Rishabhanatha
Tirthankara Rishabhanatha | |
---|---|
1st Tirthankara | |
Member of Tirthankara, Shalakapurusha, Arihant and Siddha | |
Other names | • Ādinātha and Ādeśvara (the first conqueror)
• Ādarśa Puruṣa (perfect man) • Ikśvaku |
Venerated in | Jainism |
Predecessor | Sampratti (last Tirthankara of the previous time-cycle) |
Successor | Ajitanatha |
Mantra | Oṃ Ṛṣabhadeva Namaḥ Oṃ Śrī Ādināthāya Namaḥ |
Symbol | Bull |
Height | 500 bows[1] |
Age | 8.4 million purvas (592.704 x 1018 years)[1][2][3] |
Tree | Banyan |
Color | Golden |
Texts | Ādi purāṇa, Mahāpurāṇa, Bhaktāmara Stotra |
Gender | Male |
Festivals | Akshaya Tritiya |
Personal information | |
Born | Ṛṣabha |
Died | |
Parents | |
Spouse | Sumangalā Sunandā [4][5] |
Children | • 100 sons (including: Chakravarti Bharata, Prince Nami, and Kamadeva Bahubali)
• 2 daughters: Mahasati Brāhmī and Mahasati Sundarī Reference:[6] |
Part of a series on |
Jainism |
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Rishabhanatha (
According to traditional accounts, he was born to king
After his renunciation, the legends state Rishabhanatha travelled without food for 6 months. The day on which he got his first ahara (food) is celebrated by Jains as
Life
Rishabhanatha is known by many names including Adinatha, Adishwara, Yugadeva and Nabheya.
According to Jain cosmology, the universe does not have a temporal beginning or end. Its "Universal History"[16] divides the cycle of time into two halves (avasarpiṇī and utsarpiṇī) with six aras (spokes) in each half, and the cycles keep repeating perpetually. Twenty-four Tirthankaras appear in every half, the first Tirthankara founding Jainism each time. In the present time cycle, Rishabhanatha is credited as being the first tīrthaṅkara, born at the end of the third half (known as sukhamā-dukhamā erā).[4][17][18]
Rishabhanatha is said to be the founder of Jainism of the present
According to
Birth
Rishabhanatha was born to
Marriage and children
Rishabhanatha is believed to have two wives, Sunanda and Sumangala.
Rule, administration and teachings
Rishabhanatha was born in bhoga-bhumi or the age of omnipresent happiness.[16][4][32] It is further suggested that no one had to work because of miraculous wish-fulfilling trees called the kalpavrikshas.[16][4][32] It is stated that people approached the king for help due to decreased efficacy of the trees with passage of time.[16][4][33] Rishabhanatha is then said to have taught them six main professions. These were: (1) Asi (swordsmanship for protection), (2) Masi (writing skills), (3) Krishi (agriculture), (4) Vidya (knowledge), (5) Vanijya (trade and commerce) and (6) Shilp (crafts).[34][35][36] In other words, he is credited with introducing karma-bhumi (the age of action) by founding arts and professions to enable householders to sustain themselves.[16][37][38] Rishabhanatha is credited in Jainism to have invented and taught fire, cooking and all the skills needed for human beings to live. In total, Rishabhanatha is said to have taught seventy-two sciences to men and sixty-four to women.[6] The institution of marriage is stated to have come into existence after his marriage marked the precedence.[4][37] According to Paul Dundas, Rishabhanatha, in Jainism, is thus not merely a spiritual teacher, but the one who founded knowledge in its various forms.[16] He is depicted as a form of culture hero for the current cosmological cycle.[16]
Traditional sources state that Rishabhanatha was the first king who established his capital at Vinitanagara (Ayodhya).[34] He is claimed to have given first laws for governance by a king.[34] He is said to have established the three-fold varna system based on professions consisting of kshatriyas (warriors), vaishyas (merchants) and shudras (manual workers).[16][39][34] Bharata is said to have added fourth varna, brahmin to the system.[40]
Renunciation
Jain legends talk about a dance of celestial dancers organised in Rishabhanatha's royal assembly hall by Indra, the heavenly-king of the first heaven.[41] Nilanjana, one of the dancers, is said to have died in midst of the series of vigorous dance movements.[40][42][43] The sudden death of Nilanjana is said to have reminded Rishabhanatha of the world's transitory nature, triggering him to renounce his kingdom, family and material wealth.[40][41][44] He is then believed to have distributed his kingdom among his hundred sons.[40] Bharata supposedly got the city of Ayodhya and Bahubali is believed to have got the city of Podanapur (Bodhan).[40][43] He is believed to have become a monk in Siddharta-garden, in the outskirts of Ayodhya, under Ashoka tree on the ninth day of the month of Chaitra Krishna (Hindu calendar).[40]
Akshaya Tritiya
Jains believe that people did not know the procedure to offer food to a monk, since Rishabhanatha was the first one.
