Richmond, Virginia
Richmond | ||
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FIPS code 51-67000[6] | | |
GNIS feature ID | 1499957[4] | |
Website | rva | |
Nomenclature evolution
Prior to 1071 – Richemont: a town in Normandy, France.1071 to 1501 – Richmond: a castle town in Yorkshire, UK. 1501 to 1742 – Richmond, a palace town in London, UK. 1742 to present – Richmond, Virginia. |
Richmond (/ˈrɪtʃmənd/ RICH-mənd) is the capital city of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. Incorporated in 1742, Richmond has been an independent city since 1871. The city's population in the 2020 census was 226,610, up from 204,214 in 2010,[7] making it Virginia's fourth-most populous city.[8] The Richmond metropolitan area, with over 1.3 million residents, is the Commonwealth's third-most populous.
Richmond is located at the
Richmond was an important village in the
Law, finance, and government primarily drive Richmond's economy. The
History
Colonial era
After the first permanent English-speaking settlement was established at
In 1611, the first European settlement in Central Virginia was established at
In early 1737, planter William Byrd II commissioned Major William Mayo to lay out the original town grid, completed in April. Byrd named the city after the English town of Richmond near (and now part of) London, because the view of the James River's bend at the fall line was similar to that of the River Thames from Richmond Hill, named after Henry VII's ancestral home in Richmond, North Yorkshire.[19] In 1742, the settlement was incorporated as a town.[20]
American Revolution
In 1775,
Early United States
Richmond recovered quickly from the war, thriving within a year of its burning.[24] In 1786, the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, drafted by Thomas Jefferson, was enacted, separating church and state and advancing the legal principle for freedom of religion in the United States.[25] In 1788, the Virginia State Capitol, designed by Jefferson and Charles-Louis Clérisseau in the Greek Revival style, was completed.
To bypass Richmond's rapids on the upper James River and provide a water route across the Appalachian Mountains to the Kanawha River, which flows westward into the Ohio River and converges with the Mississippi River, George Washington helped design the James River and Kanawha Canal.[26] The canal started in Westham and cut east to Richmond, facilitating the transfer of cargo from flat-bottomed James River bateaux above the fall line to the ocean-faring ships below.[26] The canal boatmen legacy is represented by the figure in the center of the city flag.[27]
Because of the canal and the hydropower the falls generated, Richmond emerged as an important industrial center after the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). It became home to some of the largest manufacturing facilities, including iron works and flour mills, in the South and the country.
By 1850, Richmond was connected by the
The railroad also was used by some to escape slavery in the mid-19th century. In 1849, Henry "Box" Brown famously had himself nailed into a small box and shipped from Richmond to abolitionists in Philadelphia through Baltimore's President Street Station on the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, often used by the Underground Railroad to assist escaping disguised slaves reach the free state of Pennsylvania.[29]
American Civil War
Five days after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, the Virginia legislature voted to secede from the United States and join the newly created Confederate States of America on April 17, 1861. The action became official in May, after the Confederacy promised to move its national capital to Richmond from Montgomery, Alabama.
Richmond held local, state and national Confederate government offices, hospitals, a railroad hub, and one of the largest slave markets. It also had the largest Confederate arms factory, the
Located about 100 mi (160 km) from the national capital in Washington, D.C., Richmond was at the end of a long supply line and difficult to defend. For four years, its defense required the bulk of the Army of Northern Virginia and the Confederacy's best troops and commanders.[31] The Union army made Richmond a main target in the campaigns of 1862 and 1864–65. In late June and early July 1862, Union General-in-Chief George B. McClellan threatened but failed to take Richmond in the Seven Days Battles of the Peninsula campaign. Three years later, Richmond became indefensible in March 1865 after nearby Petersburg fell and several remaining rail supply lines to the south and southwest were broken.
On March 25, Confederate General John B. Gordon's desperate attack on Fort Stedman, east of Petersburg, failed. On April 1, Union Cavalry General Philip Sheridan, assigned to interdict the Southside Railroad, met brigades commanded by Southern General George Pickett at the Five Forks Junction, defeated them, took thousands of prisoners, and advised Union General-in-Chief Ulysses S. Grant to order a general advance. When the Union Sixth Corps broke through Confederate lines on the Boydton Plank Road south of Petersburg, Confederate casualties exceeded 5,000, about a tenth of Lee's defending army. Lee then informed President Jefferson Davis that he intended to evacuate Richmond.[32]
On April 2, 1865, the Confederate Army began Richmond's evacuation. Confederate President Davis and his cabinet, Confederate government archives, and its treasury's gold, left the city that night by train. Confederate officials burned documents and troops burned tobacco and other warehouses to deny the Union any spoils. In the early morning of April 3, Confederate troops exploded the city's gunpowder magazine, killing several paupers in a temporary Almshouse and igniting raging fires.[33] Later that day, General Godfrey Weitzel, commander of the 25th Corps of the United States Colored Troops, accepted Richmond's surrender from the mayor and a group of leading citizens who did not evacuate.[34][35] Union troops eventually contained the fires, but about 25% of the city's buildings were destroyed.[36]
On April 3, President Abraham Lincoln visited Grant at Petersburg and took a launch up the James River to Richmond on April 4. While Davis attempted to organize the Confederate government in Danville, Lincoln met Confederate Assistant Secretary of War John A. Campbell, handing him a note inviting Virginia's state legislature to end their rebellion. After Campbell spun the note to Confederate legislators as a possible end to the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln rescinded his offer and ordered General Weitzel to prevent the state legislature from meeting.
