Riyadh

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Coordinates: 24°38′N 46°43′E / 24.633°N 46.717°E / 24.633; 46.717
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Not to be confused with Arabic name Riyad or traditional Moroccan house, riad.
For other uses, see Riyadh (disambiguation).

Riyadh
الرياض
Capital city
GDP (PPP, constant 2015 values)
 • Year2023
 • Total$428.7 billion[3]
 • Per capita$55,800
Time zoneUTC+03:00 (AST)
Postal Code
(5 digits)
Area code+966 011
HDI (2021)0.900[4] – very high
Websitealriyadh.gov.sa
Riyadh at sunset

Riyadh (

Arabic: الرياض, romanized: 'ar-Riyāḍ, lit.: 'The Meadows' [ar.riˈjaːdˤ] Najdi pronunciation: [er.rɪˈjɑːðˤ]) is the capital and largest city of Saudi Arabia.[6] It is also the capital of the Riyadh Province and the centre of the Riyadh Governorate. The current form of the metropolis emerged as an offshoot of the eponymous walled town following the dismantling of its defensive fortifications
in the 1950s, after which the city underwent several phases of expansion and urbanization.

It is the

most-populous city in Saudi Arabia, 3rd most populous in the Middle East, and the 38th most populous in Asia.[8]

The first mention of the city by the name Riyadh was in 1590, by an Arab chronicler.

Muhammad bin Saud, and they took Riyadh from Deham. However their state, now known as the First Saudi State, collapsed in 1818. Turki ibn Abdullah founded the Second Saudi State in the early 19th century and made Riyadh his capital in 1825. However, his reign over the city was disrupted by a joint Ottoman–Rashidi alliance. Finally, in the early 20th century, 'Abdulaziz ibn Saud, known in the west simply as Ibn Saud, retrieved his ancestral kingdom of Najd in 1902 and consolidated his rule by 1926 with the final Saudi conquest of Hejaz,[11] subsequently naming his kingdom 'Saudi Arabia' in September 1932[11] with Riyadh as the capital.[12] The town was the administrative center of the government until 1938, when Ibn Saud moved to the Murabba Palace. In the 1950s, the walls were dismantled and Riyadh metropolis outgrew as an offshoot of the walled town
.

Riyadh is the political and administrative center of Saudi Arabia. The Consultative Assembly (also known as the Shura or Shura Council), the Council of Ministers, the King and the Supreme Judicial Council are all situated in the city. Alongside these four bodies that form the core of the legal system of Saudi Arabia, the headquarters of other major and minor governmental bodies are also located in Riyadh.[13] The city hosts 114 foreign embassies, most of which are located in the Diplomatic Quarter in the western reaches of the city.

Riyadh also holds

Faisaliyah Center and the Kingdom Center. Riyadh is one of the world's fastest-growing cities in population and is home to many expatriates
.

The city is divided into 15 municipal districts, which are overseen by the

Royal Commission for Riyadh, which is chaired by the Governor of the Province, Faisal bin Bandar Al Saud. As of July 2020, the mayor is Faisal bin Abdulaziz bin Mohammed bin Ayyaf Al-Muqrin.[14] Riyadh will host Expo 2030, becoming the second Arab city to host after Dubai in 2020.[15][16]

History

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Riyadh.

Early history

During the

Bani Hanifa, and reports that he continued on with their leader to Mecca to perform the Hajj
.

Later on,

single wall to encircle the various oasis towns in the area, making them effectively a single fortress city. The name "Riyadh", meaning "gardens" refers to these earlier oasis towns.[10]

Commodities

The capital of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, was initially known for its availability of water and fertile land which made it ideal for farming dates and other crops. Dates are abundant in the Middle East due to the perfect environment for the date palms. Wheat has also been a big commodity, however, there have been issues with it. There have been issues with insects and mites infesting the wheat supply in Saudi Arabia. However, a few years ago, Riyadh decided to reduce its wheat gathering. Riyadh was then designated as the capital and the layout of the city changed, focusing more on city development in the mid-1900s. As the city developed, the commodities changed slightly. Almost one-third of Saudi Arabia’s factories are located in Riyadh, producing a range of products including machinery, equipment, metallurgical goods, chemicals, construction materials, food, textiles, furniture, and numerous publications.[19] While food is still part of Riyadh's commodities. It has developed to steer toward more urban commodities and those veered to city life.

