Rio Grande do Sul
Rio Grande do Sul | |
---|---|
State | |
Estado do Rio Grande do Sul State of Rio Grande do Sul | |
UTC-3 (BRT) | |
Postal code | 90000-000 to 99990-000 |
ISO 3166 code | BR-RS |
License Plate Letter Sequence | IAQ to JDO |
Website | rs.gov.br |
Rio Grande do Sul (
The state shares a
Geography
Rio Grande do Sul is bordered to the northeast by the Brazilian State of
The northern part of the state lies on the southern slopes of the elevated plateau extending southward from
The larger rivers of the eastern group are the
In addition to the Lagoa dos Patos and Lagoa Mirim there are a number of small lakes on the sandy, swampy peninsulas that lie between the coast and these two, and there are others of a similar character along the northern coast. The largest lake is the Lagoa dos Patos (Lake of the Patos – an Indian tribe inhabiting its shores at the time of European discovery), which lies parallel with the coastline, northeast and southwest, and is about 214 kilometres (133 mi) long exclusive of the two arms at its northern end, 40 58 km long respectively, and of its outlet, the Rio Grande, about 39 km long. Its width varies from 35 to 58 km. The lake is comparatively shallow and filled with sand banks, making its navigable channels tortuous and difficult. The Lagoa Mirim occupies a similar position farther south, on the Uruguayan border, and is about 175 kilometres (109 mi) long by 10 to 35 km wide. It is more irregular in outline and discharges into Lagoa dos Patos through a navigable channel known as the
Fully one-third of the state belongs to the Río de la Plata drainage basin. Of the many streams flowing northward and westward to the Uruguay, the largest are the Ijuí of the plateau region, the Ibicuí, which has its source near Santa Maria in the central part of the state and flows westward to the Uruguay a short distance above Uruguaiana, and the Quaraí River which forms part of the boundary line with Uruguay. The Uruguay River itself is formed by the confluence of the Canoas and Pelotas rivers. The Pelotas, which has its source in the Serra do Mar on the Atlantic coast, and the Uruguay River forms the northern and western boundary line of the state down to the mouth of the Quaraí, on the Uruguayan frontier.[9]
Climate
Rio Grande do Sul lies within the south temperate zone and is predominantly humid subtropical (Cfa, according to the Köppen climate classification). The climate is subtropical highland (Cfb) in the highest areas. There are four relatively well-defined seasons and rainfall is well distributed throughout the year, but occasional droughts can occur. The winter months, June to September, are characterized by heavy rains and by a cold southwesterly wind, called minuano, which sometimes lowers the temperature to below freezing, especially in the mountainous municipalities,[9] where snowfalls can occur. The lowest official temperature registered in the state was −9.8 °C (14 °F) in Bom Jesus, on August 1, 1955.[10] In summer, the temperature rises to 37 °C (99 °F), and heat related injuries are not uncommon.
Ecoregions
Several
The southeastern portion of the state is covered by the Pampas, which extends south into Uruguay, in a plateau named Serras de Sudeste (Southeastern Mountain Ranges).
Paleontology
The
History
During the Brazilian Colonial period, the province of South Rio Grande was the scene of small wars and border skirmishes between Portugal and Spain for the region, the
Guarani Wars
According to the
The first Spanish to settle in the region that is now
In the early 17th century, the Jesuits founded missions to the east of the Uruguay river, and in the northwest of modern Rio Grande do Sul.[12]
The missions were destroyed and their Guarani inhabitants were enslaved in large raids by
The logistics of defending Colônia against the Spanish resulted in a government effort to settle Rio Grande do Sul's coastal region with Brazilian and Portuguese colonists. In 1737, a fortified village (today the city of Rio Grande) was built at the entrance of Lagoa dos Patos. In 1752, a group of Azorean settlers founded Porto Alegre; to the west, Rio Pardo was also founded. Towards the middle of the century, Brazilians and Portuguese arrived to the west of the region, clashing with the Jesuits and the Guaranis. Up to 1756, the Guaranis fought back, under the leadership of Sepé Tiaraju, who was popularly canonized as São Sepé (Saint Sepé). However, the Portuguese and Brazilians eventually crushed the resistance, destroyed the missions, and the region came definitely into Portuguese hegemony.[14]
In 1738, the territory (which included the present state of Santa Catarina) became the Capitania d'el Rei and was made a dependency of Rio de Janeiro. Territorial disputes between Spain and Portugal led to the occupation by the Spaniards of the town of Rio Grande (then the capital of the capitania) and neighboring districts from 1763 to 1776, when they reverted to the Portuguese. The capture of Rio Grande in 1763 caused the removal of the seat of government to Viamão at the head of Lagoa dos Patos; in 1773, Porto dos Cazaes, renamed Porto Alegre, became the capital. These historic acts were planned and directed by Manuel Sepúlveda, who used the pseudonym José Marcelino de Figueiredo, to hide his identity. In 1801, news of war between Spain and Portugal led to the capture of the Sete Povos and some frontier posts.
In 1777, the Santo Ildefonso Treaty granted the coastal region to Portugal, and the Missões to Spain; but, in practice, both regions were populated by Portuguese and Brazilian settlers. In 1801, the Badajoz treaty handed the Misiones (Missões) to the Portuguese; only the borders between modern Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul remained in dispute.[15]
Cisplatine War
The districts of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande had been separated in 1760 for military convenience, and in 1807 the latter was elevated to the category of a "capitania-geral", with the designation of "Sao Pedro do Rio Grande", independent of Rio de Janeiro, and with Santa Catarina as a dependency. In 1812 Rio Grande and Santa Catarina were organized into two distinct comarcas, the latter becoming an independent province in 1822 when the Empire of Brazil was organized.