On April 6, Union forces killed, wounded, or captured 8,000 Confederate troops at
Davis was captured on May 10 near Irwinville, Georgia and taken back to Virginia, where he was imprisoned two years at Fort Monroe until freed on bail.[38]
Postbellum
A decade after the Civil War, Richmond resumed its position as a major urban center of economic productivity with iron front buildings and massive brick factories. Canal traffic peaked in the 1860s, with railroads becoming the dominant shipping method. Richmond became a major railroad crossroads,[39] showcasing the world's first triple railroad crossing. Tobacco warehousing and processing continued to play a central economic role, advanced by the world's first cigarette-rolling machine that James Albert Bonsack of Roanoke invented between 1880 and 1881.
Another important contributor to Richmond's resurgence was the Richmond Union Passenger Railway, a trolley system developed by electric power pioneer Frank J. Sprague. The system opened its first Richmond line in 1888, using an overhead wire and a trolley pole to connect to the current and electric motors on the car's trucks.[40] The success led to electric streetcar lines rapidly spreading to other cities.[41] A post-World War II transition to buses from streetcars began in May 1947 and was completed on November 25, 1949.[42]
20th century
By the beginning of the 20th century, the city's population had reached 85,050 in 5 sq mi (13 km2), making it the most densely populated city in the Southern United States.[43] In the 1900 Census, Richmond's population was 62.1% white and 37.9% black.[44] Freed slaves and their descendants created a thriving African-American business community, and the city's historic Jackson Ward became known as the "Wall Street of Black America." In 1903, African-American businesswoman and financier Maggie L. Walker chartered St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, served as its president, and was the first black female bank president in the United States.[45] Charles Thaddeus Russell was Richmond's first black architect, and he designed the bank's office.[46] Today, the bank is called the Consolidated Bank and Trust Company and is the country's oldest surviving African-American bank.[45] Another prominent African-American from this time was John Mitchell Jr., a newspaper editor, civil rights activist, and politician.
In 1910, the former city of
Several major performing arts venues were constructed during the 1920s, including what are now the Landmark Theatre, Byrd Theatre, and Carpenter Theatre. The city's first radio station, WRVA, began broadcasting in 1925. WTVR-TV (CBS 6), Richmond's first television station, was also the first TV station south of Washington, D.C.[48]
Between 1963 and 1965, there was a "downtown boom" that led to the construction of more than 700 buildings. In 1968,
On January 1, 1970, Richmond's borders expanded south by 27 sq mi (70 km2) and its population increased by 47,000 after several years of court cases in which Chesterfield County unsuccessfully fought annexation.[50]
In 1995, a multimillion-dollar flood wall was completed, protecting the city's low-lying areas from the oft-rising James River. Consequently, the River District businesses grew rapidly, bolstered by the creation of a Canal Walk along the city's former industrial canals.[51][52] Today the area is home to much of Richmond's entertainment, dining, and nightlife activity.
In 1996, racial tensions grew amid controversy about adding the statue of African American Richmond native and tennis star Arthur Ashe to the series of statues of Confederate generals on Monument Avenue.[53] After several months of controversy, Ashe's bronze statue was finally completed and installed facing north, the opposite direction from the Confederate generals, on July 10, 1996.[54]
Geography
Richmond is located at 37°32′N 77°28′W / 37.533°N 77.467°W (37.538, −77.462). According to the
The
Richmond is located 21.69 mi (34.91 km) north of Petersburg, Virginia, 66.1 mi (106.4 km) southeast of Charlottesville, Virginia, 79.24 mi (127.52 km) northwest of Norfolk, Virginia, 96.87 mi (155.90 km) south of Washington, D.C., and 138.72 mi (223.25 km) northeast of Raleigh, North Carolina.
Cityscape
Richmond's original street grid, laid out in 1737, included the area between what are now Broad, 17th, and 25th Streets and the James River. Modern
The area between Belvidere Street,
Richmond's Northside is home to numerous listed historic districts.