First Saudi State

1922 map of the walled town of Riyadh

In 1750,

First Saudi State, with Diriyah as its capital.[9]

The First Saudi State was destroyed by forces sent by

Viceroy of Egypt. Najd was then invaded, and Faisal was taken captive and held in Cairo. However, as Egypt became independent of the Ottoman Empire, Faisal escaped after five years of incarceration, returned to Najd, and resumed his reign, ruling until 1865 and consolidating the reign of the House of Saud.[20]

Following the death of Faisal, there was rivalry among his sons which situation was exploited by

Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, the third son of Faisal again regained control over Najd and ruled till 1891, whereafter the control was regained by Muhammad bin Raschid.[20]

Internecine struggles between Turki's grandsons led to the fall of the Second Saudi State in 1891 at the hand of the rival

al-Masmak fort dates from that period.[21]

Abdul Rahman bin Faisal al-Saud had sought refuge among a tribal community on the outskirts of Najd and then went to Kuwait with his family and stayed in exile. However, his son Abdul Aziz retrieved his ancestral kingdom of Najd in 1902 and consolidated his rule by 1926, and further expanded his kingdom to cover "most of the Arabian Peninsula."[11] He named his kingdom as Saudi Arabia in September 1932[11] with Riyadh as the capital.[12] King Abdul Aziz died in 1953 and his son Saud took control as per the established succession rule of father to son from the time Muhammad bin Saud had established the Saud rule in 1744. However, this established line of succession was broken when King Saud was succeeded by his brother King Faisal in 1964. In 1975, Faisal was succeeded by his brother King Khalid. In 1982, King Fahd took the reins from his brother. This new line of succession is among the sons of King Abdul Aziz who has 35 sons; this large family of Ibn Saud hold all key positions in the large kingdom.[11]

Modern history

city walls
in 1950 was a prelude to the expansion and modernization of the city.

From the 1940s, Riyadh mushroomed from a relatively narrow, spatially isolated town into a spacious metropolis.[22] When King Saud came to power, he made it his objective to modernize Riyadh, and began developing Annasriyyah, the royal residential district, in 1950.[22] Following the example of American cities, new settlements and entire neighborhoods were created on grid plans, and connected by high-capacity main roads to the inner areas. The grid pattern in the city was introduced in 1953.[22] The population growth of the town from 1974 to 1992 averaged 8.2 percent per year.

On 16 November 1983,

King Khalid
. It remains the biggest airport in the world at nearly 300 sq miles to date.

Al-Qaeda under Osama bin Laden launched coordinated attacks on compounds in Riyadh on 12 May 2003, resulting in the deaths of 39 people. The bombings were considered to be a terrorism campaign against Western influence in Saudi Arabia.

The mayor is Prince Faisal bin Abdulaziz al-Muqrin. Al-Muqrin was appointed in 2019 by royal decree

Princess Nora bint Abdul Rahman University.[26]

According to the Global Financial Centres Index, Riyadh ranked at 77 in 2016–2017. Though the rank moved up to 69 in 2018, diversification in the economy of the capital is required in order to avoid what the World Bank called a "looming poverty crisis" brought on by lingering low oil prices and rich state benefits.[27]

Since 2017, Riyadh has been the target of missiles from Yemen.

Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[30] In April 2018, heavy gunfire was heard in Khozama;[31] this led to rumors of a coup attempt.[32]

A restoration of heritage buildings of historical significance was launched in Riyadh by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman on 13 September 2020.