In 1816, the Portuguese captured Uruguay, which became a Province of Brazil (Província Cisplatina). This situation outlasted Brazil's independence from Portugal in 1822; in 1825, however, Juan Antonio Lavalleja proclaimed the independence of Uruguay; war followed, until in 1828 Brazil recognized Uruguayan independence.
Farroupilha Revolution
Populating Rio Grande do Sul was a constant concern of the Portuguese. To that end, the metropolitan Crown distributed land in the form of enormous
In those large latifundia, cattle raising was the predominant economic activity. The Guaranis, under Jesuit rule, had started raising cattle in the Missões. The destruction of the Missões left astray immense herds, which went feral. Thus the newcomers from São Paulo and Santa Catarina settled by re-domesticating these feral herds, called "gado xucro".[17]
The Azorean settlers, on the other hand, mainly introduced wheat crops in much smaller properties. Up to the beginning of the 19th century, wheat was the main export product of Rio Grande do Sul.[17]
However, the introduction of
Up to 1830, political unrest in Argentina and Uruguay favoured the jerky producers of Pelotas. But with order restored in these countries, competition by Argentinian and Uruguayan jerky producers became a concern. The jerky industry of the Plata was favored by the superior quality of Argentinian and Uruguayan pastures, by their better seaports,[19] and by their use of free labor, instead of slavery.[20] Consequently, the regional elites soon started to demand customs protection for the gaúcho jerky against the product of the Rio de la Plata; on the failure of the Imperial government to address those concerns, political demands of greater autonomy, and ideas of a federal relationship towards the rest of Brazil were put forth.[19]
These escalated into full rebellion in 1835. In 1834, the Imperial government issued an "
The ensuing Farroupilha Revolution (known locally as Guerra dos Farrapos) lasted ten years. The rebels stormed Porto Alegre, but were driven out from there in June 1836. From then on, the Empire was able to control most of the coastal region, achieving decisive strategic advantage from this. However, in 1839, the rebels were still able to invade Santa Catarina, where they proclaimed a Juliana Republic, in a federal relationship with Rio Grande do Sul (during the Santa Catarina campaign, Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the rebels for a while before he returned to Europe and eventually became a hero in his native Italy). The Empire soon retook initiative, though, and from them on the rebels fought in the defensive.[22]
In 1842, the Empire assigned a new Provincial governor and military commander, the Baron, later
The province suffered greatly in the struggle, but recovered quickly, not only due to the import tax protection, but mainly due to renewed instability in Argentina and Uruguay: Rosas' government in Argentina continually interfered in Uruguayan affairs until 1851, and Buenos Aires was blockaded by the French and the English from 1845 to 1848.[24]
Conflicts with neighbouring countries
At mid-19th century, Rio Grande do Sul was repeatedly involved in war between Brazil and its neighbours. Those included war against Argentina and Uruguay (deposal of
In the war against Rosas, 75% of the Brazilian troops were
Paraguayan War
During this long and bloody war against Paraguay, Rio Grande do Sul remained usually a secondary front. But in 1865 a Paraguayan division invaded the state, occupying Uruguaiana by August 5. By August 16, troops of the Triple Alliance put siege to Uruguaiana, and by September 17, an ultimatum was delivered to General Estigarribia, commander of the Paraguayan division. Having no possibility of breaking the siege or defending the position, the Paraguayans surrendered, under conditions, the following day.[26]
But if the territory of Rio Grande do Sul was spared most action, its dwellers provided a very significant part of the Brazilian troops: about 34,000 soldiers, more than 25% of the Brazilian army. This military characteristic of Rio Grande do Sul lasted long after the Paraguayan War: In 1879, of a standing army of less than 15,000, more than 5,000 were in Rio Grande do Sul. On the other hand, during the late Empire, more Brazilian generals were from Rio Grande do Sul than from any other province. In 1889, of 25 generals born in Brazil, four were from Rio Grande do Sul; and of the three born abroad, two were born in Uruguay but made their careers in Rio Grande do Sul.[27]
Late Empire
Political agitation was frequent in Rio Grande do Sul, but no important revolution occurred after the Ponche Verde Treaty in 1845 until the presidency at Rio de Janeiro of General Floriano Peixoto, whose ill-considered interference with state governments led to the revolt of 1892–94, under Gumercindo Saraiva.
After the Paraguayan War, Rio Grande do Sul underwent important changes in its economy. Railways connected the countryside to Porto Alegre and Rio Grande. Together with the introduction of steam ships, this reduced the costs and duration of transportation, facilitating the province's exports. New cattle breeds were introduced, and barbed wire was used to demarcate properties.[28]
As a consequence, the population of the province doubled between 1872 and 1890, from 434,813 inhabitants to 897,455.[29] This was partly due to immigration: about 60,000 immigrants, mostly from Italy, and, in lesser numbers, from Germany, came to Rio Grande do Sul during this period. Most of the Italians settled in the Serra Gaúcha, and most of the Germans in the valleys of the Jacuí, Sinos, and Caí, as small landed proprietors, and agricultural producers. In the area of German settlements, a messianic movement, the Muckers (German for False Saints) erupted in 1874, and was smashed by the Brazilian Army.[30]
Also during this period, the Liberal Party established its hegemony over the province, meaning control of the provincial legislature, the National Guard in Rio Grande do Sul, and most of the municipal governments. Before the War of the Triple Alliance, the Conservative and Liberal parties had alternated in local power, following the national tendency. But, from 1872 on, the Liberals, under the leadership of Gaspar Silveira Martins, were able to retain provincial power, even when the Conservatives won at national level.[31]
1893 Revolution
In this struggle the revolutionaries occupied Santa Catarina and Paraná, capturing Curitiba, but were eventually overthrown through their inability to obtain munitions of war. An incident in this struggle was the death of Admiral Saldanha da Gama, one of the most brilliant officers of the Brazilian navy and one of the chiefs of the naval revolt of 1893–94, who was killed in a skirmish on the Uruguayan border towards the end of the conflict.