Farther west is the affluent, suburban
The portion of the city south of the James River is known as the Southside. Southside neighborhoods range from the affluent and middle-class suburban Westover Hills, Forest Hill, Southampton, Stratford Hills, Oxford, Huguenot Hills, Hobby Hill, and Woodland Heights to the impoverished
Climate
Richmond has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa), with hot, humid summers and moderately cold winters.[59] The Trewartha classification defines Richmond as Temperate Oceanic Climate due to winter chill.[60] The mountains to the west act as a partial barrier to outbreaks of cold, continental air in winter. Arctic air is delayed long enough to be modified and further warmed as it subsides in its approach to Richmond. The open waters of the Chesapeake Bay and Atlantic Ocean contribute to the humid summers and cool winters. The coldest weather normally occurs from late December to early February, and the January daily mean temperature is 37.9 °F (3.3 °C), with an average of 6.0 days with highs at or below the freezing mark.[61] Richmond's Downtown and areas south and east of downtown are in USDA Hardiness zones 7b. Surrounding suburbs and areas to the north and west of Downtown are in Hardiness Zone 7a.[62] Temperatures seldom fall below 0 °F (−18 °C), with the most recent subzero reading on January 7, 2018, when the temperature reached −3 °F (−19 °C).[61] The July daily mean temperature is 79.3 °F (26.3 °C), and high temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) approximately 43 days a year; 100 °F (38 °C) temperatures are not uncommon but do not occur every year.[63] Extremes in temperature have ranged from −12 °F (−24 °C) on January 19, 1940, to 107 °F (42 °C) on August 6, 1918.[a] The record cold maximum is 11 °F (−12 °C), set on February 11 and 12, 1899. The record warm minimum is 81 °F (27 °C), set on July 12, 2011.[61] The warmest months recorded were July 2020 and August 1900, both averaging 82.9°F (28.3 °C). The coldest, January 1940, averaged 24.2 °F (-4.3 °C).[65]
The
Damaging storms occur mainly from snow and
Downtown Richmond averages 84 days of nighttime frost annually. Nighttime frost is more common in areas north and west of Downtown and less common south and east of downtown.[68] From 1981 to 2010, the average first temperature at or below freezing was on October 30 and the average last one on April 10.[69]
Climate data for Richmond International Airport, Virginia (1991–2020 normals,[b] extremes 1887–present[c]) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 81 (27) |
83 (28) |
94 (34) |
96 (36) |
100 (38) |
104 (40) |
105 (41) |
107 (42) |
103 (39) |
99 (37) |
86 (30) |
81 (27) |
107 (42) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 70.1 (21.2) |
72.6 (22.6) |
80.5 (26.9) |
87.7 (30.9) |
91.5 (33.1) |
96.6 (35.9) |
98.6 (37.0) |
96.7 (35.9) |
92.9 (33.8) |
86.4 (30.2) |
77.1 (25.1) |
71.7 (22.1) |
99.6 (37.6) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 47.8 (8.8) |
51.6 (10.9) |
59.6 (15.3) |
70.4 (21.3) |
77.8 (25.4) |
85.6 (29.8) |
89.5 (31.9) |
87.5 (30.8) |
81.2 (27.3) |
70.9 (21.6) |
60.4 (15.8) |
51.5 (10.8) |
69.5 (20.8) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 38.3 (3.5) |
41.0 (5.0) |
48.4 (9.1) |
58.4 (14.7) |
66.7 (19.3) |
75.0 (23.9) |
79.4 (26.3) |
77.5 (25.3) |
71.2 (21.8) |
60.0 (15.6) |
49.6 (9.8) |
41.8 (5.4) |
58.9 (14.9) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 28.8 (−1.8) |
30.4 (−0.9) |
37.2 (2.9) |
46.4 (8.0) |
55.7 (13.2) |
64.5 (18.1) |
69.2 (20.7) |
67.6 (19.8) |
61.1 (16.2) |
49.0 (9.4) |
38.8 (3.8) |
32.1 (0.1) |
48.4 (9.1) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | 11.1 (−11.6) |
16.0 (−8.9) |
21.6 (−5.8) |
31.9 (−0.1) |
42.1 (5.6) |
53.4 (11.9) |
60.9 (16.1) |
59.3 (15.2) |
48.8 (9.3) |
34.4 (1.3) |
24.3 (−4.3) |
18.2 (−7.7) |
9.1 (−12.7) |
Record low °F (°C) | −12 (−24) |
−10 (−23) |
10 (−12) |
19 (−7) |
31 (−1) |
40 (4) |
51 (11) |
46 (8) |
35 (2) |
21 (−6) |
10 (−12) |
−2 (−19) |
−12 (−24) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.23 (82) |
2.61 (66) |
4.00 (102) |
3.18 (81) |
4.00 (102) |
4.64 (118) |
4.37 (111) |
4.90 (124) |
4.61 (117) |
3.39 (86) |
3.06 (78) |
3.51 (89) |
45.50 (1,156) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 3.7 (9.4) |
2.2 (5.6) |
1.1 (2.8) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
1.8 (4.6) |
8.8 (22) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.0 | 9.0 | 10.8 | 10.5 | 11.1 | 10.6 | 11.4 | 9.4 | 9.3 | 8.1 | 8.4 | 10.0 | 118.6 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 5.6 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
67.9 | 65.6 | 63.0 | 60.8 | 69.5 | 72.2 | 74.8 | 77.2 | 77.0 | 73.8 | 69.1 | 68.9 | 70.0 |
Average dew point °F (°C) | 24.8 (−4.0) |
26.4 (−3.1) |
33.6 (0.9) |
41.5 (5.3) |
54.1 (12.3) |
63.0 (17.2) |
67.6 (19.8) |
67.3 (19.6) |
60.6 (15.9) |
48.4 (9.1) |
38.1 (3.4) |
29.5 (−1.4) |
46.2 (7.9) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 172.5 | 179.7 | 233.3 | 261.6 | 288.0 | 306.4 | 301.4 | 278.9 | 237.9 | 222.8 | 183.5 | 163.0 | 2,829 |
Percent possible sunshine | 56 | 59 | 63 | 66 | 65 | 69 | 67 | 66 | 64 | 64 | 60 | 55 | 64 |
Average ultraviolet index | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 6 |
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sunshine hours 1961–1990)[61][70][71] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weather Atlas[72] |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
See or edit raw graph data.