  • Lake at the 120 km long Wadi Hanifa valley that cuts through Riyadh
    Lake at the 120 km long Wadi Hanifa valley that cuts through Riyadh
  • King Abdullah Financial District
    King Abdullah Financial District
  • The An Nafud desert on the outskirts of Riyadh with the Jabal Tuwaiq in the background
    The
    An Nafud desert on the outskirts of Riyadh with the Jabal Tuwaiq
    in the background

Geography

Climate

Riyadh has a

hot desert climate (Köppen Climate Classification BWh), with long, extremely hot summers and short, very mild winters. The average high temperature in August is 43.6 °C (110.5 °F). If not for the elevation the city was on, Riyadh would experience an even hotter climate. The city experiences very little precipitation, especially during the summer, but receives a fair amount of rain in March and April. It is also known to have dust storms
during which the dust can be so thick that visibility is under 10 m (33 ft). On 1 and 2 April 2015, a massive dust storm hit Riyadh, causing the suspension of classes in many schools in the area and the cancellation of hundreds of flights, both domestic and international.

Climate data for Riyadh (1991-2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 33.0
(91.4) 		35.0
(95.0) 		38.0
(100.4) 		42.0
(107.6) 		46.0
(114.8) 		47.5
(117.5) 		48.4
(119.1) 		49.8
(121.6) 		46.8
(116.2) 		42.5
(108.5) 		38.0
(100.4) 		32.7
(90.9) 		49.8
(121.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 20.7
(69.3) 		23.7
(74.7) 		28.0
(82.4) 		33.6
(92.5) 		39.5
(103.1) 		42.8
(109.0) 		43.9
(111.0) 		43.8
(110.8) 		40.9
(105.6) 		35.5
(95.9) 		27.4
(81.3) 		22.3
(72.1) 		33.5
(92.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 14.0
(57.2) 		16.7
(62.1) 		21.0
(69.8) 		26.4
(79.5) 		32.2
(90.0) 		35.2
(95.4) 		36.3
(97.3) 		36.0
(96.8) 		32.8
(91.0) 		27.5
(81.5) 		20.4
(68.7) 		15.4
(59.7) 		26.2
(79.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.6
(45.7) 		9.9
(49.8) 		13.8
(56.8) 		19.1
(66.4) 		24.1
(75.4) 		26.1
(79.0) 		27.3
(81.1) 		27.0
(80.6) 		23.7
(74.7) 		18.9
(66.0) 		13.6
(56.5) 		9.1
(48.4) 		18.3
(65.0)
Record low °C (°F) −5.4
(22.3) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		2.1
(35.8) 		8.9
(48.0) 		14.0
(57.2) 		19.8
(67.6) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		14.4
(57.9) 		8.9
(48.0) 		4.5
(40.1) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		−5.4
(22.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 14.8
(0.58) 		8.3
(0.33) 		19.9
(0.78) 		23.7
(0.93) 		5.7
(0.22) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		1.5
(0.06) 		20.1
(0.79) 		13.5
(0.53) 		107.6
(4.24)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 1.7 1.5 2.6 3.7 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.5 1.7 14.9
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		47 36 32 28 17 11 10 12 14 20 36 47 26
Average dew point °C (°F) 2
(36) 		1
(34) 		2
(36) 		4
(39) 		3
(37) 		−1
(30) 		0
(32) 		2
(36) 		2
(36) 		2
(36) 		4
(39) 		3
(37) 		2
(36)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 212.4 226.6 219.8 242.3 287.7 328.2 332.1 309.2 271.6 311.4 269.2 214.3 3,224.8
Percent possible sunshine 63 71 59 63 70 80 80 77 74 87 82 65 72
Average ultraviolet index 3 7 9 11 12 22 20 18 11 8 6 0 11
Source 1:
NOAA,[33] Jeddah Regional Climate Center[34]
Source 2: Time and Date (dewpoints, 1985-2015)[35]

City districts

Riyadh's skyline in 2018
Imam Turki bin Abdullah Mosque

Riyadh is divided into fourteen branch municipalities,

Al-Bathaa
and Al-Deerah, is also its oldest part.