1923 Revolution
In 1923, civil war again exploded between supporters of State President Borges de Medeiros and opposition linked to the Partido Libertador and Assis Brasil.
1930 Revolution
In 1930, State President Getúlio Vargas, after unsuccessfully running in the presidential elections against the candidate of São Paulo, Júlio Prestes, led a revolt against the Federal government, and succeeded in overthrowing it. This eventually led to the Vargas dictatorship in 1937 and the period known as the Estado Novo. What is now the Rio Grande do Sul Military Brigade fought on the side of the state leadership and, as a result, was never reformed. In fact, the Brigade remains the only state militia in Brazil. (The Military Police is the federal force that polices in the other states.) A poignant example of the Brigade's quasi-autonomy is the participation of its servicemen in both the coup attempt of 1961 and the military coup in 1964.
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1872 | 434,813 | — |
1890 | 897,455 | +4.11% |
1900 | 1,149,070 | +2.50% |
1920 | 2,182,713 | +3.26% |
1940 | 3,320,689 | +2.12% |
1950 | 4,674,645 | +3.48% |
1960 | 5,448,823 | +1.54% |
1970 | 6,755,458 | +2.17% |
1980 | 7,942,722 | +1.63% |
1991 | 9,135,479 | +1.28% |
2000 | 10,181,749 | +1.21% |
2010 | 10,693,929 | +0.49% |
2022 | 10,880,506 | +0.14% |
source:[32] |
According to the IBGE of 2022, there were 10,882,965 people residing in the state. The population density was 38.63 inhabitants per square kilometre (100.1/sq mi).
Urbanization: 81% (2004); population growth: 1.2% (1991–2000); houses: 3,464,544 (2005).[33]
The last 2022 census counted 8,534,229
According to a genetic study from 2013, Brazilians in Rio Grande do Sul have an average of 73% European, 14% African and 13% Amerindian ancestry.[35]
Ethnic groups
People of
These theoretical speculations about Spanish predominance among the population of Southwestern Rio Grande do Sul are widely presumed, but they contradict the historical knowledge about the region. In fact, there was always some Spanish colonial presence there, however in practice restricted to Jesuit religious initiatives towards the Amerindian populations, which had limited genetic impact in the demographic composition of aboriginal populations. On the other hand, it is broadly accepted that it is northern Uruguay that always has had an important Luso-Brazilian influence,[40] which in fact impacts to this day the mixed Spanish-Portuguese language of northern Uruguay along the border with Brazil (borderlands).[41]
People of
According to Argentine demographer Miguel Ángel García, Italian immigrants were 60% of the total immigration to Rio Grande do Sul[43] and according to French historian Jean Roche as of 1950 people of German descent made up 21.6% of the state's population.[44]
The region that is now Rio Grande do Sul was originally settled by
Other European immigrants migrated to Rio Grande do Sul, mostly from Eastern Europe. The
European genomic ancestry predominates throughout Brazil at 80%, except for the
As of 2013, there were fewer than 30,000
Largest cities
Largest cities or towns in Rio Grande do Sul
(2019 estimative of Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística)[51] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Pop. | Rank | Pop. | ||||||
Porto Alegre Caxias do Sul |
1 | Porto Alegre | 1,483,771 | 11 | Alvorada | 210,305 | Pelotas Canoas | ||
2 | Caxias do Sul | 510,906 | 12 | Passo Fundo | 203,275 | ||||
3 | Pelotas | 342,405 | 13 | Sapucaia do Sul | 141,075 | ||||
4 | Canoas | 346,616 | 14 | Uruguaiana | 126,970 | ||||
5 | Santa Maria | 282,123 | 15 | Santa Cruz do Sul | 130,416 | ||||
6 | Gravataí | 281,519 | 16 | Cachoeirinha | 130,293 | ||||
7 | Viamão | 255,224 | 17 | Bagé | 121,143 | ||||
8 | Novo Hamburgo | 246,748 | 18 | Bento Gonçalves | 120,454 | ||||
9 | São Leopoldo | 236,835 | 19 | Erechim | 105,862 | ||||
10 | Rio Grande | 211,005 | 20 | Guaíba | 98,143 |
Religion
According to the 2010 Brazilian Census, most of the population (68.8%) is
Education
There are more than 100 universities in the state.[54] The largest public university is
Economy
The
Share of the Brazilian economy: 7% (2005).
One of the most prosperous Brazilian states, Rio Grande do Sul is known especially for its grain production,
In 1827, emigrants from Idar-Oberstein discovered the world's most important agate deposit in Rio Grande do Sul. As early as 1834, the first delivery of agate from Rio Grande do Sul had been made to Idar-Oberstein. The Brazilian agate exhibited very even layers, much more even than those seen in the local agates. This made them especially good for making engraved gems.