Omniscience
Rishabhanatha is said to have spent a thousand years performing austerities before attaining kevala jnana (omniscience) under a
Nirvana kalyanaka
Rishabhanatha is said to have preached the principles of Jainism far and wide.[51][53] He is suggested to have attained Nirvana or moksha, destroying all four of his ghati-karma.[54] This is marked as liberation of his soul from the endless cycle of rebirths to stay eternally at siddhaloka. His death is believed in Jainism to have occurred on Ashtapada (also known as Mount Kailash) on the fourteenth day of Magha Krishna (Hindu Calendar).[53][55][56] His total age at that time is suggested to be 84 lakh purva years, with three years and eight and a half months remaining of the third era.[44] According to medieval era Jain texts, Rishabhanatha performed asceticism for millions of years, then returned to Ashtapada where he fasted and performing inner meditation to his moksha. They further state that Indra came with his fellow gods from the heavens after that, to perform rituals of the place from where tirthankara attend moksh.[57]
In literature
The
Iconography
Rishabhanatha is usually depicted in the
Statue of Ahimsa, carved out of a single rock, is a 108 feet (33 m) tall (121 feet (37 m) including pedestal) statue of Rishabhanatha and is 1,840 sq feet in size. It is said to be the world's tallest Jain idol.[70] It is located 4,343 feet (1,324 m) above from sea level, at Mangi-Tungi hills near Nashik (Maharashtra). Officials from the Guinness Book of World Records visited Mangi Tungi and awarded the engineer of the 108 ft tall Rishabhdeva statue, C R Patil, the official certificate for the world's tallest Jain idol.[71][72] In 2016, a 108 feet idol of Rishabhnatha (Adinatha) was installed at Palitana.[73]
In
-
Statue of Ahimsa, Maharashtra, 108 feet (33 m)
-
108 feet (33 m) statue at Palitana
-
Kundalpur
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Bawangaja, Madhya Pradesh, 84 feet (26 m)
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The 58.4 feet (17.8 m) colossal atGopachal Hill
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The 45 feet (14 m) tall rock cut idol at Chanderi
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The 25 feet (7.6 m) idol at Dadabari, Kota
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Idol at Golakot Jain temple
Temples
Rishabhanatha is one of the five most devotionally revered Tirthankaras, along with Mahavira, Parshvanatha, Neminatha and Shantinatha.
-
UNESCO World Heritage Site
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Dilwara temples
See also
Notes
- ^ A non-Jain, Hindu text
References
Citations
- ^ a b c d e von Glasenapp 1925, p. 16.
- ^ a b c d e Jacobi 1964, pp. 284–285.
- ^ Saraswati 1908, p. 444.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Jaini 2000, p. 327.
- ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 64-66.
- ^ a b c d e f g Dalal 2010b, p. 311.
- ^ Zimmer 1953, p. 208-09.
- ^ a b Sangave 2001, p. 131.
- ^ a b c Britannica 2000.
- ^ a b c Umakant 1987, p. 112.
