River Arun
Arun Tarrant | |
---|---|
Location | |
Country | England |
County | West Sussex |
Towns | Horsham, Arundel, Littlehampton |
Physical characteristics | |
Source | |
• location | St Leonard's Forest, West Sussex |
• elevation | 125 m (410 ft) |
Mouth | |
• location | Littlehampton, West Sussex |
• elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
Length | 60 km (37 mi) |
Basin size | 376 sq mi (970 km2) |
Discharge | |
• location | Pallingham Quay |
• average | 4.78 m3/s (169 cu ft/s) |
• minimum | 0.31 m3/s (11 cu ft/s) |
• maximum | 78.5 m3/s (2,770 cu ft/s) |
Discharge | |
• location | Alfoldean |
• average | 1.84 m3/s (65 cu ft/s) |
Basin features | |
Tributaries | |
• left | River Stor, River Kird, North River, River Lox / Loxwood Stream |
• right | River Rother |
Protection status | |
Official name | Arun Valley |
Designated | 16 December 1999 |
Reference no. | 1011[1] |
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The River Arun (/ˈærən/) is a river in the English county of West Sussex. At 37 miles (60 km) long, it is the longest river entirely in Sussex[2] and one of the longest starting in Sussex after the River Medway, River Wey and River Mole. From the series of small streams that form its source in the area of St Leonard's Forest in the Weald, the Arun flows westwards through Horsham to Nowhurst where it is joined by the North River. Turning to the south, it is joined by its main tributary, the western River Rother, and continues through a gap in the South Downs to Arundel to join the English Channel at Littlehampton. It is one of the faster flowing rivers in England, and is tidal as far inland as Pallingham Quay, 25.5 miles (41.0 km) upstream from the sea at Littlehampton. The Arun gives its name to the Arun local government district of West Sussex.
The first major improvements to the river were made between the 1540s and the 1570s, when Arundel became a port, and navigation up to Pallingham was improved, but barges had difficulty negotiating the
The river above Arundel was improved after 1785. As the main channel was toll-free, the proprietors of the scheme built two major cuts. One, which included three locks and passed through Hardham Tunnel, was built to avoid a large bend near Pulborough. The other was near the upper terminus, where a cut with three locks and a flood Lock crossed the original channel by an aqueduct to reach wharves at Newbridge. Further improvements were made when the Wey and Arun Canal opened in 1816, joining the Arun Navigation at Newbridge, and after the completion of the Portsmouth and Arundel Canal, which opened soon afterwards. These two canals were an attempt to provide an inland route between London and Portsmouth, but were not as successful as the proprietors hoped. Traffic declined rapidly when the railways offered competition, and the navigation ceased to be maintained from 1888, though some traffic continued on the lower sections. The Wey and Arun Canal is currently being restored, and restoration will eventually include the cut and locks below Newbridge.
History
When
A further possible etymology derived from the Domesday spelling Harundel[6] for Arundel comes from the Anglo Saxon hærn[7] dell[8] meaning "tidal valley", which this would mean that the name of the river probably also derives from "tidal". Other local rivers such as the Rother deriving from the Anglo Saxon róðer, which means "rower" (as in a long river[clarification needed]),[citation needed] are also descriptive of the river and its surrounds.
The mouth of the river has not always been at
Improvements
The lower portion of the river, from the sea to
An
The next Act to affect the river was obtained by a group of local men in 1785. Under the Act, the proprietors were empowered to make the river navigable for 30-ton barges up to Newbridge. They had no jurisdiction over the river from Arundel to Houghton bridge, and could not charge tolls for use of the river up to Pallingham.