In agriculture, the state stands out in the production of
.In 2020, the South Region produced 32% of the national total of cereals, vegetables and oilseeds. There were 77.2 million tons, second place in Brazil, losing only to the Midwest. Rio Grande do Sul (14.3%) was the 3rd largest producer in the country.[55]
Rio Grande do Sul is the largest producer of rice in the country, with 70.5% of Brazil's production, close to 7.3 million tons in 2020.[56][55] It is also the largest producer of tobacco in Brazil, and is the largest exporter in the world. Brazil is the second largest producer in the world and leader in tobacco exports since the 1990s, with 98% of Brazilian production being carried out in the South Region.[57][58] The state is responsible for 90% of the national production of grapes, and produces 90% of the wine produced in the country, 85% of the sparkling wine, and 90% of the grape juice, mainly in the area of Caxias do Sul and surroundings: 664.2 thousand tons of grape in 2018.[59][60][61]
In
Rio Grande do Sul is also the largest national producer of wheat, with 2.3 million tons in 2019.
The three Southern States of the country are responsible for 95% of the national production of apple, and Santa Catarina appears at the top of the production list, disputing with Rio Grande do Sul. Rio Grande do Sul harvests 45% of Brazilian apples, and is the largest exporter of apples in the country. The region in the vicinity of Vacaria is the highlight: it concentrates 88% of the state's production and 37% of the national production.[70][71]
In cassava production, Brazil produced a total of 17.6 million tons in 2018. The state was the 4th largest producer in the country, with almost 1 million tons.[72]
About orange, Rio Grande do Sul was the 5th largest producer in Brazil in 2018, with a total of 367 thousand tons.[73]
Rio Grande do Sul is the largest producer of
In 2019, Brazil produced about 900 thousand tons of yerba mate annually. Paraná is the largest producer in volume and Rio Grande do Sul in plantation areas (and where the sector is more industrialized). According to 2017 data, Paraná harvested 301 thousand tons of yerba mate by extractive method, while Rio Grande do Sul harvested 17 thousand tons. On the other hand, while the gauchos harvested 302 thousand tons of planted grass, the Paraná harvested 237 thousand tons in this method. The productive potential of yerba mate is still little explored in Brazil, with a good part of the harvest carried out by the extractive system and with low levels of productivity. However, many new producers are adopting more professional and efficient production systems, with technical acuity of management and globalized market vision. This tends to increase Brazil's export of this product.
In 2018, the state's cattle herd was 12.5 million head, 7th place in the country, 6.5% of Brazil's cattle herd.[79]
In 2019, Rio Grande do Sul produced a total of 4.5 billion liters of milk, making it the third largest producer in the country, with 13.0% of the country's total.[80]
In sheep farming, in 2017 the South Region was the 2nd largest in the country, with 4.2 million heads. Rio Grande do Sul has 94% of the country's wool production.[81]
In pork, the 3 southern states are the largest producers in the country. Brazil had 41.1 million head in 2017. Rio Grande do Sul (14.6%) is the 3rd largest producer.[82][83]
The Brazilian poultry flock, in 2018, was of the order of 1.5 billion heads. In 2017, the main poultry producing states in Brazil were Paraná (25.3%), São Paulo (14.0%), and Rio Grande do Sul (11.0%). In terms of chickens, in 2017 there were 242.8 million heads in the country. Among the states that were the largest producers, São Paulo led with 21.9%, followed by Paraná (10.1%) and Rio Grande do Sul (8.8%).[84] In the production of chicken eggs, the state ranks fifth in Brazil, with 8% of national production. There were 354 million dozen in 2018.[85]
The South region was the main producer of honey in the country in 2017, accounting for 39.7% of the national total. Rio Grande do Sul was the largest producer in the country, with 15.2%.[82]
Regarding mining, the state is a major producer of gemstones. Brazil is the world's largest producer of amethyst and agate, and Rio Grande do Sul is the largest producer in the country. Agate has local extraction since 1830. The largest producer of amethyst in Brazil is the city of Ametista do Sul. This stone was very rare and expensive worldwide, until the discovery of large deposits in Brazil, causing its value to drop considerably. There is also some jasper and opal in the state.[86][87][88][89][90]
About
In the
The leather-footwear sector (
In Food industry, In 2019, Brazil was the 2nd largest exporter of processed foods in the world, with a value of U $34.1 billion in exports. The Brazilian food and beverage industry's revenue in 2019 was R $699.9 billion, 9.7% of the country's Gross Domestic Product. In 2015, the industrial food and beverage sector in Brazil comprised 34,800 companies (not counting bakeries), the vast majority of which were small. These companies employed more than 1,600,000 workers, making the food and beverage industry the largest employer in the manufacturing industry. There are around 570 large companies in Brazil, which concentrate a good part of the total industry revenue. Rio Grande do Sul created food companies of national importance such as the Neugebauer chocolate factory; Vinícola Aurora and Vinícola Salton, two of the largest wineries in the country. and Camil Alimentos, which owns the brand Açúcar União (the most famous sugar brand in the country), Arroz Carretero (one of the most famous rice brands in Brazil), among others.[95][96][97]
The mechanical and metallurgical industry also reach considerable expression, especially in Porto Alegre, Novo Hamburgo, São Leopoldo and Canoas, in addition to Gravataí, Sapucaia do Sul, Esteio and Sapiranga, which have large companies in the sector and which also belong to the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre . These centers are joined by São Jerônimo, which houses the Charqueadas steel plant. The steel mill Aços Finos Piratini is located in Charqueadas, which belongs to Gerdau. It is geared mainly to serve the automotive industry.
In the
Another industrial area is the so-called old colonization region, in which the municipalities of Caxias do Sul, Garibaldi, Bento Gonçalves, Flores da Cunha, Farroupilha and Santa Cruz do Sul are integrated. The manufacturing activity is marked by the production of wine and processing of agropastoral products, such as leather, lard, maize, wheat and tobacco.
In the rest of the state there are several dispersed industrial centers, all linked to the processing of agropastoral raw materials. In this group, Erechim, Passo Fundo, Santa Maria, Santana do Livramento, Rosário do Sul, Pelotas, Rio Grande and Bagé stand out.
