Right Sector

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Right Sector
Пра́вий се́ктор
Colors   Red, Black
Slogan"God! Ukraine! Freedom!"[11]
Designated as terror group by Russia
Verkhovna Rada[6]
0 / 450
Regions (2015)[12]
2 / 158,399
Party flag
Website
pravyysektor.info

Right Sector (

ultranationalist organizations at the Euromaidan revolt in Kyiv,[9] where its street fighters participated in clashes with riot police.[15][16] The coalition became a political party on 22 March 2014, at which time it claimed to have roughly 10,000 members.[17][18] Founding groups included the Trident (Tryzub), led by Dmytro Yarosh and Andriy Tarasenko [uk], and the Ukrainian National Assembly–Ukrainian National Self-Defense (UNA–UNSO), a political and paramilitary organization.[19][20][21] Other founding groups included the Social-National Assembly,[22] and its Patriot of Ukraine paramilitary wing, White Hammer, and the Sich Battalion. White Hammer was expelled in March 2014,[23] and Patriot of Ukraine left the organization, along with many UNA–UNSO members, in the following months.[24]

Right Sector has been described as a right-wing

far right[10] nationalist[7][26][27] political party and movement.[28][29][30] Right Sector was the second-most mentioned political group in Russian media during the first half of 2014, and Russian state TV depicted it as neo-Nazi.[10][31] In March 2014, Associated Press declared that it has found no evidence that the group had committed hate crimes.[27]

In the

The Right Sector fought in the

Ukrainian Armed Forces.[37] In November, Yarosh formally stepped down as the group's leader.[38] In December, he announced that he and his team would be withdrawing from the group entirely, declaring that Right Sector had fulfilled its purpose "as a revolutionary structure" and was no longer needed. He stated that he and his faction were against pseudo-revolutionary activity that threatens the state, fringe radicalism, and were against violent revolts against the government. In a statement issued in response to Yarosh's departure, Right Sector said the schism was due to its continuing a "revolutionary path".[39][40] The departure of Yarosh resulted in at least 20% of Right Sector members leaving with him.[41] In February 2016, Yarosh started a new organisation called the Governmental Initiative of Yarosh.[42] Since 19 March 2016, Tarasenko has been the new chairman of Right Sector.[1]

In November 2022, the Ukrainian Volunteer Corps was reformed as the 67th Separate Mechanized Brigade and became part of the Ukrainian Ground Forces.[2][3][4]

Name

The organization's name in

Ukrainian is Правий сектор (transliterated Pravyy sektor), translated as Right Sector. (General-audience publications often transliterate it as Pravy Sektor or Pravyi Sektor.) One account derives the name from the group's effort to protect the right-hand side of the Euromaidan protestors at one point during the Maidan protests.[43] Dmytro Yarosh owns the trademark "Right Sector".[44] Russian language-speakers may refer to members of the Right Sector as pravoseki (Russian: правосеки); singular: pravosek (Russian: правосек).[45]

History

Origins

Dmytro Yarosh, Tryzub's leader and the former leader of Right Sector.

Right Sector was formed in late November 2013 as a confederation of street-fighting soccer fans and right-wing nationalist groups:

BBC reports that Right Sector's Kyiv organization is primarily formed by Russian-speaking soccer ultras who share nationalist views.[49][50][51]

The organization views itself within the tradition of Ukrainian partisans, such as the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, which fought in the Second World War against the Soviet Union and both for and against the Nazi Germany.[49][52] Yarosh, Right Sector's leader, has trained armed nationalists in military exercises since the collapse of the Soviet Union.[53] Co-founder Andriy Tarasenko told LIGA news agency in January 2014 that most participants were "ordinary citizens not related to any organizations".[19][54]

Right Sector claims to have received donations from the Ukrainian diaspora.[18]

Entry into Euromaidan

Three helmeted protestors throwing pavement bricks at riot-police line under concealment of smoke from burning tires
Protesters throwing bricks at riot police, using tire smoke for cover from sniper fire, Kyiv, 18 February 2014

