Riemannian geometry

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Elliptic geometry is also sometimes called "Riemannian geometry".
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Riemannian geometry is the branch of

smoothly from point to point). This gives, in particular, local notions of angle, length of curves, surface area and volume. From those, some other global quantities can be derived by integrating
local contributions.

Riemannian geometry originated with the vision of

general theory of relativity, made profound impact on group theory and representation theory, as well as analysis, and spurred the development of algebraic and differential topology
.

Introduction

Bernhard Riemann

Riemannian geometry was first put forward in generality by Bernhard Riemann in the 19th century. It deals with a broad range of geometries whose

metric properties vary from point to point, including the standard types of non-Euclidean geometry
.

Every smooth manifold admits a

Riemannian metric, which often helps to solve problems of differential topology. It also serves as an entry level for the more complicated structure of pseudo-Riemannian manifolds, which (in four dimensions) are the main objects of the theory of general relativity. Other generalizations of Riemannian geometry include Finsler geometry
.

There exists a close analogy of differential geometry with the mathematical structure of defects in regular crystals. Dislocations and disclinations produce torsions and curvature.[2][3]

The following articles provide some useful introductory material:

Classical theorems

What follows is an incomplete list of the most classical theorems in Riemannian geometry. The choice is made depending on its importance and elegance of formulation. Most of the results can be found in the classic monograph by Jeff Cheeger and D. Ebin (see below).

The formulations given are far from being very exact or the most general. This list is oriented to those who already know the basic definitions and want to know what these definitions are about.

General theorems

  1. generalized Gauss-Bonnet theorem
    .
  2. Nash embedding theorems. They state that every Riemannian manifold can be isometrically embedded in a Euclidean space
    Rn.

Geometry in large

In all of the following theorems we assume some local behavior of the space (usually formulated using curvature assumption) to derive some information about the global structure of the space, including either some information on the topological type of the manifold or on the behavior of points at "sufficiently large" distances.

Pinched sectional curvature

  1. Sphere theorem. If M is a simply connected compact n-dimensional Riemannian manifold with sectional curvature strictly pinched between 1/4 and 1 then M is diffeomorphic to a sphere.
  2. Cheeger's finiteness theorem. Given constants C, D and V, there are only finitely many (up to diffeomorphism) compact n-dimensional Riemannian manifolds with sectional curvature |K| ≤ C, diameter ≤ D and volume ≥ V.
  3. nil manifold
    .

Sectional curvature bounded below

  1. Cheeger–Gromoll's
    G. Perelman
    in 1994 gave an astonishingly elegant/short proof of the Soul Conjecture: M is diffeomorphic to Rn if it has positive curvature at only one point.
  2. Gromov's Betti number theorem. There is a constant C = C(n) such that if M is a compact connected n-dimensional Riemannian manifold with positive sectional curvature then the sum of its Betti numbers is at most C.
  3. Grove–Petersen's finiteness theorem. Given constants C, D and V, there are only finitely many homotopy types of compact n-dimensional Riemannian manifolds with sectional curvature K ≥ C, diameter ≤ D and volume ≥ V.

Sectional curvature bounded above

  1. The
    diffeomorphic to the Euclidean space Rn with n = dim M via the exponential map
    at any point. It implies that any two points of a simply connected complete Riemannian manifold with nonpositive sectional curvature are joined by a unique geodesic.
  2. The
    ergodic
    .
  3. If M is a complete Riemannian manifold with sectional curvature bounded above by a strictly negative constant k then it is a CAT(k) space. Consequently, its fundamental group Γ = π1(M) is Gromov hyperbolic. This has many implications for the structure of the fundamental group:

Ricci curvature bounded below

  1. Myers theorem. If a complete Riemannian manifold has positive Ricci curvature then its fundamental group
    is finite.
  2. Bochner's formula. If a compact Riemannian n-manifold has non-negative Ricci curvature, then its first Betti number is at most n, with equality if and only if the Riemannian manifold is a flat torus.
  3. Splitting theorem. If a complete n-dimensional Riemannian manifold has nonnegative Ricci curvature and a straight line (i.e. a geodesic that minimizes distance on each interval) then it is isometric to a direct product of the real line and a complete (n-1)-dimensional Riemannian manifold that has nonnegative Ricci curvature.
  4. Bishop–Gromov inequality. The volume of a metric ball of radius r in a complete n-dimensional Riemannian manifold with positive Ricci curvature has volume at most that of the volume of a ball of the same radius r in Euclidean space.
  5. Gromov-Hausdorff metric
    .

Negative Ricci curvature

  1. The isometry group of a compact Riemannian manifold with negative Ricci curvature is discrete.
  2. Any smooth manifold of dimension n ≥ 3 admits a Riemannian metric with negative Ricci curvature.[4] (This is not true for surfaces.)

Positive scalar curvature

  1. The n-dimensional torus does not admit a metric with positive scalar curvature.
  2. If the injectivity radius of a compact n-dimensional Riemannian manifold is ≥ π then the average scalar curvature is at most n(n-1).

See also

Notes

  1. ^ maths.tcd.ie
  2. ^ Kleinert, Hagen (1989). "Gauge Fields in Condensed Matter Vol II": 743–1440. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ^
    Bibcode:2008mfcm.book.....K
    .
  4. ^ Joachim Lohkamp has shown (Annals of Mathematics, 1994) that any manifold of dimension greater than two admits a metric of negative Ricci curvature.

References

Books
Papers

External links
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