Infrastructure
Highways
The state has 153,960 km of
Ports
The Port of Rio Grande is of great importance for Mercosur, and also the main point of multimodality in the state, causing part of the road and rail system to focus on the Port of Rio Grande. The main ports are: Port of Rio Grande, Port of Porto Alegre, Port of Pelotas and Port of Estrela. The port terminals of Rio Grande, Porto Alegre and Pelotas handled, in 2021, 47.6 million tons of cargo, 45.18 million in the Port of Rio Grande alone.[107][108]
International airports
Porto Alegre
With 37.6 thousand square meters of constructed area and four levels, the passenger terminal at
Pelotas
The Pelotas International Airport is commonly used by the Brazilian Air Force as the last stop in Brazil on its flights to the Brazilian Antarctic Base.
Bagé
Uruguaiana
Located on the border with
With more than 700 thousand square meters of constructed area, it is the largest airport in the interior of the state of Rio Grande do Sul.
There are two highways, BR-290 and BR-472, running near the airport, besides a railroad line about 2,500 meters from the terminal. Located 9 km (6 mi) from the city center, this airport is at an elevation of 78 meters and the average annual temperature is 20C, with a good deal of variation from summer to winter. Located 630 km (391 mi) from the state capital (Porto Alegre), Uruguaiana was founded on May 29, 1746, and has a current population of 126,936. Farming and ranching are the main economic activities of the region, which has 1,509 rural properties.
National airports
Caxias do Sul
Hugo Cantergiani Airport (CXJ/SBCX) serves a vast region of important economical and touristic counties in the vicinities of Caxias do Sul, totalling 34 municipalities in this area of the "Serra Gaúcha". It is located at an altitude of 754 m (2 474 ft) as has one concrete runway (15/33) with the length of 2 000 m (6 562 ft) although only 1.650 m are usable if landing on runway 15. It is served on a daily basis by GOL and Azul airlines linking Caxias do Sul to São Paulo. It is equipped with a VASIS visual approach aid and is also certified for IFR approaches. References to these informations are published in the Portuguese version of this site.
Energy
In 2021, Rio Grande do Sul had around 7.2 GW of installed electrical power, a relatively low number compared to the country's total, which was around 170 GW at the time. Of the total, 80.6% came from renewable sources - 49% corresponded to hydroelectric plants, 19.5% to wind energy and 8.2% to photovoltaic solar energy. The state has high potential for wind power installation due to the average wind speed being one of the highest in the country. There are currently several projects for new wind farms in progress, in addition to investments in the state's power transmission lines, which were limited. Most projects for offshore wind energy in Brazil, in 2021, were in Rio Grande do Sul, with installation scheduled for 2030.[109][110][111][112]
In March 2022, Rio Grande do Sul was the 3rd Brazilian state with the most solar energy installed in the individual distributed micro generation modality.[113]
The production of crude mineral
Culture
The state of Rio Grande do Sul is renowned as one of the most culturally rich states of Brazil. Rio Grande's music is a blend of many styles (most a continuum of rhythms found in neighboring countries), including the
Each region of the state has its own cultural background. In the
Although the Gaucho culture and its Portuguese-based language prevails in Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state of Brazil, sharing many of its folklore characteristics with neighboring horseback livestock raising, grassland centered cultures, such as found in Uruguay and in Argentina, the state also has other strong albeit less prominent cultural focus areas.
These are, notably the
However, there are many other much smaller cultural minorities in the state (for example, the
Tourism and recreation
High-end tourism is very popular in the Germanesque cities of
In the far western area of the state are the remnants of Brazil's 17th century
Of all the ruins left behind by the vanished Guarani Missions, the most significant one is São Miguel or São Miguel Arcanjo, located nearby the present city of Santo Ângelo. There is an ongoing Light and Sound (or Som e Luz in Portuguese) show presented at the ruins of the São Miguel church.
Language
As in all Brazil, Portuguese is the main spoken language. A few expressions of Spanish origin are common (such as "gracias" instead of "obrigado", or the vocative "tchê") etc., due to the proximity with Argentina and Uruguay and their common Gaucho past. Also a few words of German origin, particularly referring to cuisine, have entered the vocabulary, such as "chimia" (from "schmier") and "cuca" (from "Kuchen"). Words of Guarani language origin also make up the vocabulary, an example being the largely used word "guri", meaning "boy".
The Gaúchos are also famous by
Gaúcho Portuguese phonology
Phonemes of Porto-alegrense Portuguese
Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar/ Palatal |
Labiovelar | Velar/ Uvular/ Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ȷ̃ | (w̃) | (ŋ) (ɰ̃) |
Stop
|
p b | t d | kʷ ɡʷ | k ɡ | |
Fricative
|
f v | s z | ʃ ʒ | χ~ʁ~h~ɦ | |
Affricate
|
tʃ dʒ | ||||
Lateral | l | lʲ | |||
Flap
|
ɾ | j | w |
Although this process is very common in the Southeast, in Gaúcho Portuguese the letters "s" and "z" are never pronounced as palato-alveolar consonants in coda position (e.g., pasto "pasture" is [ˈpaʃtu] in Rio de Janeiro, but [ˈpastu] in Porto Alegre).
