Rigel
Observation data Epoch J2000.0 Equinox J2000.0 | ||
---|---|---|
Constellation | Orion | |
Pronunciation
|
/ˈraɪdʒəl/[1] or /-ɡəl/[2] | |
A | ||
Right ascension | 05h 14m 32.27210s[3] | |
Declination | −08° 12′ 05.8981″[3] | |
Apparent magnitude (V) | 0.13[4] (0.05–0.18[5]) | |
BC | ||
Right ascension | 05h 14m 32.049s[6] | |
Declination | −08° 12′ 14.78″[6] | |
Apparent magnitude (V) | 6.67[7] (7.5/7.6[8]) | |
Characteristics | ||
A | ||
Evolutionary stage | Blue supergiant
| |
Spectral type | B8 Ia[9] | |
U−B color index | −0.66[10] | |
B−V color index | −0.03[10] | |
Variable type | Alpha Cygni[11] | |
BC | ||
Evolutionary stage | Main sequence | |
Spectral type | B9V + B9V[12] | |
Absolute magnitude (MV) | −7.84[9] | |
Orbit[12] | ||
Primary | A | |
Companion | BC | |
Period (P) | 24,000 yr | |
Semi-amplitude (K1)(primary) | 25.0 km/s | |
Semi-amplitude (K2) (secondary) | 32.6 km/s | |
Orbit[12] | ||
Primary | B | |
Companion | C | |
Period (P) | 63 yr | |
Details | ||
A | ||
Myr | ||
Ba | ||
Mass | 3.84[12] M☉ | |
Bb | ||
Mass | 2.94[12] M☉ | |
C | ||
Mass | 3.84[12] M☉ | |
BD−08°1063, FK5 194 | ||
B: Rigel B, GCRV 3111 | ||
Database references | ||
SIMBAD | Rigel | |
Rigel B |
Rigel is a blue
A star of
Rigel varies slightly in brightness, its apparent magnitude ranging from 0.05 to 0.18. It is classified as an Alpha Cygni variable due to the amplitude and periodicity of its brightness variation, as well as its spectral type. Its intrinsic variability is caused by pulsations in its unstable atmosphere. Rigel is generally the seventh-brightest star in the night sky and the brightest star in Orion, though it is occasionally outshone by Betelgeuse, which varies over a larger range.
A triple-star system is separated from Rigel by an angle of 9.5
Nomenclature
In 2016, the
The designation of Rigel as β Orionis (
Rigel has many other stellar designations taken from various catalogs, including the Flamsteed designation 19 Orionis (19 Ori), the Bright Star Catalogue entry HR 1713, and the Henry Draper Catalogue number HD 34085. These designations frequently appear in the scientific literature,[12][17][31] but rarely in popular writing.[25][32]
Observation
Rigel is an
Culminating every year at midnight on 12 December, and at 9:00 pm on 24 January, Rigel is visible on winter evenings in the Northern Hemisphere and on summer evenings in the Southern Hemisphere.[27] In the Southern Hemisphere, Rigel is the first bright star of Orion visible as the constellation rises.[36] Correspondingly it is also the first star of Orion to set in most of the Northern Hemisphere. The star is a vertex of the "Winter Hexagon", an asterism that includes Aldebaran, Capella, Pollux, Procyon, and Sirius. Rigel is a prominent equatorial navigation star, being easily located and readily visible in all the world's oceans (the exception is the area north of the 82nd parallel north).[37]
Spectroscopy
Rigel's
As early as 1888, the heliocentric
In 1933, the
The unusual Hα line profile is observed to vary unpredictably. Around a third of the time it is a normal absorption line. About a quarter of the time it is a double-peaked line, that is, an absorption line with an emission core or an emission line with an absorption core. About a quarter of the time it has a P Cygni profile; most of the rest of the time the line has an inverse P Cygni profile, where the emission component is on the short wavelength side of the line. Rarely, there is a pure emission Hα line.[44] The line profile changes are interpreted as variations in the quantity and velocity of material being expelled from the star. Occasional very high-velocity outflows have been inferred, and, more rarely, infalling material. The overall picture is one of large looping structures arising from the photosphere and driven by magnetic fields.[46]
Variability
Rigel has been known to vary in brightness since at least 1930. The small amplitude of Rigel's brightness variation requires
From analysis of
Mass loss
From observations of the variable Hα spectral line, Rigel's mass-loss rate due to stellar wind is estimated be (1.5±0.4)×10−7 solar masses per year (
Distance
Rigel's distance from the Sun is somewhat uncertain, different estimates being obtained by different methods. Old estimates placed it 166 parsecs (or 541 light years) away from the Sun.