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1790 | 3,761 | — | |
1800 | 5,737 | 52.5% | |
1810 | 9,735 | 69.7% | |
1820 | 12,067 | 24.0% | |
1830 | 16,060 | 33.1% | |
1840 | 20,153 | 25.5% | |
1850 | 27,570 | 36.8% | |
1860 | 37,910 | 37.5% | |
1870 | 51,038 | 34.6% | |
1880 | 63,600 | 24.6% | |
1890 | 81,388 | 28.0% | |
1900 | 85,050 | 4.5% | |
1910 | 127,628 | 50.1% | |
1920 | 171,667 | 34.5% | |
1930 | 182,929 | 6.6% | |
1940 | 193,042 | 5.5% | |
1950 | 230,310 | 19.3% | |
1960 | 219,958 | −4.5% | |
1970 | 249,621 | 13.5% | |
1980 | 219,214 | −12.2% | |
1990 | 203,056 | −7.4% | |
2000 | 197,790 | −2.6% | |
2010 | 204,214 | 3.2% | |
2020 | 226,610 | 11.0% | |
2022 (est.) | 229,395 | 1.2% | |
U.S. Decennial Census[73] 1790–1960[74] 1900–1990[75] 1990–2000[76] 2010–2020[77] |
Richmond's population is approximately 226,000. As an independent city, Richmond is surrounded by Henrico County, which has a population of about 334,000. The Greater Richmond region has an estimated population of about 1.3 million.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 2000[78] | Pop 2010[79] | Pop 2020[80] | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White (NH)
|
74,506 | 79,813 | 95,220 | 37.67% | 39.08% | 42.02% |
Black or African American (NH)
|
112,455 | 102,264 | 90,490 | 56.86% | 50.08% | 39.93% |
Alaska Native (NH)
|
460 | 514 | 440 | 0.23% | 0.25% | 0.19% |
Asian (NH) | 2,437 | 4,679 | 6,199 | 1.23% | 2.29% | 2.74% |
Pacific Islander (NH) | 66 | 93 | 69 | 0.03% | 0.05% | 0.03% |
Some Other Race (NH) | 319 | 367 | 1,378 | 0.16% | 0.18% | 0.61% |
Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) | 2,473 | 3,681 | 9,067 | 1.25% | 1.80% | 4.00% |
Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 5,074 | 12,803 | 23,747 | 2.57% | 6.27% | 10.48% |
Total | 197,790 | 204,214 | 226,610 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
As of the
As of the census
There were 84,549 households, out of which 23.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 27.1% were married couples living together, 20.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.4% were non-families. 37.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.95.
In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 21.8% under the age of 18, 13.1% from 18 to 24, 31.7% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.5 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $31,121, and the median income for a family was $38,348. Males had a median income of $30,874 versus $25,880 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,337. About 17.1% of families and 21.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.9% of those under age 18 and 15.8% of those age 65 or over.
Crime
Richmond experienced a spike in overall crime, particularly in the
Since the late 2000s, various forms of crime have significantly decreased in the city.[89] Its major crime rate, including violent and property crimes, decreased 47 percent between 2004 and 2009 to its lowest level in more than a quarter of a century.[90] In 2008, Richmond had fallen to 49th on a Morgan Quitno Press ranking of the most dangerous cities in the United States, and the city recorded its lowest homicide rate since 1971.[91][92] By 2012, Richmond was no longer in the top 200.[93]
In recent years, Richmond, like other cities, has had a slight increase in homicides, although violent and other forms of crime remain below the national average.[94][95]
Religion
In 1786, the Virginia General Assembly adopted the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, which Thomas Jefferson, wrote in 1779. The First Freedom Center now commemorates the site.
Richmond has several historic churches, including several prominent Anglican/Episcopal ones from before the Revolutionary War,
The
There are seven
Some 6,000 Indian families resided in the Richmond region as of 2011.
Bishops sitting in Richmond include those of the Episcopal Diocese of Virginia, the denomination's largest; the Richmond Area of the United Methodist Church (Virginia Annual Conference), the second largest and one of the oldest in the nation. The Presbytery of the James—Presbyterian Church (USA) – also is in the Richmond area.
The
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has three stakes, or organizational units of multiple congregations, in the greater Richmond area. At year-end 2017, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints reported 95,379 members in 200 congregations in 22 stakes across Virginia).[112] In April 2018, church president Russell M. Nelson announced a new temple to be built in Virginia. The church's first temple in the state is in Glen Allen, northwest of Richmond.[113]
Economy
Richmond's strategic location on the
Law and finance have long been driving forces in the economy.
The city also is home to the
Since the 1960s, Richmond has been a prominent hub for advertising agencies and related businesses. One of the most notable Richmond-based agencies,
Richmond is home to the rapidly developing Virginia BioTechnology Research Park,
Richmond's revitalized downtown includes the Canal Walk, a new Greater Richmond Convention Center, and expansion on both
Richmond is attracting film and television industry attention. Several high-profile films have been shot in the metro region, including the major motion picture
Corporations
Greater Richmond was named the third-best city for business by
Other
Other companies based in Richmond include engineering specialists
Poverty
As of 2016, 24.8% of Richmond residents live below the
Arts and culture
Museums and monuments
Several of the city's large general museums are located on or near Arthur Ashe Boulevard, in what is referred to as the Museum District. The
Richmond is home to several American Civil War museums and battlefields. The
The history of slavery and emancipation are increasingly being represented in the city. There is a former slave trail along the river that leads to Ancarrow's Boat Ramp and Historic Site, which has been developed with interpretive signage. In 2007, the Reconciliation Statue was placed in Shockoe Bottom, with corresponding statues installed in
Other historical points of interest include
Located near Byrd Park is the famous
Agecroft Hall is a Tudor manor house and estate located on the James River in the Windsor Farms neighborhood of Richmond. The manor house was built in the late 15th century and was originally located in the Agecroft area of Pendlebury, in the historic county of Lancashire in England.