In Rio Grande do Sul, as in most of Brazil, the letters "t" and "d" are pronounced as palato-alveolar affricate consonants, when immediately succeeded by the vowel "i" (a process very similar to Russian palatalization and which, however, does not happen in the varieties of the Pampas). Moreover, the unstressed "e" and "o" are often "reduced" into /ɪ/ and /ʊ/, respectively. Therefore, in Porto Alegre, the unstressed "te" syllables are pronounced /tʃi/, for example, while in the Pampas they are usually pronounced /tɪ/:
Porto Alegre: antigamente – /ɐ̃(n)ˌtʃiɡaˈmeȷ̃tʃʲ/ or /ɐ̃(n)ˌtʃiɡaˈmentʃʲ/
Gaúcho Pampas: antigamente – /ɐ̃ˌtʃiɡaˈme̞nte̞/
(compare Spanish: antiguamente – /ãn̪t̪iɣ̞waˈmẽ̞n̪t̪e̞/)
The dialect of the Pampas had suffered a stronger influence of Spanish language, while the dialect of Porto Alegre suffers modern influences of the Southeastern varieties.
Also, the vowel
manta = /ˈmɐ̃ntɐ/
tampa = /ˈtɐ̃mpɐ/
banco = /ˈbɐ̃ŋku/
bem = /bẽȷ̃/
bom = /bõʊ̯̃/ or /ˈbõɰ̃/ or /ˈbõŋ/
pan = /ˈpɐ̃ɰ̃/ or /ˈpɐ̃ŋ/
It is also noteworthy that, in everyday speech, many unstressed vowels are not fully pronounced as they are supposed to be. For example:
toque = /ˈtɔkʲ/
mente = /ˈmẽȷ̃tʃ/
pouco = /ˈpokʊ̥/
Essentially, the vowels [e] and [i] are both reduced and devoiced (or completely deleted) in word-final position, and sometimes also when unstressed and between consonants, always palatalizing the previous consonant. The vowels [o] and [u] are also reduced and devoiced to [ʊ̥], analogously to what happens in Japanese (see Japanese phonology#Devoicing). More rarely, [a] may become [ɐ̥] as well.
Example
"
[ˈdõʊ̯̃ sebasʃiˈɐ̃ʊ̯̃ pɾiˈmeɪ̯ɾʊ ˈɛɾɐʊ̯ ˈdɛsimʊ ˈsestʊ ˈhej dʒi poɾtuˈɡaw | i ˈsɛtʃimʊ da dʒinasˈʃia dʒi ˈavis ‖ ɛɾɐ ˈnɛtʊ dʊ ˈheɪ̯ ʒʊˈɐ̃ʊ̯̃ teɾˈseɪ̯ɾʊ ‖ toɾˈnoʊ̯ sjeɾˈdeɪ̯ɾʊ dʊ ˈtɾonʊ deˈpojz da ˈmɔɾtʃi dʊ sew ˈpaɪ̯ | ʊ ˈpɾinsipi ʒʊˈɐ̃ʊ̯̃ dʒi poɾtuˈɡaʊ̯ | ˈdu.as seˈmɐ̃nɐs ˈɐ̃tʃis dʊ sew nasiˈmentʊ | i ˈhej kũw̃ aˈpenɐs ˈtɾez ˈɐ̃nʊs | ẽȷ̃ ˈmiw kiˈȷ̃entʊz i siŋˈkwentɐɪ̯ ˈsɛtʃi ‖ ẽȷ̃ viɾˈtudʒi dʒi ˈseɾ ũw̃ eɾˈdeɪ̯ɾʊ tɐ̃ʊ̯̃ ɪspeˈɾadʊ paɾɐ ˈdaɾ kontʃinwiˈdadʒ a dʒinasˈʃia dʒi ˈavis | fiˈkoʊ̯ kõȷ̃eˈsidʊ ˈkomʊ | ʊ dezeˈʒadʊ ‖ aʊ̯ˈteɾnaˈtʃivaˈmẽȷ̃tʃ | ˈɛ tɐ̃mˈbẽȷ̃ memoˈɾadʊ ˈkomʊ | ʊ ẽȷ̃koˈbɛɾtʊ | ˈoʊ̯ | ʊ aˈdoɾmeˈsidʊ ‖ deˈvidwa ˈlenda ki si heˈfɛɾjaʊ̯ ˈseʊ̯ heˈɡɾɛsʊ ˈnũma mɐ̃ˈȷ̃ɐ̃ dʒi ˈnevʊˈejɾʊ ˈpaɾa saʊ̯ˈvaɾ a naˈsɐ̃ʊ̯̃ ‖]
OBS: The pronunciation may be subject to free variation.
Minority languages
Most of the
In its 180 years of history
Talian is a Brazilian variety of the Venetian language, also often called Vêneto for that reason.
All minority languages in southern Brazil have experienced a significant degree of decline in the last few decades.
Sport
Rio Grande do Sul currently has eight
Rio Grande do Sul is also a national and world reference in futsal, with teams such as Inter/Ulbra in Porto Alegre, ACBF in Carlos Barbosa, Atlântico in Erechim, Ulbra in Canoas, Assoeva in Venâncio Aires and Enxuta in Caxias do Sul. The municipality of Carlos Barbosa is considered the futsal capital in Brazil.[126][127]
In the state, the following Olympic medalists were born:
See also
Notes
References
- ^ "Primeiros Resultados de População do Censo Demográfico 2022" (PDF) (in Portuguese). IBGE.gov.br. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
- ^ "Primeiros Resultados de População do Censo Demográfico 2022" (PDF) (in Portuguese). IBGE.gov.br. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
- ^ "PIB por Unidade da Federação, 2021". ibge.gov.br.
- ^ "Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano no Brasil. Pnud Brasil, Ipea e FJP, 2022". www.atlasbrasil.org.br. Retrieved June 11, 2023.
- ^ "Rio Grande do Sul". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022.
- ^ "Rio Grande". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
- ^ "Os estados mais e menos perigosos do Brasil" (in Portuguese). exame.abril.com.br. November 24, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2020.
