Ringtone
A ringtone is the sound made by a telephone to indicate an incoming telephone call. Originally referring to the sound of electromechanical striking of bells or gongs, the term refers to any sound by any device alerting of an incoming call.
On plain old telephone services (POTS), starting in the late 19th century, the signal is created by superimposing ringing voltage on the direct current line voltage. Electronic telephones could produce a warbling, chirping, or other sounds. Variations of the cadence or tone of the ring signal, called distinctive ringing, can be used to indicate characteristics of incoming calls.
Modern telephones, especially smartphones, are manufactured with a preloaded selection of ringtones. Customers can buy or generate custom ringtones for installation on the device. Digital ringtones were a large market in the 2000s, at its peak generating up to $4 billion in worldwide sales in 2004, but the market declined steeply by the end of the decade.
Background and history
A telephone rings when the telephone network indicates an incoming call, so that the recipient is alerted of the call attempt. Landline telephones typically receive an electric alternating current signal, called power ringing or ringing signal, generated by the telephone exchange to which the telephone is connected. The ringing current originally operated an electric bell. For mobile phones, the network sends a message to the recipient's device, which may activate a sound, or a visual or vibrating indication.
On a POTS interface, this signal is created by superimposing ringing voltage atop the −48 VDC already on the line. This is done at the Central Office, or a neighborhood multiplexer called an "SLC" for Subscriber Line Carrier. (SLC is a trademark of Alcatel-Lucent, but is often used generically.) Telephones with electromagnetic ringers are still in widespread use. The ringing signal in North America is normally specified at ca. 90 volts AC with a frequency of 20 hertz. In Europe it is around 60–90 VAC with a frequency of 25 Hz. Some non-Bell Company system party lines in the US used multiple frequencies for selective ringing. Ringing voltage is produced by various sources. Large central offices used motor-driven generator sets for both ringing and other signals such as dial tone and busy signals. In smaller offices, special sub-cycle[1] magnetic oscillators were used. Typically, solid-state oscillators have replaced them. Originally this voltage was used to trigger an electromagnet to ring a bell installed inside the telephone, or in a nearby mounted ringer box.
While the sound produced is still called a "ring",[2] some phones electronically produce a warbling, chirping, or other sound. Variation of the ring signal can be used to indicate characteristics of incoming calls. For example, ringing bursts with a shorter interval between them might be used to signal a call from a given number.
In POTS switching systems, ringing is said to be "tripped" when the impedance of the entire telephone line (local loop) is reduced when the telephone handset is lifted off the hook. This signals that the telephone call has been answered. The telephone exchange immediately removes the ringing signal from the line and connects the call.
The ringing pattern is known as ring cadence, in which the high voltage ring current is switched on and off to create the pattern. In North America, the standard ring cadence is two seconds of ringing followed by four seconds of silence. In Australia and the UK, the standard ring cadence is 400 ms on, 200 ms off, 400 ms on, 2000 ms off. These patterns may vary from region to region, and other patterns are used in different countries around the world. Some central offices offer distinctive ring to identify one of multiple telephone numbers assigned to the same line, a pattern once widely used on party line (telephony).
In many systems, including North America
The caller is informed about the progress of the call by the audible ringing signal, often called ringback tone. Power ringing and audible ringing are not generally synchronized.
Seven different gong combinations for the "C" type ringer were included in the model
While rings, ringers, ring signals, or what might be viewed as the call signals which are the predecessors of ringtones, date back to the beginnings of telephony, modern ringtones appeared in the 1960s and have expanded into tunes and many customizable tones or melodies.[4] Arguably the first ringtone (in the modern sense) appeared in the movie Our Man Flint in 1966, where the head of the secret government agency had a red phone that connected directly to the President and rang with a distinctive musical ringtone.[5]
Following a 1975
Polyphonic ringtone technology dates back to 1999, when the
Types
- Monophonic: The original ringtones play only one note at a time.
- Polyphonic: A polyphonic ringtone can consist of several notes at a time. The first polyphonic ring tones used MIDI. Such recordings specify what synthetic instrument should play a note at a given time, and the actual instrument sound is dependent upon the playback device. Later, synthesized instruments could be included along with the composition data, which allowed for more varied sounds beyond the built-in sound bank of each phone.
- Truetone: A truetone, also known as realtone, Jayliar tone, superphonic ringtone, is an audio recording, typically in a common format such as MP3 or AAC. Truetones, which are often excerpts from songs, became popular as ringtones. The first truetone service was started by au in December 2002.[12] "My Gift to You" by Chemistry was the first song to be distributed as a truetone.[13] This truetone (in Japanese chaku-uta) was released in time for Chemistry's concert tour in Japan.[14]
- Sing tone: A sing tone is a ringtone created in karaoke style, combining a user's recorded voice with a backing track.