There were two proposals to extend the navigation at this time. The first was for a canal to North Chapel, to the north of
Operation
Payment of dividends to shareholders began in 1792, and over the next five years, tolls raised an average of £893 per year and the dividend was 3.1 per cent. At this time, George Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont was buying shares and having obtained one third of them, he became chairman of the company. He then stopped the payment of dividends so that the borrowed capital could be paid off more quickly. Apart from an interim payment in 1821, dividends were not reinstated until 1830.[13] In the 1790s Wyndham was responsible for the canalisation of the River Rother which joins the Arun at Stopham,[17] and he also promoted the Wey and Arun Canal, which was seen as part of a larger scheme to link London to Portsmouth, an idea which had been contemplated several times since 1641. He chaired a meeting held at Guildford on 1 June 1811, at which it was decided to press ahead with the canal, and put up £20,000 of the initial £90,500 estimated cost. The canal opened in September 1816, but the estimated 100,000 tons of traffic passing between London and the dockyards at Portsmouth, and the 30,000 tons of local traffic, were far too optimistic, with actual traffic averaging around 15,000 tons per year throughout its life.[18]
The London to Portsmouth route was to be completed by the Portsmouth and Arundel Canal, in which Wyndham and the Cutfields, who also held many shares in the Arun Navigation, were both significant subscribers. This was authorised by Act of Parliament in 1817, and an agreement was reached that the Arun would be improved to aid through traffic. Nevertheless, no work commenced on the Arun until the proprietors were sure that the Ford section of the new canal would actually be built. Once they were convinced, they obtained an Act of Parliament in May 1821, and the engineer James Hollingworth oversaw the improvements, which were completed in mid-1823. The work involved improving the depth and width of the channel, and some alterations to bridges and locks to make their size more uniform. The company borrowed £3000 to finance the work, which cost around £5000 in total. The loans had been repaid by 1831, and the work allowed barge sizes to be increased from 30 tons to 40 tons, with the result that business improved.[19]
Traffic increased, as shown by the number of boats belonging to residents of Arundel. There were 13 in 1801, which had increased to 15 by 1803, with a total tonnage of 266. A timber merchant called John Boxold owned barges in 1815 and 1832, while in 1820, a company began running regular freight services to London, using three barges based near the town quay. By 1823 they had ten barges, which had reduced to seven by 1830, and barges ran twice-weekly to Chichester, London, Midhurst, and Petworth. The company was variously called Seward and Co., The Arundel Barge Co., and several other names.[12]
Decline
From the 1840s, use of the river declined, as a result of competition from the railways, and changes in coastal shipping. Littlehampton grew in importance as a port and after years of resistance by the people of Arundel, the customs house was moved there in 1864.
By 1852, the barge service to London only ran once a week, and it had ceased altogether three years later. Most vessels reaching Arundel were coasters rather than barges by 1886, and just 20 ships used the facilities that year.[12] The Wey and Arun Canal closed in 1871. The proprietors of the upper river ceased to maintain the navigation from 1 January 1888, and the last barge passed through Hardham Tunnel on 29 January 1889.[21] The river was abandoned as a navigation by a warrant issued as part of the Railway and Canal Traffic Act of 1888. The River Lark in Suffolk was the only other river navigation abandoned at that time.[22] The Board of Trade issued a closing order in 1896, and after that, there was no navigation authority responsible for the upper river. However, traffic did not cease entirely.[21]
Fifteen or twenty barges were still using the river in the 1880s, although the upper reaches were no longer accessible. Arundel docks silted up between 1875 and 1896.[12] In 1898, the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, who by this time were the owners of the railway from Horsham to Littlehampton, drilled down into the tunnel where the main line and the branch to Midhurst crossed its course, and poured tons of chalk into the tunnel to stabilise it.[23] A trade in chalk and lime extracted from Amberley chalk pits continued into the early twentieth century. Some ships were towed to Arundel by paddle tugs, and imports of salt, timber and coal for the gasworks continued. Arundel was visited by its last steamer in 1914, and the last sailing vessel to reach the port did so three years later. Passage of larger craft upstream was hindered by the construction of a swing bridge at Littlehampton in 1908, and prevented by a fixed railway bridge at Ford built in 1938. As freight traffic disappeared from the river, Edward Slaughter, who later became part of the company of Buller and Slaughter, was hiring pleasure craft by 1903, and the company was still doing so in the 1990s.[12]
Present