- ^ Nicola Pamplona (November 17, 2017). "Apenas sete Estados tiveram queda no desemprego no terceiro trimestre" (in Portuguese). folha.uol.com.br. Retrieved March 1, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Rio Grande do Sul". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 357–359. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ^ (in Portuguese) Frio de "renguear cusco" Archived May 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Página Cambará do Sul On-line
- ^ doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00194.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 7.
- ^ Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 8.
- ^ Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 8-9.
- ^ Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 9.
- ^ Luddock, John. Notes on Rio de Janeiro and the Southern Parts of Brazil; cited by Love, Joseph, O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 10.
- ^ a b Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 10
- ^ Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 10–11
- ^ a b Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 11
- ^ Cardoso, Fernando Henrique. Capitalismo e Escravidão no Brasil Meridional
- ^ Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 14
- ^ Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 15
- ^ Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, pp. 15–16
- ^ Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 16, footnote
- ^ Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p 16
- ^ http://www.momentodeuruguaiana.com.br/menu/memoria/memoria187.htm[permanent dead link]
- ^ Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, pp. 16–17, quoting, for the figures, the Almanak do Ministério da Guerra no anno de 1889.
- ^ Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, pp. 17–18
- ^ "p. 32 (1)" (PDF). Retrieved August 24, 2014.
- ^ Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 19-21
- ^ Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 22-24
- ^ IGBE
- ^ Source: PNAD.
- ^ "Censo 2022 - Panorama".
- PMID 24073242.
- ^ "Censo 2022 - Panorama".
- ^ Telmo Remião Moure. Os grupos indígenas e sua distribuição Archived February 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Andrea Rita Marrero.História genética dos gaúchos: dinâmica populacional do Sul do Brasil.
- ^ IBGE. Census 2000. Tabela 2094 – População residente por cor ou raça e religião/Mesorregião Geográfica = Sudoeste Rio-grandense – RS
- ^ Eliana Rosa Sturza. Línguas de fronteira: o desconhecido território das práticas lingüísticas nas fronteiras brasileiras: Na fronteira Brasil-Uruguai, a transgressão dos limites ocorreu, sobretudo, para dentro do território uruguaio. Primeiro se instalaram os portugueses e, posteriormente, os brasileiros, de tal modo que isso possibilitou a manutenção da língua portuguesa e determinou a sua importância no próprio processo de ocupação da região norte do Uruguai.
- ^ Michael T. Judd. O dialeto fronteiriço do Uruguai: origens, investigações e oportunidades Archived February 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ RS VIRTUAL – O Rio Grande do Sul na Internet – História – Colonização – Negros – A história dos gaúchos sem história Archived September 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Immigrazione Italiana nell’America del Sud (Argentina, Uruguay e Brasile)
- ^ Neiva Otero Schaeffer. Os alemães no Rio Grande do Sul. in Os Alemães no Sul do Brasil, Editora Ulbra, 2004 (2004). p. 170
- ^ "Página do Gaúcho – Índios – Os grupos indígenas e sua distribuição" (in Portuguese). Paginadogaucho.com.br. Archived from the original on February 2, 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
- ^ Germans Archived July 16, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Italians Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Igel, Regina (March 1, 2009). "Frida Alexandr". Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
- ^ http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/ciencia/ult306u633465.shtml [bare URL]
- ISBN 1136828656, 9781136828652. p. 114.
- ^ "Panorama do estado do Rio Grande do Sul" (in Portuguese). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Retrieved May 13, 2020.
- ^ a b «Censo 2010». IBGE
- ^ a b «Análise dos Resultados/IBGE Censo Demográfico 2010: Características gerais da população, religião e pessoas com deficiência» (PDF)
- ^ "Universidades no Rio Grande do Sul". Seruniversitario.com.br. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
- ^ a b c d IBGE prevê safra recorde de grãos em 2020
- ^ Safra do arroz deve atingir mais de 1,14 milhão de toneladas em Santa Catarina
- ^ Região Sul é responsável por 98% da produção de tabaco no Brasil
- ^ "Notícia: Região Sul deverá produzir 760 mil toneladas de fumo em 2008/2009". Portal do Agronegócio. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
- ^ "Região Sul é responsável por mais de 90% das uvas produzidas para processamento no Brasil". Archived from the original on June 9, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
- ^ Vale do Rio do Peixe produz 86% da uva em SC
- ^ Produção de uva no Rio Grande do Sul cai quase 40% frente a 2018
- ^ Confira como está a colheita da soja em cada estado do país
- ^ Quatro estados concentram quase 70% da produção de grãos do país
- ^ "Produção de Milho no Nordeste". Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
- ^ Produção de grãos cresce 14% e Piauí se consolida como 3º maior produtor do Nordeste
- ^ Rio Grande do Sul deve superar Paraná na produção de trigo em 2019
- ^ BRASIL – IMPORTAÇÃO DE TRIGO 2019 (POR PAÍS)
- ^ Em abril, IBGE prevê alta de 2,2% na safra de grãos de 2019
- ^ Alternativa ao trigo, cevada ganha espaço no Sul e projeta produção recorde
- ^ Safra da maçã deve render 600 mil toneladas em Santa Catarina
- ^ Qualidade da fruta marca abertura da colheita da maçã e da uva no RS
- ^ Produção brasileira de mandioca em 2018
- ^ Produção brasileira de laranja em 2018
- ^ Como plantar pêssego
- ^ Conheça o caminho do figo brasileiro, do campo ao Canadá
- ^ Produção brasileira de tangerina em 2018
- ^ Caqui – Panorama nacional da produção
- ^ Qual o panorama da produção de morango no Brasil?