Encoding formats
Most modern phones support ringtones in
are often supported as well. Less common formats include:- 3GP: A multimedia container format that can be used for video ringtones.
- AMR: Audio compression format specialized in speech used by Nokia before mp3 became standard.
- monophonicEricsson format.
- iMelody: Monophonic format developed by Ericsson to replace eMelody.
- KWS: Kyocera's ringer format.
- MOT: An older ringer format for Motorola phones.
- Music Macro Language (MML), originally used in early computer and video games, later used in BASIC implementations and ringtones
- .nrt / .rng / .rt / .ext: Nokia's monophonic format.
- Nokia / SCKL / OTT: Nokia Smart Messaging format. Allows users to share ringtones via text message.
- PDB: Palm database. This is the format used to load ringtones on PDA phones such as the Kyocera 6035 and the Handspring Treo.
- PMD: Format co-created by Qualcomm and Japanese company Faith which can include MIDI, sampled (PCM) audio, static graphics, animation, text, vibration and LED events.
- Qualcomm PureVoicesoftware. Especially well-suited for simple vocal recordings.
- RMF: a polyphonic format with embedded audio used on Symbian and Danger Hiptopdevices.
- RTTTL/RTX: Nokia-developed text formats for Smart Messaging.
- Samsung: Proprietary key press format.
- Siemens: Can create and read in a Siemens text file format.
- Siemens SEO: Siemens SEO binary format.
- SMAF: Yamaha music format that combines MIDI with instrument sound data (aka Module files). Filenames have the extension "MMF" or "MLD".
- SRT: Sipura ringtone for Sipura Technology VoIP phones.
- Mobile XMF: Many of Nokia's 2004-2013 phones support this format.
Generation software
A ringtone maker is an application that converts a user chosen song or other audio file for use as a ringtone of a mobile phone. The ringtone file is installed in the mobile phone either by direct cable connection, Bluetooth, text messaging, or e-mail. On many websites, users may create ringtones from
The earliest ringtone maker was Harmonium, developed by Vesa-Matti Paananen, a Finnish computer programmer, and released in 1997 for use with Nokia smart messaging.[15][16] Some phone manufacturers included features for users to create music tones, either with a "melody composer" or a sample/loop arranger, such as the MusicDJ software included on many Sony Ericsson phones. These often use encoding formats only available to one particular phone model or brand. Other formats, such as MIDI or MP3, are often supported; they must be downloaded to the phone before they can be used as a normal ringtone.[original research?]
In 2005, "SmashTheTones", now "
Commercial sales and popularity
In September 1996, IDO sold Digital Minimo D319 by Denso. It was the first mobile phone where a user could input an original melody, rather than having to use preloaded melodies. These phones proved to be popular in Japan, with a book[18] being published in 1998 providing details about how to customize phones to play snippets of popular songs, selling more than 3.5 million copies.
The first downloadable mobile ringtone service was created and delivered in Finland in 1998 when
Andy Clarke, while working for UK phone provider Orange, helped created the B5 Ringtone License with the UK's Mechanical-Copyright Protection Society in 1998. In 1999, Clarke registered ringtone.net and setup what is believed to be the world's first "legal" ringtone business. Scott Memphis, leader singer of Sunday Morning Sanctuary, wrote a 2010 hit entitled, "Ringtones & Lullabies" inspired by with the B5 Ringtone Licensing of 1998.
The fact that consumers were willing to pay up to $5 for ringtones, made mobile music a profitable part of the music industry.[20] A significant portion of sales went to the cell phone provider.[21] The Manhattan-based marketing and consulting firm Consect estimated ringtones generated $4 billion in worldwide sales in 2004.[16] According to Fortune magazine, ringtones generated more than $2 billion in worldwide sales during 2005.[22] The rise of sound files also contributed to the popularization of ringtones. In 2003 for example, the Japanese ringtone market, which alone was worth US$900 million, experienced US$66.4 million worth of sound file ringtone sales.[21] In 2003, the global ringtone industry was worth somewhere between US$2.5 and US$3.5 billion.[21] In 2009, the research firm SNL Kagan estimated that sales of ringtones in the United States peaked at $714 million in 2007.[23]
Cult following
Preloaded ringtones have also developed a cult following over the years. A Twitter account named Tech Product Bangers (formerly known as Ringtone Bangers) launched in 2020, which originally only posted preloaded ringtones from mobile phones, but over time has begun to post other music related to technology such as demoes from keyboards and software installation background music, and accordingly changed its name.[24] The account has also published interviews with composers who worked on ringtones.[25] Thomas Dolby, who founded Beatnik and later Retro Ringtones, stated he is "pleased to see an upsurge of interest in classic ringtones",[26] while several composers who worked at Nokia have expressed surprise over the interest in ringtones.[27]
Decline of popularity
SNL Kagan estimated U.S. sales of ringtones in 2008 declined to $541 million, as consumers utilized third-party software and tutorials to create ringtones themselves.[20] Another reason for the decline of ringtones is due to the increase of mobile devices in the late 2000s having internet connectivity, allowing consumers to download full songs from marketplaces such as iTunes and Amazon, rather than buying excerpts for $5 through text.[28] The technological advancements of smartphones is also considered to be a factor in the decline of ringtones, with consumers shifting their focus to software such as games and social media.[29] The decline of ringtones has further continued throughout the 2010s and 2020s, with many people setting the ringtone to silent; Sensor Tower reported in 2021 that ringtone app downloads decreased by 20% from 2016 to 2020.[30]
See also
References
- ^ "AE Bulletin 444 - Sub-Cycle Ringing Converter". www.telephonecollectors.info.