Right Sector became one of the main actors in the January 2014 Hrushevskoho Street riots, a part of the Euromaidan protests, in their later and more violent stages.[20][55] On 19 January 2014 the organization encouraged its members to bring bottles to the protests to produce Molotov cocktails and bombs.[19] The Yanukovich government classified it as an extremist movement and threatened its members with imprisonment.[56]

Right Sector has been described as the most organized and most effective of the Euromaidan forces when it came to confronting police.[57] Right Sector claims that it was the main organizer of violent resistance against armed attacks by the state at Euromaidan.[47] Yarosh stated that the group had amassed a sizable arsenal of weapons;[16] these include guns taken from police stations in Western Ukraine.[58]

The Israeli newspaper

Protocols of the Elders of Zion to the demonstrators in Independence Square.[59]

On 4 March 2014, the organization called on readers of its

Vkontakte social-media page to "correct th[e] misunderstanding" that had been created in English and Russian Wikipedia that Right Sector is fascist and neo-Nazi.[60] According to political science professor Olexiy Haran, Right Sector's role in Ukrainian politics was "extremely exaggerated" by Ukrainians associated with Yanukovich.[10]

Recovery of the Secret Ledger

Mustafa Nayyem stated that he was with members of the Right Sector when they entered Viktor Pshonka's luxurious mansion and that the Right Sector recovered numerous GPU files from Pshonka's mansion after members of the Yanukovych government fled in exile to Russia.[61] These files included the secret bookkeeping of Viktor Yanukovych and the Party of Regions' Black Ledger (Ukrainian: Чорної книги) or Barn Book (Ukrainian: амбарна книга), which implicated numerous persons to improper payments from pro-Kremlin and pro-Vladimir Putin sources including Paul Manafort for which the book included the handwritten records of 22 payments over five years to Manafort, nine of which had been signed by Vitaly Anatolyevich Kalyuzhny (Ukrainian: Віталій Анатолійович Калюжний), who was the Verkhovna Rada's foreign relations committee chairman.[62][63] On 17 August 2016, Donald Trump removed Manafort as Trump's campaign chairman following Trump's first national security briefing directly because of the records in the secret ledger.[64][65][66][67][68]

After Trump won the 2016 United States presidential election, Manafort demanded that the White House, Trump himself, and later Rudy Giuliani actively pressure Ukrainian officials to investigate and discredit Leshchenko[clarification needed] and others because Leshchenko had published information from the Yanukovych Secret Ledger that was highly critical of Manafort's work in Ukraine.[68][69] Manafort provided information to Giuliani and his company Giuliani Partners, including its employees Lev Parnas and Igor Fruman, to smear Leshchenko and others in Ukraine and entered into a joint legal defense agreement between Manafort's attorneys and Trump's attorneys.[68] Manafort and Giuliani also discussed how to deal with Marie Yovanovitch.[68]

Aftermath of the 2014 Ukrainian revolution

twenty masked activists posing with a Ukrainian flag and a Right Sector banner showing trident as ship anchor at a Euromaidan event in Odesa
Activists in Odesa holding Right Sector banner with ship-anchor design, 9 February 2014

In February 2014, Yarosh and the Israeli ambassador to Ukraine agreed to establish a "hotline" to prevent provocations and coordinate actions when issues arise.

Jewish sites in Odesa.[72] In April 2014, Yarosh allegedly demanded to be appointed Vice Prime Minister for the law enforcement matters but his demand was rejected; he was offered a post of the Deputy Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine instead[73][74] but Yarosh rejected this position as being beneath him.[75] There were discussions of appointing Yarosh deputy head of the Security Service of Ukraine, but these discussions quickly petered out for unknown reasons.[73]