Some of the main districts of Riyadh are:

Demographics

Riyadh population pyramid in 2010
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1918 18,000—    
1924 30,000+8.89%
1944 50,000+2.59%
1952 80,000+6.05%
1960 150,000+8.17%
1972 500,000+10.55%
1978 760,000+7.23%
1987 1,389,000+6.93%
1992 3,834,986+22.52%
1997 3,100,000−4.17%
2004 4,138,329+4.21%
2009 4,873,723+3.33%
2010 6,792,776+39.38%
2013 5,899,528−4.59%
2016 6,506,700+3.32%
2017 7,676,654+17.98%
Source: Census data, [49][citation needed]

In 2022, the city had over 7 million people.

Indians are the largest minority population at 13.7%, followed by Pakistanis at 12.4%.[52]

Landmarks and architecture

Vernacular architecture of Old Riyadh

The old town of Riyadh within the

Masmak fort
and some parts of the original wall structure with its gate which have been restored and reconstructed. There are also a number of traditional mud-brick houses within these old limits, but they are for the most part dilapidated.

Expansion outside the

The King Abdulaziz Historical Centre
.

There are other traditional villages and towns in the area around traditional Riyadh which the

Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage is making efforts to revitalize the historic architecture in Riyadh and other parts of the kingdom.[53]

Ain Heet Cave

Ain Heet cave has an underground lake (150 meters deep) situated at the face of Mount Al Jubayl in Wadi As Sulay in a small village called Heet in Riyadh. Between Riyadh and Al Kharj road, it is one of the easily accessible caves in the area of Riyadh.

Archeological sites

A courtyard in the Murabba Palace

The archeological sites at Riyadh which are of historical importance, in which the Municipality of Riyadh is involved, are the five old gates on the old walls of Riyadh. These are the eastern gate of Thumaira, the northern gate of Al-Suwailen, the southern gate of Dukhna, the western gate of Al-Madhbah, and the south-western gate of Shumaisi. There are also four historic palaces:

Saud Al Kabeer).[54]

Turaif district

Main article:
Al-Turaif District

The

UNESCO World Heritage List on 31 July 2010.[55][56] It was founded in the 15th century bearing an architectural style of Najdi.[57] There are some Historic palaces and monuments in Al-Turaif district include: Salwa Palace, Saad bin Saud Palace, The Guest House and At-Turaif Bath House, and Imam Mohammad bin Saud Mosque.[58]

The Masmak Fortress in 2014

Masmak Fortress

Main article:
Masmak fort

This fortress was built around 1865 under the reign of

Chop Chop Square
, referring to the capital punishment that takes place there.

Contemporary architecture

Kingdom Centre

Main article: Kingdom Centre

Designed by the team of

Emporis Skyscraper Award
, selected as the "best new skyscraper of the year for design and functionality". A three-level shopping center, which also won a major design award, fills the east wing. The large opening is illuminated at night in continuously changing colors. The shopping center has a separate floor for women only to shop where men are not allowed to enter.

The Kingdom Tower has 99 stories and is the fifth tallest structure in the country, rising to 300 m. A special aspect of the tower is that it is divided into two parts in the last one-third of its height and is linked by a sky-bridge walkway, which provides extensive views of Riyadh.[59]

Burj Rafal Hotel Kempinski

Main article: Burj Rafal

Burj Rafal, located on King Fahd Road, is the tallest skyscraper in Riyadh at 307.9 meters (1,010 feet) tall. The tower was designed and engineered by P & T Group. Construction began in 2010 and was completed in 2014. The project was considered a success, with 70% of the residential units already sold by the time the skyscraper was topped out. The tower contains 474 residential condominium units and a 349-room 5-star Kempinski hotel.[60]

Burj Al Faisaliyah

Main article:
Al Faisaliyah Center

Al Faisaliyah Centre (Arabic: برج الفيصلية) is the first skyscraper constructed in Saudi Arabia and is the third tallest building in Riyadh after the Burj Rafal and the Kingdom Centre. The golden ball that lies atop the tower is said to be inspired by a ballpoint pen, and contains a restaurant; immediately below this is an outside viewing deck. There is a shopping center with major world brands at ground level. Al Faisaliyah Centre also has a hotel on both sides of the tower while the main building is occupied by office. The Al Faisaliyah Tower has 44 stories.[59] It was designed by Foster and Partners.