- ^ Varadpande 1983, pp. 26–27.
- ^ a b Dundas 2002, p. 40.
- ^ a b Upinder Singh 2016, p. 26.
- ^ Zimmer 1953, p. 195.
- ^ Jaini 1998, p. 7.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Dundas 2002, p. 21.
- ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. xiv.
- ^ Dalal 2010a, p. 27.
- ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. xv.
- ^ Wiley 2004, p. xxix.
- ^ Jestice 2004, p. 419.
- ^ Sangave 2001, pp. 103–104.
- ^ Radhakrishnan 1923, p. 287.
- ^ Vijay K. Jain 2015, p. 181.
- ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 83.
- ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 76-79.
- ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 64–66.
- ^ a b Sangave 2001, p. 105.
- ^ Salomon 1998, p. 9 with footnotes.
- ^ Dalal 2010b, p. 42.
- ^ Wiley 2004, p. 54.
- ^ a b Vijay K. Jain 2015, p. 78.
- ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 88.
- ^ a b c d Natubhai Shah 2004, p. 16.
- ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. x.
- ^ Sangave 2001, p. 103.
- ^ a b Kailash Chand Jain 1991, p. 5.
- ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 89.
- ^ Jaini 2000, pp. 340–341.
- ^ a b c d e f Natubhai Shah 2004, p. 17.
- ^ a b Cort 2010, p. 25.
- ^ Vijay K. Jain 2015, p. 181-182.
- ^ a b Titze 1998, p. 8.
- ^ a b Vijay K. Jain 2015, p. 182.
- ^ B.K. Jain 2013, p. 31.
- ^ a b c d Natubhai Shah 2004, p. 18.
- ^ Jestice 2004, p. 738.
- ^ Titze 1998, p. 138.
- ^ Krishna & Amirthalingam 2014, p. 46.
- ^ Natubhai Shah 2004, pp. 18–19.
- ^ a b Natubhai Shah 2004, p. 19.
- ^ Cort 2001, p. 47.
- ^ a b Cort 2010, p. 115.
- ^ Dalal 2010b, pp. 183, 368.
- ^ Natubhai Shah 2004, pp. 20–21.
- ^ Cort 2010, p. 135.
- ^ Cort 2010, pp. 121–122.
- ^ Popular Prakashan 2000, p. 78.
- ^ "Kamat's Potpourri: History of the Kannada Literature -II". kamat.com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ a b Jaini 2000, p. 326.
- ^ Gupta 1999, p. 133.
- ^ "Shri Bhaktamara Mantra (भक्तामर स्त्रोत)", digambarjainonline.com, archived from the original on 15 August 2015, retrieved 15 August 2015
- ^ Rao 1989, p. 13.
- ^ Doniger 1999, p. 549.
- ^ Doniger 1993, p. 243.
- ^ Umakant 1987, p. 113.
- ^ Vyas 1995, p. 19.
- ^ Jain & Fischer 1978, p. 16.
- ^ Tandon 2002, p. 44.
- ^ "Amit Shah felicitated by Jain community", The Statesman, Nashik, PTI, 14 February 2016, archived from the original on 19 March 2016, retrieved 17 December 2016
- ^ "Guinness Book to certify Mangi Tungi idol", The Times of India, 6 March 2016, archived from the original on 31 May 2016, retrieved 17 December 2016
- ^ "108-feet Jain Teerthankar idol enters "Guinness book of records"", The Hindu, 7 March 2016, archived from the original on 13 May 2017, retrieved 17 December 2016
- ^ "Palitana 108 feet high statue of Adinath dada". Dainik Bhaskar. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
- ^ Bhattacharyya 1977, p. 269.
- ^ Sengupta 1996, pp. 596–600.
- ^ "On a spiritual quest", Deccan Herald, 29 March 2015, archived from the original on 7 November 2016, retrieved 8 March 2017
- ^ a b Cort 2010, pp. 143–144.
- ^ Cort 2010, pp. 144–145.
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