Right Sector became a dominant theme of Russian propaganda, which grossly exaggerated its strength and influence in the new Ukraine. It was portrayed as a mortal threat to Russian speakers and Jews that necessitated a Russian military intervention. By April, Right Sector was being mentioned on Russia television almost as frequently as Putin's own United Russia party. In Crimea and the East, a "Right Sector" vandalism spree targeting synagogues, Jewish cemeteries, and Holocaust memorials was widely seen as a Russian false flag attack. In Simferopol, a synagogue was defaced with the wolfsangel symbol used by the Ukrainian far-right, but in the mirror-image of its normal orientation; in Odesa, vandals defaced a Jewish cemetery with graffiti reading "Right Sector" but misspelled the group's name. The next day Yarosh met with the Chief Rabbi of Odesa to show solidarity with Ukrainian Jews and was photographed helping paint over the graffiti.[76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83]

On 7 March 2014, Tarasenko told

UNA–UNSO member Oleksandr Muzychko.[85] He said that Muzychko had fought for Chechen separatists against Russian troops and been charged with banditry. Muzychko (who was given the nom de guerre "Sachko Bilyi") had also become known for the farcical Right Sector video, "Sachko Communicates with a Prosecutor", in which he yells at a local prosecutor, snatches his tie and threatens to drag him to Independence Square with a rope.[20]

Muzychko was shot to death in Rivne, Ukraine, on 24 March 2014. A witness told a local news service that a dozen men took Muzychko out of a cafe, handcuffed him, and beat him and two bodyguards. Others said that they later heard two shots fired near the cafe.[86] Ukraine's Interior Ministry stated that he was shot after opening fire on police and Sokil special forces. He was captured alive and arrested but died from his wounds before paramedics arrived.[87] Police said he was being detained on suspicion of organized crime links, hooliganism and threatening public officials.[88][89]

Patriot of Ukraine
members standing guard at a Right Sector event, Euromaidan, Kyiv, 13 April 2014

Right Sector representatives held Interior Minister

Arsen Avakov accountable for his death and vowed to avenge him.[citation needed] On 27 March 2014, Right Sector supporters demanded Avakov's resignation and tried to storm the Verkhovna Rada (the Ukrainian parliament).[90] The next day, the European Union's High Representative for Foreign Affairs, Catherine Ashton, stated, "I strongly condemn the pressure by activists of the Right Sector who have surrounded the building of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Such an intimidation of the parliament is against the democratic principles and rule of law."[91] A few days later, the group released an app that allows its members to organize tactics at events without being identified.[92] On 31 March 2014, a drunken Right Sector activist started shooting near a restaurant in central Kyiv. Three people were wounded, including the deputy head of the Kyiv City State Administration.[93]

2014 pro-Russian conflict and 2014 Ukrainian election results

In April 2014, Right Sector announced that it had begun to form a special Donbas battalion for its

war in Donbas.[94] On 22 April 2014, pro-Russian insurgents in Slovyansk detained American journalist Simon Ostrovsky for several days on suspicion of spying for the group.[95]

Right Sector was officially registered as a political party by the

single-member district number 39 located in Vasylkivka Raion with 29.76% of the votes.[32] The party had competed in 35 districts.[104] Yarosh did not join a faction in the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament).[105] In the same election, Boryslav Bereza, Right Sector's chief of information, also won a seat as an independent candidate by winning a district in Kyiv with 29.44% of the votes.[33] Bereza also did not join a faction.[106] Right Sector did not take part in the October 2015 Ukrainian local elections.[107]

2015 clash with Ukraine's special security service

On 10 July 2015, Ukrainian government forces clashed with Right Sector forces in the city of

parliamentary faction leader Yuriy Lutsenko, these events "result[ed from] the conflict of interests between illegal armed groups and a mafia overtly cooperating with law enforcers."[108] Some local leaders indicated the conflict ensued when Right Sector forces attempted to clamp down on the lucrative illegal cigarette smuggling trade to Western Europe, in which local law enforcement have been complicit. Immediate fallout from the events included the sacking of the leadership of the local Zakarpatya district customs service. Ukrainian MP Mykhailo Lanyo, fingered in the smuggling ring, reportedly fled Ukraine.[109] Right Sector leader Yarosh called for calm, and denied that Right Sector troops were being withdrawn from eastern Ukraine.[110][111][112][113]

After Yarosh's departure

Yarosh resigned as Right Sector leader on 11 November 2015.