- ^ O RS possui 6,5% do rebanho bovino do Brasil
- ^ Bovinocultura de Leite
- ^ PPM 2017: Rebanho bovino predomina no Centro-Oeste e Mato Grosso lidera entre os estados
- ^ a b PPM 2017: Rebanho bovino predomina no Centro-Oeste e Mato Grosso lidera entre os estados
- ^ "REGIÃO SUL DO BRASIL É O MAIOR CENTRO PRODUTIVO DE PROTEÍNA ANIMAL DO MUNDO". Archived from the original on October 16, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
- ^ PPM 2017: Rebanho bovino predomina no Centro-Oeste e Mato Grosso lidera entre os estados.
- ^ O RS é o 4º maior produtor de aves e de ovos do Brasil
- ^ Algumas Gemas Clássicas
- ^ Rio Grande do Sul: o maior exportador de pedras preciosas do Brasil
- ^ Os alemães e as pedras preciosas gaúchas
- ^ Maior pedra de água-marinha é brasileira e ficará exposta nos EUA
- ^ "Pedras de ametista são atrativos para turistas em cidade no Norte do RS". July 4, 2013.
- ^ Rio Grande do Sul Industry Profile
- ^ O novo mapa das montadoras
- ^ "Abicalçados apresenta Relatório Setorial 2019". Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
- ^ Exportação de Calçados: Saiba mais
- ^ A indústria de alimentos e bebidas na sociedade brasileira atual
- ^ Faturamento da indústria de alimentos cresceu 6,7% em 2019
- ^ "Indústria de alimentos e bebidas faturou R$ 699,9 bi em 2019". February 18, 2020.
- ^ No RS, 54 municípios ainda não têm acesso asfáltico e criança com poeira, buracos e dificuldades necessário
- ^ Quatro cidades do Paraná não têm acessos por rodovias estaduais asfaltadas; enfrentam lama e transtornos
- ^ Moradores de cidades sem ligação asfáltica vivencia por lama e poeira
- ^ "Santa Catarina tem, agora, acesso asfaltado a todas as 295 cidades". Archived from the original on December 30, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
- ^ Mapa rodoviário do Rio Grande do Sul em 2021
- ^ Governo libera R$ 37 milhões para acessos asfálticos em oito municípios
- ^ Como está a BR-386 nove meses depois da concessão para a iniciativa privada
- ^ Governador assina contrato de concessão que garantirá duplicação e investimentos de R$ 2,7 bilhões na RSC-287
- ^ DNIT libera mais 11,3 km de trecho duplicado na BR-116/RS
- ^ Porto RS[permanent dead link]
- ^ Portos do RS movimentam mais de 47 milhões de toneladas em carga e fecham 2021 com recorde
- ^ "Fazemos grande esforço para ampliar geração de energia renovável no RS", destaca governador em painel nacional
- ^ EÓLICA VAI REVOLUCIONAR MATRIZ ENERGÉTICA DO RS
- ^ RS atrai maior número de empresas no país para explorar energia eólica em alto-mar
- ^ "RS em números". Archived from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
- ^ Brasil ultrapassa marca de 10 GW em micro e minigeração distribuída
- ^ Carvão Mineral
- ^ Carvão mineral no Brasil e no mundo
- ^ Terra Indígena Guarita: Bem Vindo á Terra Indígena Guarita – Tenente Portela, Rio Grande do Sul – Brasil Archived April 10, 2013, at archive.today
- ISBN 978-85-254-1681-0. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
- ^ Câmara Bento – Projeto do Executivo é aprovado e Talian se torna a língua co-oficial
- ^ Lei confirma o Talian como segunda língua oficial de Caxias do Sul
- ^ Talian é língua cooficial de Flores da Cunha
- ^ Lei Nº 1310 de 16 de outubro de 2015 – Dispõe sobre a cooficialização da língua do "talian", à língua portuguesa, no município de Nova Roma do Sul"
- ^ O Talian agora é a língua co-oficial de Nova Roma do Sul, município de Nova Roma do Sul
- ^ Vereadores aprovam o talian como língua co-oficial do município, Retrieved August 21, 2011
- ^ Grêmio é pentacampeão gaúcho e reduz vantagem de títulos do Inter; veja o ranking completo
- ^ Grêmio supera Inter e terá maior jejum de títulos grandes da história do RS
- ^ Veja os times com mais títulos da Liga Nacional de Futsal
- ^ Carlos Barbosa penta, Jaraguá tetra... confira todos os campeões da Liga Nacional de Futsal (LNF)
- ^ "Mayra Aguiar". COB. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
- ^ "Daniel Cargnin". COB. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
- ^ "Fernando Scheffer". COB. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
- ^ "André Johannpeter". COB. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
- ^ "André Heller". COB. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
- ^ "Gustavo Endres". COB. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
- ^ "Murilo Endres". COB. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
- ^ "10 maiores tenistas brasileiros". Yahoo Esportes. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
- ^ "Especial 20 anos: os maiores brasileiros do tênis". Tenisbrasil. October 16, 2018. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
- ^ "Conheça o currículo de Mequinho, O melhor enxadrista do Brasil". Diário de Cuiabá. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
- ^ "Mequinho, 1º brasileiro grande mestre de xadrez". Folha de São Paulo. January 12, 2022. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
- ^ "É campeão! Brasil vence a Sérvia e conquista seu primeiro título mundial". Globoesporte. December 22, 2013. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
- ^ "A trajetória do bicampeão mundial". Sogipa. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
- ^ "Daiane dos Santos". COB. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
- ^ "Grandes momentos de 2013: Samuel de Bona". Rede do Esporte. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
External links
- (in Portuguese) Official website
Rio Grande do Sul.