Indirect distance estimation methods have also been employed. For example, Rigel is believed to be in a region of
Rigel is an outlying member of the
Stellar system
Rigel | |||||||||||||||
Separation = 9.5″ Period = 24,000 y | |||||||||||||||
Ba | |||||||||||||||
Separation = 0.58 mas Period = 9.860 d | |||||||||||||||
Bb | |||||||||||||||
Separation = 0.1″ Period = 63 y | |||||||||||||||
C | |||||||||||||||
The
At Rigel's estimated distance, Rigel B's
In 1871,
Component B is a double-lined
In 1878, Burnham found another possibly associated star of approximately 13th magnitude. He listed it as component D of β 555,
A spectroscopic companion to Rigel was reported on the basis of radial velocity variations, and its orbit was even calculated, but subsequent work suggests the star does not exist and that observed pulsations are intrinsic to Rigel itself.[63]
Physical characteristics
Rigel is a
Estimation of many physical characteristics of blue supergiant stars, including Rigel, is challenging due to their rarity and uncertainty about how far they are from the Sun. As such, their characteristics are mainly estimated from theoretical stellar evolution models.[70] Its effective temperature can be estimated from the spectral type and color to be around 12,100 K.[19] A mass of 21±3 M☉ at an age of 8±1 million years has been estimated by comparing evolutionary tracks, while atmospheric modeling from the spectrum gives a mass of 24±8 M☉.[9]
Although Rigel is often considered the most luminous star within 1,000 light-years of the Sun,[27][32] its energy output is poorly known. Using the Hipparcos distance of 860 light-years (264 parsecs), the estimated relative luminosity for Rigel is about 120,000 times that of the Sun (L☉),[18] but another recently published distance of 1,170 ± 130 light-years (360 ± 40 parsecs) suggests an even higher luminosity of 219,000 L☉.[9] Other calculations based on theoretical stellar evolutionary models of Rigel's atmosphere give luminosities anywhere between 83,000 L☉ and 363,000 L☉,[31] while summing the spectral energy distribution from historical photometry with the Hipparcos distance suggests a luminosity as low as 61,515±11,486 L☉.[71] A 2018 study using the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer measured the angular diameter as 2.526 mas. After correcting for limb darkening, the angular diameter is found to be 2.606±0.009 mas, yielding a radius of 74.1+6.1
−7.3 R☉.[71] An older measurement of the angular diameter gives 2.75±0.01 mas,[72] equivalent to a radius of 78.9 R☉ at 264 pc.[18] These radii are calculated assuming the Hipparcos distance of 264 pc; adopting a distance of 360 pc leads to a significantly larger size.[54] Older distance estimates were mostly far lower than modern estimates, leading to lower radius estimates; a 1922 estimate by John Stanley Plaskett gave Rigel a diameter of 25 million miles, or approximately 28.9 R☉, smaller than its neighbor Aldebaran.[73]
Due to their closeness to each other and ambiguity of the spectrum, little is known about the intrinsic properties of the members of the Rigel BC triple system. All three stars seem to be near equally hot B-type main-sequence stars that are three to four times as massive as the Sun.[12]
Evolution
Stellar evolution models suggest the pulsations of Rigel are powered by nuclear reactions in a hydrogen-burning shell that is at least partially non-convective. These pulsations are stronger and more numerous in stars that have evolved through a red supergiant phase and then increased in temperature to again become a blue supergiant. This is due to the decreased mass and increased levels of fusion products at the surface of the star.[69]
Rigel is likely to be fusing helium in its core.[11] Due to strong convection of helium produced in the core while Rigel was on the main sequence and in the hydrogen-burning shell since it became a supergiant, the fraction of helium at the surface has increased from 26.6% when the star formed to 32% now. The surface abundances of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen seen in the spectrum are compatible with a post-red supergiant star only if its internal convection zones are modeled using non-homogeneous chemical conditions known as the Ledoux Criteria.[69]
Rigel is expected to eventually end its stellar life as a type II supernova.[11] It is one of the closest known potential supernova progenitors to Earth,[18] and would be expected to have a maximum apparent magnitude of around −11 (about the same brightness as a quarter Moon or around 300 times brighter than Venus ever gets).[5] The supernova would leave behind either a black hole or a neutron star.[11]
Etymology and cultural significance
The earliest known recording of the name Rigel is in the Alfonsine tables of 1521. It is derived from the Arabic name Rijl Jauzah al Yusrā, "the left leg (foot) of Jauzah" (i.e. rijl meaning "leg, foot"),[75] which can be traced to the 10th century.[76] "Jauzah" was a proper name for Orion; an alternative Arabic name was رجل الجبار rijl al-jabbār, "the foot of the great one", from which stems the rarely used variant names Algebar or Elgebar. The Alphonsine tables saw its name split into "Rigel" and "Algebar", with the note, et dicitur Algebar. Nominatur etiam Rigel. [b][77] Alternate spellings from the 17th century include Regel by Italian astronomer Giovanni Battista Riccioli, Riglon by German astronomer Wilhelm Schickard, and Rigel Algeuze or Algibbar by English scholar Edmund Chilmead.[75]
With the constellation representing the mythological Greek huntsman
Rigel was known as Yerrerdet-kurrk to the
The
In Japan, the Minamoto or
In modern culture
The
The
Due to its brightness and its recognizable name, Rigel is also a popular fixture in science fiction.
See also
Notes
- ^ Al-Sufi's book was translated into Latin and other European languages. Al-Sufi himself planned the figures, two for each constellation: one shows how they appear to an observer looking up toward the heavens; the other how they appear to the observer looking down upon a celestial globe.[74]
- ^ lit."... and it is called Algebar. It is also named Rigel."
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External links
- NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: Rigel and the Witch Head Nebula (15 January 2018)
- NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: A Blazing Fireball between the Orion Nebula and Rigel (16 November 2015)
- December double star of the month – beta Orionis Astronomical Society of Southern Africa
- My Favorite Double Star AAVSO