Governmental Initiative of Yarosh.[42] The departure of Yarosh resulted in at least 20% of Right Sector members leaving with him.[41] At a party congress of 19 March 2016, Andriy Tarasenko was elected chairman of Right Sector.[1] Before Euromaidan, he and Yarosh were the leading figures of Trident (Tryzub).[21] Tarasenko vowed in March 2016 that Right Sector would take part in all elections in Ukraine.[1]

On 19 November 2018 Right Sector and fellow

C14 endorsed Ruslan Koshulynskyi candidacy in the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election.[115] In the election Koshulynskyi received 1.6% of the votes.[116]

In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election, Right Sector joined a united party list with the political parties Svoboda, Governmental Initiative of Yarosh and National Corps.[34] Yarosh was placed third on this party list, while Tarasenko placed fourth.[34] In the election, they won 2.15% of the votes, less than half of the 5% election threshold, and no parliamentary seats via the national party list.[35] The party did also not win a single-mandate constituency parliamentary seat.[35]

In the 2020 Ukrainian local elections, the party gained 3 deputies (mathematically this was about 0.00% of all available mandates).[117]

On 2 November 2021, Yarosh said on social media he had been appointed Adviser to the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine refused to disclose details of its alleged cooperation with Yarosh citing the confidentiality of the information requested.[119] Prior to this request the (army) post of public advisers had been liquidated.[119]

In January 2022, captain Dmytro Kotsiubailo "Da Vinci" was awarded the title Hero of Ukraine and decorated with the Order of the Golden Star for courage on the battlefield by the president of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy.[120]

Paramilitary operations

S-300 antiaircraft missiles.[18] As of 2022, the group remains armed and operative; in an interview with Deutsche Welle in late 2015, Petro Poroshenko stated that Right Sector was going to be disarmed and taken out of operations in Donbas.[122]

Ukrainian Volunteer Corps

Fighters of the Ukrainian Volunteer Corps

Right Sector has its own volunteer battalion that is fighting in the

Ukrainian Volunteer Corps (Ukrainian: Добровольчий український корпус, ДУК, romanizedDobrovolʹchyy ukrayinsʹkyy korpus, DUK).[123] It was formed late April 2014.[94] On 19 July 2014 Right Sector said it was ready to contribute 5,000 people to fight, if the military provided suitable combat equipment.[124] Right Sector lost twelve fighters when ambushed outside Donetsk in August 2014. Yarosh, the group's leader, vowed his group would avenge the deaths.[125] On 17 August 2014 Right Sector accused the Interior Ministry of harbouring counterrevolutionary forces seeking to destroy the Ukrainian volunteer movement.[126] It said that Deputy Interior Minister Vladimir Yevdokimov's followers among the police had illegally searched or detained dozens of Right Sector volunteers and confiscated weapons they had taken in combat.[127] Interior Minister Arsen Avakov replied, saying that he had already submitted a request to President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko that Yevdokimov be dismissed.[citation needed] Right Sector's military unit includes about fifty citizens of Russia and Belarus as of 2015.[128] Members come from all parts of Ukraine including the Donbas and Crimea, Russia and other former Soviet republics, and Western countries. In December 2015, group leader Dmytro Yarosh announced that the 5th and 8th battalions, and the medical battalion, would be incorporated into the Armed Forces of Ukraine following his departure from Right Sector.[40] The DUK, if possible, would become part of the National Guard of Ukraine and will in the near future report to the Ministry of Internal Affairs or would be incorporated into the Ukrainian Ground Forces
.

