According to Stallman, while Jobs was at NeXT, Jobs asked Stallman if he could distribute a modified GCC in two parts, one part under GPL and the other part, an Objective-C preprocessor under a proprietary license. Stallman initially thought this would be legal, but since he also thought it would be "very undesirable for free software", he asked a lawyer for advice. The response he got was that judges would consider such schemes to be "subterfuges" and would be very harsh toward them, and a judge would ask whether it was "really" one program, rather than how the parts were labeled. Therefore, Stallman sent a message back to Jobs which said they believed Jobs' plan was not allowed by the GPL, which resulted in NeXT releasing the Objective-C front end under GPL.[70][non-primary source needed]
For a period of time, Stallman used a notebook from the
Copyright reduction
Stallman has regularly given a talk entitled "Copyright vs. Community" where he reviews the state of digital rights management (DRM) and names many of the products and corporations which he boycotts. His approach to DRM is best summed up by the FSF
Stallman has also helped and supported the International Music Score Library Project in getting back online, after it had been taken down on October 19, 2007, following a cease and desist letter from Universal Edition.[80]
Stallman mentions the dangers some
Stallman discourages the use of several storage technologies such as DVD or
He recognized the
Stallman has suggested that the United States government may encourage the use of software as a service because this would allow them to access users' data without needing a search warrant.[84][85][86][87]
He denies being an
Terminologies
Stallman places great importance on the words and labels people use to talk about the world, including the relationship between software and freedom. He asks people to say free software and GNU/Linux, and to avoid the terms intellectual property and
Stallman argues that the term intellectual property is designed to confuse people, and is used to prevent intelligent discussion on the specifics of copyright, patent, trademark, and other areas of law by lumping together things that are more dissimilar than similar.[90] He also argues that by referring to these laws as property laws, the term biases the discussion when thinking about how to treat these issues, writing:
These laws originated separately, evolved differently, cover different activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues. Copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and covers the details of a work of authorship or art. Patent law was intended to encourage publication of ideas, at the price of finite monopolies over these ideas – a price that may be worth paying in some fields and not in others. Trademark law was not intended to promote any business activity, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are buying.[91]
Open source and Free software
His requests that people use certain terms, and his ongoing efforts to convince people of the importance of terminology, are a source of regular misunderstanding and friction with parts of the free software and
Linux and GNU
Stallman asks that the term GNU/Linux, which he pronounces
Surveillance resistance
Stallman professes admiration for Julian Assange[100] and Edward Snowden.[101] He has spoken against government and corporate surveillance on many occasions.[102][103][104]
He refers to mobile phones as "portable surveillance and
Comments about Jeffrey Epstein scandal
In September 2019, it was learned that
Stallman remained critical of Epstein and his role, stating "We know that Giuffre was being coerced into sex – by Epstein. She was being harmed."[114] Stallman's comments along with a compilation of accusations against him were published via Medium by Selam Gano, who called for him to be removed from MIT.[115][116] Vice published a copy of the email chain on September 13, 2019.[112][115] Stallman's writings from 2013 and earlier related to underage sex and child pornography laws resurfaced, increasing the controversy.[113] Tied to his comments regarding Minsky, this led to several calling for Stallman's resignation.[115][112]
During the backlash to Stallman's comments regarding the Epstein case, Stallman received criticism for previous writings advocating for the legalization of child pornography and pedophilia. In September 2006, Stallman had written, "I am skeptical of the claim that voluntarily [sic] pedophilia harms children. The arguments that it causes harm seem to be based on cases which aren't voluntary, which are then stretched by parents who are horrified by the idea that their little baby is maturing."[117] On September 14, 2019, Stallman acknowledged that since the time of his past writings, he had learned that there were problems with underage sex, writing on his blog: "Through personal conversations in recent years, I've learned to understand how sex with a child can harm per psychologically. This changed my mind about the matter: I think adults should not do that."[118][119][120][121]
On September 16, 2019, Stallman announced his resignation from both MIT and FSF, "due to pressure on MIT and me over a series of misunderstandings and mischaracterizations".[122] In a post on his website, Stallman asserted that his posts to the email lists were not to defend Epstein, stating "Nothing could be further from the truth. I've called him a 'serial rapist', and said he deserved to be imprisoned. But many people now believe I defended him—and other inaccurate claims—and feel a real hurt because of what they believe I said. I'm sorry for that hurt. I wish I could have prevented the misunderstanding."[113] In 2021, he apologized for tone-deafly failing "to acknowledge as context the injustice that Epstein did to women or the pain that caused".[123]
Return to FSF
In March 2021, at