Authority for the river remains much as it was after 1896, with the Littlehampton Harbour Board responsible for the section from the mouth up to Arundel Bridge, and no navigation authority for the river above that, although the Environment Agency have responsibility for its drainage functions. There are nine bridges with a minimum navigable headroom of between 8 feet (2.4 m) and 5 feet (1.5 m) at high water. The river is tidal to Pallingham Quay, 25.5 miles (41.0 km) upstream from the sea at Littlehampton, and flows at 4 to 6 knots (7.4 to 11.1 km/h), making it one of the fastest flowing rivers in the country. The tidal range at Littlehampton is 17 feet (5.2 m) at spring tides and 8.8 feet (2.7 m) at neap tides. High tide occurs 15 minutes later than high water at Dover, and high water at Pulborough is four hours later than at Littlehampton.[24]
Charitable organisations
The Arun & Rother Rivers Trust (ARRT) is a charity set up in 2011 with objectives around education, fisheries, biodiversity, access and pollution amongst other issues.[25]
The Wey and Arun Canal is being restored by the Wey and Arun Canal Trust, which was set up in the 1970s. The Wey and Arun Canal technically ended at Newbridge, but the restoration will include the Arun Navigation section down to Pallingham to reach the River Arun.[26] For many years, the Solent and Arun Branch of the Inland Waterways Association organised an annual cruise on the river to ensure that the navigation rights were maintained. Responsibility for its organisation has now been passed to the Wey and Arun Canal Trust.[27]
Route
At 37 miles (60 km) from its source to the sea, the Arun is the longest of the rivers flowing entirely within Sussex.[2] It rises as a series of streams, known locally as ghylls or gills, to the east of Horsham, in St Leonard's Forest. It flows westwards, along the southern boundary of Horsham and turns briefly to the north to skirt Broadbridge Heath. Continuing westwards, it is joined at Nowhurst by the North River, [28] with its headstreams in the heights of Leith Hill and Holmbury Hill in Surrey.[29] and whose feeder streams include the River Oke, Holden Brook and Standon Brook.[28] After the junction, the Arun passes under the A29 road, which follows the route of the Roman Stane Street at this point, and timber piles of a Roman bridge have been found in the riverbed.[30] The earthworks from a Roman station are close by. To the south of Rudgwick it is crossed by a disused railway line, and at this point it crosses the 66-foot (20 m) contour. Its course is marked by winding meanders as it turns towards the south, and the county boundary briefly follows its course, the River Lox / Loxwood Stream joins the Arun at Drungewick just before it is joined by the partially restored Wey and Arun Canal. Its former course to the west of the canal can be clearly seen, and is followed by the boundary, but the main flow of the river follows a new straight cut just to the east of the canal. Once the boundary crosses back over the canal, the river resumes its meandering course on the eastern side of the canal.[31]
A little further to the south is another straight cut, with the old course still visible on the other side of the canal. Soon it reaches Newbridge on the A272 road near
Continuing southwards, the river passes the gallops which are part of Coombelands Racing Stables, situated on the eastern bank,
Below the bridge is a small island, after which an artificial cut built to avoid the circuitous route of the
On the west bank of the river below the bridge is Waltham Brooks nature reserve. Coldwaltham lock, on the branch through the Hardham Tunnel, is still marked on modern maps, and the section from the lock to the river still holds water. Just to the north of Amberley, the river is crossed by the Arun Valley line again at Timberley Bridge. At the village of Bury, the West Sussex Literary Trail joins the western bank and another footpath joins the eastern bank. The next bridge is Houghton Bridge, close to Amberley railway station. The river splits into two channels here, and the bridge spans both.[31] Similar to Greatham Bridge, it looks medieval, but was built in 1875. There is a solid section on the island between the channels, with a single arch over the eastern channel and four arches over the main river.[39] The chalk pits which provided trade to the navigation are now the location of Amberley Museum & Heritage Centre, a 36-acre (15 ha) site with many items of industrial heritage on display.[40]
The river follows an S-shaped course, the northern loop encircling the village of
Littlehampton and its harbour were guarded from naval attack by Littlehampton Redoubt on the western bank at the mouth of the river, completed in 1854, which is now screened from the open sea by Climping sand dunes. This fort replaced a seven-gun battery on the east bank, which was built in 1764.[44]
Water quality
The Environment Agency measure the water quality of the river systems in England. Each is given an overall ecological status, which may be one of five levels: high, good, moderate, poor and bad. There are several components that are used to determine this, including biological status, which looks at the quantity and varieties of
The water quality of the River Arun system was as follows in 2019.
