Rifians

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Riffians
Iriffiyen
ⵉⵔⵉⴼⵉⵢⴻⵏ
Total population
Around 1.5 million
(4% of Moroccan population; 2014)[1]
Languages
Tarifit
Religion
Sunni Islam[2][3][4]

Riffians or Rifians (

Sunni Muslims, but retain their pre-Islamic traditions such as high status for Riffian women.[3]

According to Irina Casado i Aijon, Riffians have traditionally organized themselves under "patrilineality and patrilocality principles".[7] The oldest man in the household commands authority and responsibility for decisions, while women jointly care for the young and sick without any discrimination. Like other Berbers, temporary migration is an accepted tradition.[8] The Riffians have been a significant source of Moroccan emigrants into some European countries such as the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany.[9][10][11]

Riffians speak Tarifit, which belongs to the Zenati group of Berber languages.[3] The languages spoken depend on the region, with many Riffians who speak a Berber language also speaking Moroccan Arabic or Spanish. Nineteen groups or social units of Riffians are known: five in the west along the Mediterranean coast which speak Riffian and Moroccan Arabic, seven in the centre of which one speaks mainly Moroccan Arabic and rest Riffian, five in the east and two in the southeastern desert area also speak the Riffian language.[2]

They have inhabited an impoverished and an eroded, deforested, poorly irrigated region. Poverty rate and infant mortality rates among Riffians has been high, according to a study published in 1980 by Terri Joseph.[12] The Riffians have lived a largely settled, agricultural lifestyle, using hand tools, oxen and cattle to plow the steeply terraced land in their valleys. Horticultural produce along with sheep and goat meat, cheese, and milk provide the traditional sustenance.[12] Some practice sardine-seining along the Mediterranean coast.[2]

Riffians have experienced numerous wars over their history. Some of their cultural traditions reflects and remembers this history, such as the singing and dancing of Ayara Liyara, Ayara Labuya, which literally means "Oh Lady oh Lady, oh Lady Buya" and is accompanied by izran (couplets) and addjun (tambourine tapping).[13] This tradition, states Hsain Ilahiane, is linked to the 11th-century destruction and deaths of the Riffian fathers during the raid by the Almoravid leader Yusuf ibn Tashfin.[13] In more modern times, the Rif War caused numerous deaths of Riffian people and of Spanish as well as French soldiers. The Rif War witnessed the use of chemical weapons in the 1920s by the Spanish army.[14][15]

In 1958, some Riffians revolted against the government.[3] In the decades that followed, the Rif region has witnessed popular demonstrations and demands for better education, healthcare and job opportunities. A resurgent Riffian popular movement in 2010, their protests in 2013 and protests in 2017 for hogra – a humiliating treatment by an abusive state, has drawn public attention, as well as claims of brutal suppression by Moroccan authorities.[16][17][18]

Tribes and tribal groups

The Riffians are divided into these tribes and tribal groups:[19]

  • Ait Ammart
  • Ait Boufrah
  • Ait Bouyahyi
  • Ait Gmil
  • Ait Itteft
  • Ait Medzoui
  • Ait Ourish
  • Ait Said
  • Ait Stout
  • Ait Tafersit
  • Ait Temsamane
  • Ait Touzine
  • Ait Waryaghar
  • Ibaqouyen
  • Ibdarsen
  • Igzenayen
  • Ikebdanen
  • Iqer'iyen
  • Mestassa
  • Targuist

See also

  • Ghomara language.
  • Senhaja de Srair language
    .
  • Senhaja de Srair
    in Central Rif.
  • Ghomara
    in Western Rif.
  • Jbala
    in Western Rif.
  • Beni Iznasen
    in Eastern Rif.
  • Beni Snous Tlemcen, Western Algeria.

References

  1. Haut Commissariat au Plan
    . Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  2. ^ a b c The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, Rif people, Encyclopaedia Britannica
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-1-61069-954-9
    .
  4. ^ Lucien Oulahbib, Le monde arabe existe-t-il ?, page 12, 2005, Editions de Paris, Paris.
  5. ISBN 978-1-61069-954-9
    .
  6. ISBN 978-1-78195-147-7
  7. ISBN 978-1-78195-147-7
    .
  8. ISBN 978-1-78195-147-7
    .
  9. ISBN 978-94-010-0882-2
    .
  10. ISBN 978-90-5589-173-3
    .
  11. ISBN 978-0-313-32111-5
    .
  12. ^
    S2CID 14712463
    .
  13. ^
    ISBN 978-1-4422-8182-0
    .
  14. ISBN 978-1-4200-4662-5
    .
  15. ISBN 978-0-520-25117-5
    .
  16. ISBN 978-1-61069-954-9
    .
  17. ISBN 978-08047-066-43
    .
  18. ^ Rough in the Rif: Morocco’s unrest is worsening, The Economist (July 8, 2017), Quote: "The trouble began in October after a fishmonger called Mouhcine Fikri was crushed by a garbage compactor at a port in Al Hoceima, which is located in the Rif, a northern mountain region with a rebellious streak. Fikri was trying to retrieve fish that had been confiscated by the authorities. To locals, his death was a striking example of hogra—humiliating treatment by an abusive state. (...) The government has since exacerbated the situation with yet more hogra. In May it called the protesters separatists, though most are not, and suggested that they were foreign agents. (...) The unrest not only increased, but spread to other parts of the country, including Rabat, the capital, where on June 11th thousands of people rallied in support of the Riffians. All told, it is the largest display of public anger in Morocco since the Arab spring in 2011."
  19. ^ Coon, Charleton S. (1931). Tribes of the Rif. Harvard African studies.v. 9. University of Harvard. p. 38.

External links

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