When Yarosh left the Right Sector in December 2015, he took part of the DUK with him, forming the Ukrainian Volunteer Army (Ukrainian: Українська добровольча армія, УДА, romanizedUkrayinsʹka dobrovolʹcha armiya, UDA).[129]

In the

Eastern Ukraine offensive. In the latter operation, Taras Bobanych, commander of the Ukrainian Volunteer Corps's 2nd Separate Battalion, was killed near Izium.[131] They were officially absorbed in the Ground Forces as special operations unit. In November 2022, the Ukrainian Volunteer Corps was reformed as the 67th Separate Mechanized Brigade, and were training in the United Kingdom.[2][3][4]

Ideology

Description by the party

March in Kyiv on anniversary of the birthday of Stepan Bandera, 1 January 2015

The party's ideology is based on the Ukrainian national idea.[11] The party believes that idea of a nation is more broad than the concept of people as ethnos, yet nothing even close to the cosmopolitan concept of "political nation",[11] with nation being a conscious and effective unity of people united around the idea of freedom that is based on ethno-social and spiritually cultural factors.[11]

According to the party, Ukrainian nationalism is an ideology of national freedom, freedom of people, and person;[11] an idea and cause in the name of Ukraine;[11] an ideology of defense, preservation, and state assertion of the Ukrainian nation;[11] and a philosophy of national existence.[11] The main component of Right Sector's natiocentric outlook is natio-existential Shevchenko Thought,[11] based on protection, development, and revival of the nation based on national imperative or absolute order.[11] According to its literature, an idealistic worldview is intrinsic to Ukrainian nationalism.[11]

Descriptions in scholarly work

Scholars

neo-Nazi fringe.[47] In 2021 political scientists Daniel Odin Shaw and Huseyn Aliyev described Right Sector as ultranationalist, and described the paramilitary arm of Right Sector, the UDA, as holding a "generic form of Ukrainian ultranationalism", which allowed the inclusion of ethnic minorities, including Muslim Crimean Tatars and Chechens, and ethnic Jews, Poles, Hungarians, Greeks, and Romani.[129]

Descriptions in the press

Right Sector has been described in various ways by the media.[132] BBC News describes it as a "Ukrainian nationalist group"[26] and an "umbrella organization of far-right groups",[133] while Time has described it as a "radical right-wing group ... a coalition of militant ultra-nationalists",[29] with an ideology that "borders on fascism".[16] The New York Times has described it as a "nationalist group" and a "coalition of once-fringe Ukrainian nationalist groups".[7] The Guardian has identified it as a "nationalist Ukrainian group",[134] Reuters as a "far-right nationalist group",[135] Agence France Presse as a "far-right" group,[13] and The Wall Street Journal as an "umbrella group for far-right activists and ultranationalists".[136] Die Welt, the New York Times, and Le Monde diplomatique have described some of Right Sector's constituent groups as radical right-wing, neofascist, or neo-Nazi, but also that it distanced itself from antisemitism.[137][46][49] According to a publication in The Washington Post, "Operating in Ukraine are several nationalist paramilitary groups, such as the Azov movement and Right Sector, that espouse neo-Nazi ideology. While high-profile, they appear to have little public support. Only one far-right party, Svoboda, is represented in Ukraine’s parliament, and it only holds one seat."[138]

Writing for Foreign Policy, Hannah Kozlowska stated that Russian propaganda tried to demonize the Ukraine government and build a case for the annexation of Crimea by depicting Right Sector as a powerful neo-Nazi force bent on taking over the government. During the first half of 2014, Right Sector was the second-most mentioned political group in online Russian mass media.[10] The Associated Press has called it a "radical ultranationalist group ... demonized by Russian state propaganda as fascists".[27] The AP reported that it had found no evidence of hate crimes by the group.[27] The Russian News & Information Agency has portrayed Right Sector as a "radical far right opposition group" and said that "Russian state media have tried to cast the demonstrations as a predominantly Fascism-inspired movement".[139]

Other Ukrainians and political parties

In an interview, Yarosh stated that Right Sector and Svoboda "have a lot of common positions when it comes to ideological questions," but that Right Sector "absolutely do[es]n't accept certain racist things they [Svoboda members] share."[140] Tarasenko cited Stepan Bandera, stating: "We are enemies to those saying that there [is] no Ukraine, or Ukrainians, or … Ukrainian language."[141]

According to journalist Oleg Shynkarenko, Yarosh has indicated that Right Sector opposes homosexuality and has also implied that the right of the nation trumps human rights.[20] The New York Times has written that "Right Sector, a coalition of ultranationalist and in some cases neo-Nazi organizations," has attempted to distance itself from antisemitism, citing Yarosh's pledge to fight racism in Ukraine.[46] According to Spiegel Online, Dmytro Yarosh has stated that antisemitism is not a part of Right Sector's ideology. Tarasenko has stated that the group has no "phobias", that it respects every other nation, and that it supports the nation state model.[141]

Attitude towards Europe

Right Sector's website says that its members distrust the "imperial ambitions" of both Russia and the West.