Visual and performing arts
Musicians of note associated with Richmond include
Murals
With the Richmond Mural Project (RMP), sponsored by RVA Mag and Art Whino, and 2013's RVA Street Art Festival, the city quickly gained more than 100 murals created by international mural artists, such as Aryz, Roa, Ron English, and Natalia Rak. While the RMP focused on international talent, the RVA Street Art Festival, led by long-time local mural artist Ed Trask, focused mainly on regional artists, although it was responsible for PoseMSK, Jeff Soto, and Mark Jenkins. After some criticism, the RMP included its first local artist, Nils Westergard, who already was on the international circuit, and then another, Jacob Eveland. The two festivals were unrelated, and the RMP is now defunct. The RVA Street Art Festival occurs as funding permits. In response to the George Floyd protests of the summer of 2020, local artist Hamilton Glass spearheaded the Mending Walls Project, featuring walls by pairs of local artists.[141]
Professional performing companies
From their earliest days, Virginia and Richmond welcomed live theatrical performances.
Other venues and companies include:
- Altria Theater, the city-owned opera house
- The French Film Festival
- Leslie Cheek Theater at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts
- Dogwood Dell, an amphitheater in Byrd Park
- National Theater
- Dominion Energy Center, which includes the Carpenter Theater
- School of the Performing Arts in the Richmond Community
- Virginia Credit Union Live!
Commercial art galleries include Metro Space Gallery and Gallery 5 in a newly designated arts district. Not-for-profit galleries include Visual Arts Center of Richmond, 1708 Gallery, and Artspace.
In 2008, a new 47,000 sq ft (4,400 m2) Gay Community Center opened on the city's north side. It hosts meetings of many kinds and includes a large art gallery space.
Literary arts
Richmond has long been a hub for literature and writers.
Architecture
Richmond is home to many significant structures, including some designed by notable architects. The city contains diverse styles and has excellent examples of Georgian, Federal, Greek Revival, Neoclassical, Egyptian Revival, Romanesque Revival, Gothic Revival, Tudor Revival, Italianate, Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, Art Deco, Modernist, International, and Postmodern architecture.
Many of Richmond's historic properties are documented in books and 1970s-era black and white photographs by
The 1865 Evacuation Fire destroyed about 25% of Richmond's early buildings.
Architectural classicism is represented in all city districts, particularly Downtown and in the Fan and the Museum District. Several notable classical architects have designed buildings in Richmond.
The firm of
Richmond's position as a center of iron production helped to fuel the popularity of its cast-iron architecture. The city is home to a unique collection of cast iron porches, balconies, fences, and finials, second only to New Orleans in cast-iron concentration. At the height of production in the 1890s, 25 foundries operated in Richmond, employing nearly 3,500 metal workers. This number is seven times the number of general construction workers employed at the time, illustrating the importance of iron exports to the city.[147] Porches and fences in urban neighborhoods, such as Jackson Ward, Church Hill, and Monroe Ward, are particularly elaborate, often featuring ornate iron casts never replicated outside of Richmond. In some cases, casts were made for a single residential or commercial application.
Another unique architectural feature to Richmond is outdoor lighting. Former mayor Dwight C. Jones called the city the tacky light capital of the world.[148]
Richmond is home to several notable buildings designed by modernist masters.
Richmond's urban residential neighborhoods, largely single use town homes with mixed full retail/dining establishments, are keys the city's character. The Fan, the Museum District, Jackson Ward, Carver, Carytown, Oregon Hill, and Church Hill are districts anchored by large streets, such as Franklin Street, Cary Street, the Boulevard, and Monument Avenue. The city's recent population growth mainly has been concentrated in these areas.
Historic districts
Richmond's City Code provides for the creation of old and historic districts to "recognize and protect the historic, architectural, cultural, and artistic heritage of the City".[150] Pursuant to that authority, the city has designated 45 districts.[151] Most districts also are listed in the Virginia Landmarks Register ("VLR") and the National Register of Historic Places ("NRHP").