- ^ "ring". Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper. 2010. Retrieved 26 October 2016 – via Dictionary.com.
Meaning "a call on the telephone" is from 1900; to give (someone) a ring "call on the telephone" was in use by 1910. Meaning "a ringing tone" is from 1620s; specifically "the ringing sound made by a telephone" by 1951.
- ^ AT&T, Bell System Practices, Section 501-250-303 Issue 4, C-Type Ringers—Maintenance., Sept. 1978.
- ^ "The History of Ringtones | Specialty Answering Service". The History of Ringtones | Specialty Answering Service.
- ^ "Men of the Apocalypse - Secret Agents | Entertainment / Media | Apocalypzia". apocalypzia.com.
- ISBN 0-8306-9354-8.
- ISBN 0-8306-9354-8.
- ISBN 0-7506-7175-0.
- ISBN 978-0262019156.
- ISBN 978-1250071842.
- ^ "BEATNIK POWERS POLYPHONIC RINGTONES ON THE NOKIA 3510". Beatnik, Inc. March 13, 2002. Archived from the original on June 3, 2004. Retrieved December 4, 2021.
- ^ (in Japanese) 2002 news release on KDDI (au) official website, retrieved on September 7, 2008
- ^ "The world's first truetone". okbaza.net. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
- ^ "「CHEMISTRY」とのコラボレーションについて". kddi.com. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
- ^ First ever MEF Special Recognition Award goes to the pioneer of the mobile ringtone business — "Vesku" Paananen, a June 4, 2004 press release from the Mobile Entertainment Forum
- ^ a b Ring My Bell, a 2005 article from The New Yorker
- ^ Evolution of Ringtones Archived 2012-06-30 at archive.today from SendMe Mobile
- ^ ケータイ着メロ ドレミBOOK [Mobile Ringtones Do-Re-Mi Book] (in Japanese). July 1998.
- ^ "Time Magazine Europe: The Sweet Sound Of Success". Archived from the original on December 16, 2007.
- ^ a b Greg Sandoval (September 3, 2009). "Apple to offer ready-made ringtones". CNET. CNN.
- ^ a b c Gopinath, Sumanth (2005). "Ringtones, or the auditory logic of globalization". First Monday. 10 (12). Archived from the original on 13 February 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
- ^ Mehta, Stephanie N. (December 12, 2005). "Wagner's ring? Way too long". Fortune. p. 40.
- ^ Shrinking Ringtone Sales Lead to Decline in U.S. Mobile Music Market, an August 5, 2009 press release published on the Entrepreneur magazine website
- ^ "Issue 458". The Wire. March 8, 2022. p. 10. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
- ^ Друковский, Максим (February 8, 2022). "Рингтоны — часть культурного наследия»: автор твиттера Ringtone Bangers коллекционирует мелодии телефонов из нулевых". TJ (in Russian).
- ^ Thomas Dolby [@ThomasDolby] (May 3, 2022). "Pleased to see an upsurge of interest in classic ringtones. Ingenious creations with very limited resources. One day they will be highly prized and studied by musicologists! @ringtonebanger has dug up some real doozies like this one I wrote for Sony/WebTV" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ Ong, Alexis (August 11, 2022). "How Nokia ringtones became the first viral earworms". The Verge.
- ^ Houghton, Bruce (September 22, 2009). "Music Ringtones Continue Decline". Hypebot.
- ^ Hare, Breeanna (May 16, 2013). "Whatever happened to the ringtone?". CNN Business.
- ^ Clark, Lauren (August 29, 2021). "Ringtones die out as younger generations keep their phones on silent, finds research". Yahoo Life UK.
External links
- Ringtones from How Stuff Works(old article, deals with monophonic ringtones)
- "Ringtone FAQ - UCAN". ucan.org. Archived from the original on 2007-04-10. - Consumer guide to ring tones, from Utility Consumers' Action Network (UCAN)