Spiegel Online that anti-Christian organizations are in active operation in the European Union and that the European Commission, rather than the member nation, has control of lifestyles such as gay marriage.[143] He does not see Europe or NATO as a potential partner and believes that they are part of a coalition against Ukraine.[143]

Domestic policy

Right Sector has the position that the population should keep and bear arms, as in Switzerland.[141] Yarosh told The New York Times that the organization's lawyers were drafting a bill modeled on Swiss notions of firearms possession.[121]

Anti-LGBT position

Historian and political scientist

Europeans still have an ambiguous attitude about "LGBT" stating "in Poland abortion is banned in general, not to mention same-sex marriages".[146]

In a Facebook post on 6 June 2015, Right Sector leader Dmytro Yarosh claimed the gay pride parade "spit on the graves of those who died and defended Ukraine", and promised that the group's members will "put aside other business in order to prevent those who hate family, morality, and human nature, from executing their plans. We have other things to do, but we'll have to deal with this evil too."[147] Right Sector spokesman Artem Skoropadskyi stated about the pride parade that "gay propaganda is destructive and doing harm to our Christian nation, we can't allow that".[147] The pride parade was held, and during the march five policemen were injured in scuffles after unidentified people attacked the rally with smoke bombs and stones.[148] Right Sector denounced the violence, and Skoropadskyi stated: "We can't beat weak persons like gays – that's a disgrace!"[144]

Component groups

Academic and media sources have described some of Right Sector's constituent groups as

neo-Nazi elements.[46] A plurality or majority of Right Sector's members belong to street fighting soccer-fan clubs,[50][51][152]
or have no specific affiliation.

Sich

Sich (Carpathian Sich, Карпатська Січ) is a Cossack battalion from Transcarpathia. Its name derives from the Ukrainian Cossack term for a command and administrative center.[140][153]

Tryzub (Trident)

Tryzub is a far-right

Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists).[154] Its full name is the Stepan Bandera All-Ukrainian Organization "Tryzub" and states that its main goal is to create a Ukrainian united independent state.[citation needed] According to Tryzub, its enemies in achieving this goal are ″imperialism and chauvinism, fascism and communism, cosmopolitanism and pseudo-nationalism, totalitarianism and anarchy, any evil that seeks to parasitize on the sweat and blood of Ukrainians″.[155]

Ukrainian National Assembly – Ukrainian National Self-Defense

UNA-UNSO members in Kyiv, 26 January 2014

The Ukrainian National Assembly – Ukrainian National Self-Defense (UNA–UNSO) is a Ukrainian political organization perceived as far-right in Ukraine and abroad.

war in Abkhazia, which was depicted in a documentary film Shadows of War by Georgiy Gongadze. While the Ukrainian National Assembly (UNA) acted as the organization's legal political party-wing; on 22 May 2014 it merged into Right Sector.[96]
The UNA-UNSO continues to operate independently.

Legal status

After the start of the

General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine refused to disclose any details on cooperation with Yarosh, citing the confidentiality of the information requested.[119]

Election results

Verkhovna Rada

Year Popular vote % of popular vote Overall seats won Seat change Government
2014 284.943 1.80 No. 12
1 / 450
Increase 1 Opposition
2019 315,530 2.15 No. 11
0 / 450
Decrease 1 Extra-parliamentary

Presidential elections

President of Ukraine
Election year Candidate No. of 1st round votes % of 1st round vote No. of 2nd round votes % of 2nd round vote
2014 Dmytro Yarosh 127,772 0.70 No. 11
2019 Ruslan Koshulynskyi 307,240 1.62 No. 9