Fifteen districts represent broad sections of the city:[152]
Historic District | City | VLR | NRHP[d] |
---|---|---|---|
Boulevard (Grace St. to Idlewood Ave) |
1992 | 1986 | 1986 |
Broad Street (Belvidere St. to First St.) | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 2004 2007 |
Chimborazo Park (32nd to 36th Sts. & Marshall St. to Chimborazo Park) | 1987 | 2004 | 2005 |
Church Hill North (Marshall to Cedar Sts. & Jefferson Ave. to N. 29th St.) | 2007 | 1996 | 1997 2000 |
Hermitage Road (Laburnum Ave. to Westbrook Ave.) | 1988 | 2005 | 2006 |
Jackson Ward (Belvidere to 2nd Sts. & Jackson to Marshall Sts.) | 1987 | 1976 | 1976 |
Monument Avenue (Birch St. to Roseneath Rd.) | 1971 | 1969 | 1970 |
St. John's Church (21st to 32nd Sts. & Broad to Franklin Sts.) | 1957 | 1969 | 1966 |
Shockoe Slip (12th to 15th Sts. & Main to Canal/Dock Sts.) | 1979 | 1971 | 1972 |
Shockoe Valley (18th to 21st Sts. & Marshall to Franklin Sts.) | 1977 | 1981 | 1983 |
Springhill (19th to 22nd Sts. & Riverside Dr. to Semmes Ave.) | 2006 | 2013 | 2014 |
200 Block West Franklin Street (Madison to Jefferson Sts.) | 1977 | 1977 | 1977 |
West Franklin Street (Birch to Harrison Sts.) | 1990 | 1972 | 1972 |
West Grace Street (Ryland St. to Boulevard) | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 |
Zero Blocks East and West Franklin (Adams to First Sts. & Grace to Main Sts.) | 1987 | 1979 | 1980 |
The remaining thirty districts are limited to an individual building or group of buildings throughout the city:
Historic District | VLR | NRHP |
---|---|---|
The Barret House (15 South Fifth Street) | 1971 | 1972 |
Belgian Building (Lombardy Street and Brook Road) | 1969 | 1970 |
Bolling Haxall House (211 East Franklin Street) | 1971 | 1972 |
Centenary United Methodist Church (409 East Grace Street) | 1979 | 1979 |
Crozet House (100–102 East Main Street) | 1971 | 1972 |
Glasgow House (1 West Main Street) | 1972 | 1972 |
Hancock-Wirt-Caskie House (2 North Fifth Street) |
1969 | 1970 2008 |
Henry Coalter Cabell House (116 South Third Street) | 1971 | 1971 |
Jefferson Hotel (114 West Main Street) | 1968 | 1969 |
John Marshall House (818 East Marshall Street) | 1969 | 1966 |
Leigh Street Baptist Church (East Leigh and Twenty-Fifth Streets) | 1971 | 1972 |
Linden Row (100–114 East Franklin Street) | 1971 | 1971 |
Mayo Memorial House (110 West Franklin Street) |
1972 | 1973 |
William W. Morien House (2226 West Main Street) | ||
Norman Stewart House (707 East Franklin Street) |
1972 | 1972 |
Old Stone House (1916 East Main Street) | 1973 | 1973 |
Pace House (100 West Franklin Street) | ||
St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Northwest corner South Laurel Street and Idlewood Avenue) | 1979 | 1979 |
St. Paul's Episcopal Church (815 East Grace Street) | 1968 | 1969 |
St. Peter's Catholic Church (800 East Grace Street) |
1968 | 1969 |
Second Presbyterian Church (9 North Fifth Street) | 1971 | 1972 |
Sixth Mount Zion Baptist Church (12–14 West Duval Street) | 1996 | 1996 |
Stonewall Jackson School (1520 West Main Street) | 1984 | 1984 |
Talavera (2315 West Grace Street) | ||
Valentine Museum and Wickham-Valentine House (1005–1015 East Clay Street) | 1968 | 1969 |
Virginia House (4301 Sulgrave Road) | 1989 | 1990 |
White House of the Confederacy (1200 East Clay Street) | 1969 | 1966 |
Wilton (215 South Wilton Road) | 1975 | 1976 |
Joseph P. Winston House (103 East Grace Street) | 1978 | 1979 |
Woodward House-Rockets (3017 Williamsburg Avenue) | 1974 | 1974 |
Food
Richmond has been recognized in recent years as a "
Sports
Richmond does not have a major league professional sports team. Since 2013, however, the
Richmond is home to the Richmond Black Widows, the city's first women's football team, founded in 2015 by Sarah Schkeeper. The team is in the Women's Football Alliance, which preseason begins in January and regular season in April.
A significant city sports venue is the 6,000-seat
Auto racing is also popular in the area. The
Richmond hosted the 2015 UCI Road World Championships, which had cyclists from 76 countries and an estimated beneficial $158.1 million economic impact on the Greater Richmond Region from event staging and visitor spending.[168] The championship course was the first real-world location to be recreated within the indoor cycle training application, Zwift. The application has subsequently added two other UCI world championships courses, Innsbruck from 2018 and Harrogate from 2019
The city is home to the
Richmond also has seen recent men's and women's
Parks and recreation
The city operates one of the country's oldest municipal park systems. In 1851, the City Council voted to acquire 7.5 acres (30,000 m2), now known as Monroe Park.[169] Monroe Park is adjacent to the Virginia Commonwealth University campus, and is one of over 40 parks totaling more than 1,500 acres (610 ha).
Several parks are along the James River, and the James River Parks System offers bike trails, hiking and nature trails, and many scenic overlooks.[170] The trails are used for the Xterra East Championship running and mountain biking courses of the off-road triathlon.[171]
Parks exist on two major islands in the James River,
Two other major city parks along the river are
The James River through Richmond is one of the best urban white-water rafting/canoeing/kayaking sites in the country, and several rafting companies provide related services. The city also has several easily accessed riverside areas for rock-hopping, swimming, and picnicking.
Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden is in adjacent Henrico County. Founded in 1984, Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden is 80 acres (320,000 m2), one of only two independent public botanical gardens in Virginia, and designated a state botanical garden.[172] A public place for the display and scientific study of plants, it features a glass conservatory, rose garden, healing garden, and accessible-to-all children's garden.