Section | Ecological Status | Chemical Status | Length | Catchment | Channel |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arun Source[46] | Poor | Fail | 9.8 miles (15.8 km) | 16.72 square miles (43.3 km2) | |
Boldings Brook[47] | Poor | Fail | 6.9 miles (11.1 km) | 12.59 square miles (32.6 km2) | |
Arun Horsham[48] | Poor | Fail | 4.5 miles (7.2 km) | 7.01 square miles (18.2 km2) | |
North River[49] | Moderate | Fail | 15.5 miles (24.9 km) | 21.49 square miles (55.7 km2) | |
Loxwood Stream[50] | Poor | Fail | 12.1 miles (19.5 km) | 18.66 square miles (48.3 km2) | |
Kird[51] | Poor | Fail | 16.5 miles (26.6 km) | 26.91 square miles (69.7 km2) | |
Arun (U/S Pallingham)[52] | Moderate | Fail | 21.1 miles (34.0 km) | 33.75 square miles (87.4 km2) | |
Arun downstream Pallingham Weir[53] | Moderate | Fail | 2.6 miles (4.2 km) | 4.64 square miles (12.0 km2) | |
Chilt[54] | Moderate | Fail | 3.3 miles (5.3 km) | 4.19 square miles (10.9 km2) | |
Stor[55] | Moderate | Fail | 3.1 miles (5.0 km) | 7.75 square miles (20.1 km2) | |
Black Ditch (W Sussex)[56] | Poor | Fail | 5.4 miles (8.7 km) | 17.94 square miles (46.5 km2) | |
Ryebank Rife[57] | Moderate | Fail | 4.6 miles (7.4 km) | 5.09 square miles (13.2 km2) | |
Arun[58] | Moderate | Fail | heavily modified |
The reasons for the quality being less than good include sewage discharge affecting most of the river, physical modification of the channel, and run-off of nutrients from agriculture and land management. Like many rivers in the UK, the chemical status changed from good to fail in 2019, due to the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) and mercury compounds, none of which had previously been included in the assessment.
Points of interest
Point | Coordinates (Links to map resources) |
OS Grid Ref | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Source of Pyefall Gill | 51°04′32″N 0°14′21″W / 51.0755°N 0.2391°W | TQ234321 | one of several tributary streams |
Railway bridge in Horsham | 51°03′27″N 0°19′46″W / 51.0576°N 0.3294°W | TQ171300 | |
Junction with North River | 51°04′46″N 0°24′17″W / 51.0794°N 0.4048°W | TQ118323 | |
Course diverted when canal built | 51°03′49″N 0°28′52″W / 51.0636°N 0.4812°W | TQ065304 | |
Newbridge Wharf | 51°01′20″N 0°28′38″W / 51.0221°N 0.4772°W | TQ069258 | Terminus of Arun Navigation |
Lording's Aqueduct | 51°00′40″N 0°29′34″W / 51.0110°N 0.4927°W | TQ058245 | carried navigation over river |
Start of Arun Navigation | 50°58′57″N 0°31′25″W / 50.9824°N 0.5235°W | TQ037213 | |
Junction with River Rother Navigation | 50°57′13″N 0°31′57″W / 50.9535°N 0.5326°W | TQ031181 | |
North end of Hardham Tunnel branch | 50°57′01″N 0°31′53″W / 50.9504°N 0.5314°W | TQ032177 | |
Pulborough loop | 50°57′12″N 0°30′12″W / 50.9533°N 0.5033°W | TQ052181 | |
South end of Hardham Tunnel branch | 50°55′49″N 0°32′43″W / 50.9302°N 0.5452°W | TQ023155 | |
Amberley Quarry wharf | 50°53′47″N 0°32′39″W / 50.8965°N 0.5441°W | TQ024117 | |
Arundel wharfs | 50°51′11″N 0°33′18″W / 50.8531°N 0.5551°W | TQ018069 | |
Littlehampton Harbour piers | 50°48′00″N 0°32′30″W / 50.8001°N 0.5418°W | TQ028010 | Jn with English Channel |
See also
- Rivers of the United Kingdom
- Geography of Sussex
Bibliography
- Boyes, John; Russell, Ronald (1977). The Canals of Eastern England. David and Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-7415-3.
- Cumberlidge, Jane (2009). Inland Waterways of Great Britain (8th Ed.). Imray Laurie Norie and Wilson. ISBN 978-1-84623-010-3.
- Ekwall, Eilert (1968). English River-Names. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198691198.
- Goodsall, Robert H (1962). The Arun and Western Rother. London: Constable. ISBN 978-9999000208.
- Hadfield, Charles (1969). The Canals of South and South-East England. David and Charles. ISBN 0-7153-4693-8.
- Hillier, J (1951). Old Surrey Watermills. London: Skeffington and Son [ISBN unspecified].
- Hudson, T P, ed. (1977). A History of the County of Sussex: Volume 5 Part 1: Arundel Rape: south-western part, including Arundel. Victoria County History. ISBN 978-0-19-722781-7.