References

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  143. ^ a b Bidder, Benjamin; Klußmann, Uwe (16 April 2014). "Practice for a Russian invasion: Ukrainian civilians take up arms". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2014. [The EC's power] is, he says, 'a variety of totalitarianism'. The authors note that Yarosh studied linguistics. See generally Webster's Third, s.v. "totalitarianism" ("1. Centralized control by an autocratic … hierarchy regarded as infallible.").
  144. ^ a b Andersen, Johannes Wamberg; Olena Goncharova; Stefan Huijboom (11 June 2015). "Equal rights for gays still distant dream in Ukraine". Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 12 June 2015.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  145. Ukrayinska Pravda
    (4 June 2015)
  146. ^ a b A letter to the mayor of Kyiv to hold so-called "March of Equality" Archived 7 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Right Sector official website (2 June 2015)
  147. ^ a b Right Sector threatens Kyiv gay pride march Archived 6 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Kyiv Post (6 June 2015)
  148. ^ Ukraine police hurt at Kyiv gay pride rally Archived 10 February 2019 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News (6 June 2015)
  149. ^ Higgins, Andrew; Kramer, Andrew (21 February 2014). "Converts join with militants in Kiev clash". The New York Times. p. A1. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2017. Svoboda has at times clashed with … Right Sector, a coalition of a half-dozen hard-line nationalist groups that were once on the fringe, such as Patriots of Ukraine, Trident and White Hammer.
  150. ^ G.C. (15 February 2014). "Ukraine's protestors: Maidan on my mind". The Economist. London. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017. Some of [the Maidan] Samooborona's [Self-Defense's] more fearsome units ... belong to the Pravyy Sektor, which formed in November as a coalition of ultra-nationalist groups. It has an estimated 500–700 members ...
  151. ^ Ivan Katchanovski (20 July 2014). "What do citizens of Ukraine actually think about secession?". Washington Post Monkey Cage Blog. D.C. Archived from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2017. In trying to solve the conflict in Donbas, the Ukrainian government continues to rely on … special police battalions formed with the involvement of far-right parties and organizations, such as the Right Sector and the Social National Assembly.
  152. Project MUSE
    . It was only after the start of the protests that various small parties and factions of the far right joined to form Right Sector, which came to the fore in the second half of January, when protests turned violent ... Democracy is most directly undermined by the numerous associations promoting violence that emerged during the protests. Such associations include the Right Sector's paramilitary formations and the "heavenly hundreds" that arose to fight the police and the pro-Russian titushki or vigilante groups created to harass protesters. Also problematic are the "ultras," groups of hardcore soccer fans that began providing protection for anti-Yanukovych protesters in January. By promoting vigilante violence outside state control, such groups directly threaten democratic development. They facilitate state breakdown and bloody patterns of aggression and retribution, making civil war much more likely.
  153. ^ "FOI 315-14. Digest of information: 'White Hammer' organisation, Ukraine" (PDF). WhatDoTheyKnow. London: UK Citizens Online Democracy. 22 April 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014. The Right Sector is said to be composed of 'Trident', 'UNA-UNSO', 'Sich' (Carpathian cossacks), 'White Hammer', 'Patriot of Ukraine' and other … far-right groups.… 11 members of 'White Hammer' … have recently been arrested in connection with their involvement in the murder of three traffic policemen … in early March.
  154. S2CID 144614340
    . Other notable ultraright groups in Ukraine include the Trident named in honor of Stepan Bandera (based on the Congress of Ukrainian Na- tionalists)...
  155. ^ Декларація наших принципів (in Ukrainian). Тризуб. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014.
  156. ^ Singh, Anita Inder (2001), Democracy, Ethnic Diversity, and Security in Post-Communist Europe, Greenwood, p. 114
  157. ^ Dymerskaya-Tsigelman, Liudmila; Finberg, Leonid (1999), "Antisemitism of the Ukrainian Radical Nationalists: Ideology and Policy", Analysis of Current Trends in Antisemitism (14), Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism
  158. ^ ""Right sector" is registered as a social organization and not as a political party". ipress. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.

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