Multiple organizations criticized, defunded and/or cut ties with the FSF,[133] including: Red Hat,[134] the Free Software Foundation Europe,[135] the Software Freedom Conservancy,[136] SUSE,[137][138] the OSI,[139] the Document Foundation,[140] the EFF,[141] and the Tor Project.[142] Debian declined to issue a statement after a community vote on the issue.[143] However, the FSF claims this had relatively little financial impact, as it has stated that direct financial support from corporations accounted for less than 3% of its revenue in the most recent fiscal year.[144]
Personal life
Stallman resides in
Stallman has written a collection of filk music and parody songs.[149]
In September 2023, while giving his keynote presentation at the GNU 40th anniversary event, Stallman revealed he had been diagnosed with follicular lymphoma, a form of cancer, and said that his prognosis was good and that he hopes to be around for years to come.[150][151][152]
Honors and awards
- 1986: Honorary lifetime membership of the Chalmers University of Technology Computer Society[153]
- 1990: Exceptional merit award MacArthur Fellowship ("genius grant")[154]
- 1990: The Association for Computing Machinery's Grace Murray Hopper Award "For pioneering work in the development of the extensible editor EMACS (Editing Macros)"[155]
- 1996: Honorary doctorate from Sweden's Royal Institute of Technology[156]
- 1998: Electronic Frontier Foundation's Pioneer Award[157]
- 1999: Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award[158]
- 2001: The Takeda Techno-Entrepreneurship Award for Social/Economic Well-Being (武田研究奨励賞)[159][160]
- 2001: Honorary doctorate, from the University of Glasgow[161]
- 2002: US National Academy of Engineering membership "for starting the GNU project, which produced influential, non-proprietary software tools, and for founding the free software movement"[162]
- 2003: Honorary doctorate, from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel[163]
- 2004: Honorary doctorate, from the Universidad Nacional de Salta[164]
- 2004: Honorary professorship, from the Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería del Perú[165]
- 2007: Honorary professorship, from the Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega[166]
- 2007: First Premio Internacional Extremadura al Conocimiento Libre[167]
- 2007: Honorary doctorate, from the Universidad de Los Angeles de Chimbote[168]
- 2007: Honorary doctorate, from the University of Pavia[169]
- 2008: Honorary doctorate from the Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, in Peru[170]
- 2009: Honorary doctorate, from Lakehead University[171][172]
- 2011: Honorary doctorate, from National University of Córdoba[173]
- 2012: Honorary professorship, from the Universidad César Vallejo de Trujillo, in Peru[174]
- 2012: Honorary doctorate, from the Universidad Latinoamericana Cima de Tacna, in Peru[175]
- 2012: Honorary doctorate, from the Universidad José Faustino Sánchez Carrión , in Peru[175]
- 2014: Honorary doctorate, from Concordia University, in Montréal[176]
- 2015: ACM Software System Award "For the development and leadership of GCC"[155]
- 2016: Honorary doctorate, from Pierre and Marie Curie University[177]
- 2016: Social Medicine award, from GNU Solidario[178]
Selected publications
Manuals
- Stallman, Richard M. (1980). EMACS: The Extensible, Customizable, Self-Documenting Display Editor. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory publication. AIM-519A.
- Stallman, Richard M. (2002). GNU Emacs Manual. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: GNU Press. ISBN 1-882114-85-X.
- Stallman, Richard M.; McGrath, Roland; Smith, Paul D. (2004). GNU Make: A Program for Directed Compilation. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: GNU Press. ISBN 1-882114-83-3.
- Stallman, Richard (2023). GNU C Language Introduction and Reference Manual. GNU.
Selected essays
- Stallman, Richard M. (2015). ISBN 978-0-9831592-5-4.
See also
- 9882 Stallman
- Free as in Freedom, a biography by Sam Williams
- Free Software Street
- History of free and open-source software
- Lisp Machine Lisp
- Revolution OS
References
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'Richard Stallman' is just my mundane name; you can call me 'rms'
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Q: You once said "the prospect of charging money for software was a crime against humanity". Do you still believe this? A: Well, I was not distinguishing the two meanings of free.
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I continue to be the Chief GNUisance of the GNU Project. I do not intend to stop any time soon.
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Under the [DMCA] and similar laws, it is illegal ... to distribute DVD players unless they restrict the user according to the official rules of the DVD conspiracy
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Everyone who uses the term intellectual property is either confused himself or trying to confuse you.
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For personal reasons, I do not browse the web from my computer
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Dr. John J. Ratey, a psychiatrist, has named shadow syndrome, a mild form of a well-recognized neuropsychiatric disorder like [...] autism.
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External links
- Official website
- In Support of Richard Stallman, a website which advocates for Stallman.
- Richard Stallman at IMDb
- Richard Stallman at Curlie
- Works by Richard Stallman at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Richard Stallman at Internet Archive
- Essays on the Philosophy of the GNU Project, almost all written by Stallman
- Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman 3rd edition, free pdf book, written by Stallman
- A Whitean Reading of Richard Stallman: Literary Dimensions in “The GNU Operating System and the Free Software Movement”