- Ikins, Thomas G. (2007). "The Roman Map of Britain". Archived from the original on 8 September 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
- Marshall, A G; Norris, W (1953). "Canoeing under Sussex". Sussex County Magazine. 128. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014.
- Priestley, Joseph (1831). "Historical Account of the Navigable Rivers, Canals and Railways of Great Britain". Archived from the original on 13 March 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - Vine, P.A.L. (1986). London's Lost Route to the Sea. David and Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-8778-8.
- Vine, P.A.L. (1995). London's Lost Route to Midhurst, The Earl of Egremont's Navigation. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7509-0968-6.
- Vine, P.A.L. (2007). The Arun Navigation. Tempus Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7524-4323-2.
- Whittington, Jim (January 2012). Going Underground - Hardham Tunnel. Waterways World. ISSN 0309-1422.
References
- ^ "Arun Valley". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ a b Vine 2007, p. 7.
- ^ a b Ikins 2007
- ^ Ekwall 1968, p. 418.
- ^ Hudson 1977, pp.10-101, "Arundel".
- ^ "Open Domesday - Arundel".
- ^ "hærn". Bosworth Toller Anglo Saxon Dictionary online.
- ^ "dell". Bosworth Toller Anglo Saxon Dictionary online.
- ^ Vine 1986, p. 20.
- ^ Hadfield 1969, pp. 124–125.
- ^ Priestley 1831, p. 28.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Hudson 1977, pp. 10-101, "Port and River Traffic"
- ^ a b c Hadfield 1969, p. 125
- ^ Priestley 1831, pp. 26–27.
- ^ Hadfield 1969, p. 125.
- ^ Priestley 1831, pp. 28–29.
- ^ Hadfield 1969, p. 127.
- ^ Hadfield 1969, pp. 132–134.
- ^ Hadfield 1969, pp. 136–138.
- ^ Hadfield 1969, pp. 125–126.
- ^ a b Hadfield 1969, p. 126
- ^ Boyes & Russell 1977, p. 182.
- ^ Marshall & Norris 1953, pp. 128, 257.
- ^ Cumberlidge 2009, pp. 58–59.
- ^ "Home Page". Arun and Rother Rivers Trust. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
- ^ Cumberlidge 2009, pp. 328–330.
- ^ "Maintaining the right to navigate on the River Arun". Wey and Arun Canal Trust. Archived from the original on 12 February 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
- ^ a b Goodsall 1962.
- ^ Hillier 1951.
- ^ "Bridge Piles". Romans in Sussex. Sussex Archaeological Society. Archived from the original on 21 February 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Ordnance Survey, 1:25,000 map
- ^ Historic England. "Pallingham Manor Farm (1227260)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
- ^ Historic England. "Pallingham Quay Farm (1227360)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
- ^ Historic England. "Motte and bailey castle in Pulborough Park (1017547)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
- ^ Historic England. "Stopham Bridge Pulborough (1226929)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ^ Ordnance Survey, 1:2500 map, 1876, available here
- ^ Whittington 2012, pp. 78–79.
- ^ Historic England. "Greatham Bridge, Parham (1354015)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
- ^ Historic England. "Houghton Bridge, Amberley (1027476)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
- ^ "Welcome to Amberley Museum". Amberley Museum & Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
- ^ "WWT Arundel Wetland Centre". Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
- ^ "The Castle". Arundel Castle Trustees. Archived from the original on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
- ^ Historic England. "Arundel Castle (1027926)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
- ^ Historic England. "Littlehampton Fort (1005809)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
- ^ "Glossary (see Biological quality element; Chemical status; and Ecological status)". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ^ "Arun Source". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
- ^ "Boldings Brook". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
- ^ "Arun Horsham". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
- ^ "North River". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
- ^ "Loxwood Stream". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
- ^ "Kird". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
- ^ "Arun (U/S Pallingham)". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
- ^ "Arun downstream Pallingham Weir". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
- ^ "Chilt". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
- ^ "Stor". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
- ^ "Black Ditch (W Sussex)". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
- ^ "Ryebank Rife". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
- ^ "Arun". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
External links
- Gupta, Sanjeev; et al. (2008). "Submerged Palaeo-Arun River: Reconstruction of Prehistoric Landscapes". Archaeology Data Service for doi:10.5284/1000025. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016.)
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- Gupta, Sanjeev; et al. (2008). "Submerged Palaeo-Arun River: Reconstruction of Prehistoric Landscapes". Archaeology Data Service for