Several
Government
This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2014) |
Year | Republican | Democratic | Third party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
2020 | 16,603 | 14.94% | 92,175 | 82.92% | 2,381 | 2.14% |
2016 | 15,581 | 15.07% | 81,259 | 78.58% | 6,566 | 6.35% |
2012 | 20,050 | 20.55% | 75,921 | 77.81% | 1,598 | 1.64% |
2008 | 18,649 | 20.03% | 73,623 | 79.09% | 813 | 0.87% |
2004 | 21,637 | 29.11% | 52,167 | 70.19% | 521 | 0.70% |
2000 | 20,265 | 30.74% | 42,717 | 64.80% | 2,944 | 4.47% |
1996 | 20,993 | 31.30% | 42,273 | 63.02% | 3,812 | 5.68% |
1992 | 24,341 | 30.53% | 47,642 | 59.75% | 7,752 | 9.72% |
1988 | 31,586 | 42.26% | 42,155 | 56.41% | 995 | 1.33% |
1984 | 38,754 | 43.73% | 49,408 | 55.75% | 466 | 0.53% |
1980 | 34,629 | 39.76% | 47,975 | 55.08% | 4,502 | 5.17% |
1976 | 37,176 | 44.73% | 44,687 | 53.77% | 1,247 | 1.50% |
1972 | 46,244 | 57.59% | 33,055 | 41.16% | 1,003 | 1.25% |
1968 | 26,380 | 39.57% | 32,857 | 49.28% | 7,431 | 11.15% |
1964 | 27,196 | 43.24% | 35,662 | 56.71% | 32 | 0.05% |
1960 | 27,307 | 60.41% | 17,642 | 39.03% | 256 | 0.57% |
1956 | 27,367 | 61.79% | 10,758 | 24.29% | 6,166 | 13.92% |
1952 | 29,300 | 60.28% | 19,235 | 39.57% | 75 | 0.15% |
1948 | 14,549 | 41.21% | 16,466 | 46.64% | 4,286 | 12.14% |
1944 | 8,737 | 27.84% | 22,584 | 71.95% | 66 | 0.21% |
1940 | 6,031 | 23.71% | 19,332 | 75.99% | 76 | 0.30% |
1936 | 4,478 | 19.18% | 18,784 | 80.45% | 86 | 0.37% |
1932 | 5,602 | 27.09% | 14,631 | 70.75% | 448 | 2.17% |
1928 | 10,767 | 51.32% | 10,213 | 48.68% | 0 | 0.00% |
1924 | 2,600 | 19.37% | 9,904 | 73.79% | 917 | 6.83% |
1920 | 4,515 | 23.04% | 14,878 | 75.93% | 202 | 1.03% |
1916 | 1,210 | 14.57% | 6,987 | 84.15% | 106 | 1.28% |
1912 | 405 | 6.12% | 5,632 | 85.04% | 586 | 8.85% |
1908 | 1,135 | 21.29% | 4,142 | 77.68% | 55 | 1.03% |
1904 | 569 | 12.96% | 3,749 | 85.40% | 72 | 1.64% |
1900 | 2,729 | 30.60% | 6,095 | 68.35% | 93 | 1.04% |
1896 | 5,160 | 38.42% | 7,839 | 58.36% | 433 | 3.22% |
1892 | 3,289 | 24.28% | 10,139 | 74.85% | 117 | 0.86% |
1888 | 976 | 45.61% | 1,155 | 53.97% | 9 | 0.42% |
1884 | 5,716 | 42.92% | 7,599 | 57.05% | 4 | 0.03% |
1880 | 2,158 | 28.75% | 5,348 | 71.24% | 1 | 0.01% |
Richmond city government consists of a
In 1977, a federal district court ruled in favor of
Richmond's government changed in 2004 from a
As of 2021[update], the Richmond City Council consisted of:
- Andreas D. Addison, 1st District (West End)
- Katherine Jordan, 2nd District (North Central)
- Ann-Frances Lambert, 3rd District (Northside)
- Kristen Nye, 4th District (Southwest)
- Stephanie A. Lynch, 5th District (Central)
- Ellen F. Robertson, 6th District (Gateway), Council Vice President
- Cynthia I. Newbille, 7th District (East End), Council President
- Reva M. Trammell, 8th District (Southside)
- Michael J. Jones, 9th District (South Central)
Education
Public schools
The City of Richmond operates 28 elementary schools, nine middle schools, and eight high schools, serving a total student population of 24,000.[177] The city has one Governor's School, the Maggie L. Walker Governor's School for Government and International Studies. In 2008, it was named one of Newsweek magazine's 18 "public elite" high schools,[178] and rated 16 of America's best high schools in 2012.[179] Richmond's public school district also runs one of Virginia's four public charter schools, the Patrick Henry School of Science and Arts, founded in 2010.[180] The 2020 class had an on-time graduation rate of 71.6%, at least 20 percentage points behind most other school divisions, making it the worst in the state.[181]
Private schools
As of 2008, there were 36 private schools serving grades one or higher in the City of Richmond.
The city's only Catholic high school is Cristo Rey Richmond High School,[183] after Benedictine College Preparatory and St. Gertrude High School relocated to a combined campus in Goochland.
Colleges and universities
The Richmond area has many major institutions of higher education, including
Media
This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2016) |
The Richmond Times-Dispatch, owned by Lee Enterprises, Inc., is the local daily newspaper, with a Sunday circulation of 120,000. Style Weekly, an online alternative local publication owned by VPM Media Corporation, covers popular culture, arts, and entertainment. RVA Magazine is the city's only independent art music and culture publication. Originally a quarterly, it now is a monthly. The Richmond Free Press and the Voice cover the news from an African-American perspective.
