Rise of nationalism in Europe

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and Social Republics – The Pact Between Nations, a print prepared by Frédéric Sorrieu, 1848

The rise of nationalism in Europe was stimulated by the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars.[1][2] American political science professor Leon Baradat has argued that “nationalism calls on people to identify with the interests of their national group and to support the creation of a state – a nation-state – to support those interests.” Nationalism was the ideological impetus that, in a few decades, transformed Europe. Rule by monarchies and foreign control of territory was replaced by self-determination and newly formed national governments.[3] Some countries, such as Germany and Italy were formed by uniting various regional states with a common "national identity". Others, such as Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Poland were formed by uprisings against the Ottoman or Russian Empires.[4] Romania is a special case, formed by the unification of the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1859 and later gaining independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1878.

Background

La République universelle démocratique et sociale, painted by Frédéric Sorrieu in 1848. Top left: Le Pacte, Top right: Le Prologue, Bottom left: Le Triomphe, Bottom right: Le Marché

National awakening also grew out of an intellectual reaction to the

legitimism", the assertion of traditional claims to royal authority. With most of Europe's peoples still loyal to their local province or city, nationalism was confined to small groups of intellectuals and political radicals. Furthermore, political repression, symbolized by the Carlsbad Decrees published in Austria
in 1819, pushed nationalist agitation underground.

Pre-1848 revolutions

The struggle for independence

Italian unification
.

A strong resentment of what came to be regarded as

Serbian renaissance[7] which had begun in Habsburg territory, in Sremski Karlovci.[6] The eight-year Greek War of Independence (1821–29) against Ottoman rule led to an independent Greek state, although with major political influence of the great powers.[8] The Belgian Revolution (1830–31) led to the recognition of independence from the Netherlands in 1839.[9] Over the next two decades nationalism developed a more powerful voice, spurred by nationalist writers championing the cause of self-determination. The Poles attempted twice to overthrow Russian rule in 1831 and 1863. In 1848, revolutions broke out across Europe, sparked by severe famine and economic crisis and mounting popular demand for political change. In Italy, Giuseppe Mazzini
used the opportunity to encourage a war mission: "A people destined to achieve great things for the welfare of humanity must one day or other be constituted a nation".

Congress of Berlin 1878.

In Hungary,

Romania, Serbia and Montenegro
and limited autonomy to Bulgaria.

Nationalism's growth and export

Theodor Herzl.

The invention of a symbolic

Jewish population of eastern and central Europe for their own national home and refuge. In 1897, inspired by the Hungarian-born Jewish nationalist Theodor Herzl, the First Zionist Congress was held in Basle, and declared their national 'home' should be in Palestine
. By the end of the period, the ideals of European nationalism had been exported worldwide and were now beginning to develop, and both compete and threaten the empires ruled by colonial European nation-states.

Now, within the modern era, nationalism continues to rise in Europe, but in the form of anti-globalization. In a study recently conducted, researchers found that Chinese import shock from globalization leads to uneven adjustment costs being spread across regions of Europe. In response, there has been an increase in support for nationalist and radical-right wing parties in Europe that promote anti-globalist policies.[10]

Revolutionary organizations

References

  1. S2CID 154890372
    .
  2. ISBN 978-0-8078-6905-5
    .
  3. ^ slideshare[not specific enough to verify]
  4. ^ Baradat, Leon P. Political Ideologies: Their Origin and Impact, 10th ed. Upper Saddle, NJ: Pearson, 2009, 44.
  5. ^ Baradat 54-5.
  6. ^
    ISBN 978-1-4008-2968-2
    .
  7. ISBN 978-0-521-27485-2
    .
  8. ISBN 978-0-521-27458-6
    .
  9. ^ Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848 (1994) pp. 716-18
  10. ^ Colantone, Italo, and Piero Stanig. "The trade origins of economic nationalism: Import competition and voting behavior in Western Europe." American Journal of Political Science 62.4 (2018): 936-953.

See also

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