The Richmond metro area is served by many local television and radio stations. As of 2010[update], the Richmond-Petersburg
Infrastructure
Transportation
The Greater Richmond area is served by the Richmond International Airport (IATA: RIC, ICAO: KRIC), located in Sandston, seven mi (11 km) southeast of Richmond and within an hour drive of historic Williamsburg, Virginia. Richmond International is served by ten passenger and four cargo airlines, with over 200 daily flights providing non-stop service to major domestic destinations and connecting flights to worldwide destinations. A record 4.8 million passengers used Richmond International Airport in 2023, breaking the previous record of 4.4 million in 2019.[185]
Richmond is a major hub for intercity bus company Greyhound Lines, which has its terminal at 2910 N Boulevard. Multiple daily runs connect directly with Washington, D.C., New York, Raleigh, and elsewhere. Direct trips to New York take approximately 7.5 hours. Discount carrier Megabus provides curbside service from Main Street Station. Direct service is available to Washington, D.C., Hampton Roads, Charlotte, Raleigh, Baltimore, and Philadelphia. Connections to Megabus-served cities, such as New York, are made from Washington, D.C.[186]
The
The Richmond area has two railroad stations served by
Richmond also benefits from an excellent interstate highway position, lying at the junction of east–west Interstate 64 and north–south Interstate 95, two of the most heavily traveled highways in the state. As the state capital, Richmond has great state highway access.
Major highways
- I-64
- )
- I-195 (Beltline Expy)
- I-295
- US 1 (Brook Rd, Azelea Ave, Chamberlayne Ave, Belvedere St, Cowardin Ave, Jefferson Davis Hwy)
- US 33 (Staples Mill Rd, Broad St)
- US 60
- US 250 (Broad Street)
- US 301 (Chamberlayne Ave, Belvedere St, Cowardin Ave, Jefferson Davis Hwy)
- US 360(Hull St Rd; Hull St; N 14th St; joins US 60 Main St; WB 17th St [Oliver Hill Way], EB W 18th St; Mechanicsville Tnpk)
- SR 5 (E Main St; N 25th St)
- SR 6 (Kensington Ave, Patterson Ave)
- SR 10 (Broad Rock Blvd)
- SR 33
- Powhite Parkwaytoll route)
- SR 146(Connector to VA-195)
- SR 147 (Cary St [EB after I-195], W Main St [WB after I-195], Cary St Rd, River Rd, Huguenot Rd [S of the James River])
- Chippenham Parkway)
- SR 161 (Hermitage Rd, The Boulevard, Park Dr, Blanton Ave, Westover Hills Blvd, Belt Blvd, Bells Rd)
- SR 195 (toll route) (Downtown Expy)
- SR 197 (Malvern Ave, Westwood Ave, Saunders Ave, W Laburnum Ave)
- SR 353(Entrance to the Grounds of the Virginia Commonwealth University)
- Pocohontas Parkwaytoll route)
Utilities
Richmond's Department of Public Utilities provides the Richmond Metro area's natural gas, including portions of
The wastewater treatment plant is on the James River's south bank. It can treat up to 70 million gallons of water per day of sanitary sewage and stormwater before returning it to the river. The wastewater utility also operates and maintains 1,500 mi (2,400 km) of sanitary sewer and pumping stations, 38 mi (61 km) of intercepting sewer lines, and the Shockoe Retention Basin, a 44-million-gallon stormwater reservoir used during heavy rains.
Sister cities
Richmond's sister cities are:[192]
- Richmond upon Thames, United Kingdom
- Saitama, Japan
- Ségou, Mali
- Windhoek, Namibia
- Zhengzhou, China
See also
- Culture of Virginia
- Richmond Police Department
- USS Richmond, 3 ships
- Rich Men North of Richmond – hit song released in August 2023 which quickly went viral and that prominently features Richmond, VA
- Category:People from Richmond, Virginia
Notes
- ^ Annual records from the airport weather station that date back to 1948 are available on the web.[64]
- ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
- ^ Official records for Richmond kept January 1887 to December 1910 at downtown, Chimborazo Park from January 1911 to December 1929, and at Richmond Int'l since January 1930. For more information, see Threadex
- ^ The Virginia Department of Historic Resources maintains copies of the applications filed with the National Register of Historic Places.
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Further reading
- Ash, Stephen V. Rebel Richmond: Life and Death in the Confederate Capital (UNC Press, 2019).
- Bill, Alfred Hoyt. The Beleaguered City: Richmond, 1861–1865 (1946).
- Calcutt, Rebecca Barbour. Richmond's Wartime Hospitals (Pelican Publishing, 2005).
- Chesson, Michael B. Richmond after the war, 1865–1890 (Virginia State Library, 1981).
- ISBN 978-0813912745.
- Furgurson, Ernest B. Ashes of glory: Richmond at war (1996).
- Hoffman, Steven J. Race, Class and Power in the Building of Richmond, 1870-1920 (McFarland, 2004).
- Mustian, Thomas F. Facts and Legends of Richmond Area Streets. (Richmond, VA: Dementi Milestone Publishing, 2007).
- Thomas, Emory M. The Confederate State of Richmond: A Biography of the Capital (LSU Press, 1998).
- Trammell, Jack. The Richmond Slave Trade: The Economic Backbone of the Old Dominion (The History Press, 2012).
- Wright, Mike. City Under Siege: Richmond in the Civil War (Rowman & Littlefield, 1995)
External links
- Official website
- ChamberRVA, the regional chamber of commerce for Greater Richmond
- Richmond Metropolitan Convention & Visitors Bureau
- Richmond, Virginia, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage travel itinerary
- video:Exploring the James River Parks of Richmond on YouTube