Riyadh TV Tower

Main article: Riyadh TV Tower
Anthropomorphic stela from the 4th millennium BC at the National Museum of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh

The Riyadh TV Tower is a 170 meter high television tower located inside the premises of the Saudi Ministry of Information. It is a vertical cantilever structure which was built between 1978 and 1981. The first movie made in 1983 by the TV tower group and named "1,000 Nights and Night" had Mohammed Abdu and Talal Mmdah as the main characters. At that time, there were no women on TV because of religious restrictions. Three years later, Abdul Khaliq Al-Ghanim produced a TV series called "Tash Ma Tash," which earned a good reaction from audiences in Eastern Arabia. This series created a media revolution back in the 1980s.[61]

Museums and collections

Main article: Museums in Riyadh

In 1999, a new central museum was built in Riyadh, at the eastern side of the

King Abdul Aziz Historical Centre. The National Museum of Saudi Arabia combined several collections and pieces that had up until then been scattered over several institutions and other places in Riyadh and the Kingdom. For example, the meteorite fragment is known as the "Camel's Hump", recovered in 1966 from the Wabar site, that was on display at the King Saud University
in Riyadh became the new entry piece of the National Museum of Saudi Arabia.

The Royal Saudi Air Force Museum, or Saqr Al-Jazira, is located on the East Ring Road of Riyadh between exits 10 and 11. It contains a collection of aircraft and aviation-related items used by the Royal Saudi Air Force and Saudia (Saudi Arabian Airlines).

Sports

Al-Riyadh Club, which was established in 1954, as well as many other minor clubs.[65]

The city also has several large stadiums such as

football
matches. The stadium has a capacity of 22,500 people.

The city's

Saudi Arabia's national basketball team
reached the Final Four.

On 29 February 2020, the world's richest thoroughbred horse race took place at the King Abdulaziz Racetrack in Riyadh. The Saudi Cup is a new race for thoroughbreds aged four and up, to be run at weight-for-age terms over 1800m (9f). The prize money is US$20m with a prize of US$10m to the winner and prize money down to tenth place. The Saudi Cup is perfectly positioned between the Pegasus World Cup and the Dubai World Cup to attract the best horses from around the world to compete for horse racing's richest prize. Putting the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on the international horseracing map, the Saudi Cup will also hold an undercard of international races on both dirt and the new turf course.

On 26 April 2020, Saudi Arabia entered the bidding process for the 2030 Asian Games; their main rival for this event was Doha, Qatar. On 16 December 2020, it was announced that Riyadh will host the 2034 Asian Games.[66][67]

Esports in Riyadh began its journey with the city's first major tournament, the GSA E-Sports Cup, in 2018. The Saudi Esports Federation further boosted this growth by organizing the Gamers8 festival in 2022 and 2023. The 2023 edition of the festival offered the largest prize pool in the history of global competitive esports, totaling $45 million. As part of the Gamers8 festival, the Riyadh Masters, a Dota 2 tournament, boasted a significant prize pool of $15 million, surpassed only by the Fortnite World Cup Finals and The International in the history of esports tournaments.[citation needed]

Transportation

Air

King Khalid International Airport

Riyadh's King Khalid International Airport (KKIA) is located 35 kilometers north of the city center. It is the city's main airport, and served over 20 million passengers in 2013.[68] The airport will be expanded into a huge airport, with six parallel runways and three or four large passenger terminals by 2030. It will be able to serve 120 million passengers per year after 2030, and 185 million passengers per year by 2050.[69][70]

Buses

The metro system will be integrated with an 85 kilometers (53 mi), three-line bus rapid transit (BRT) network.[71]

The main charter bus company in the kingdom, known as the Saudi Public Transport Company (SAPTCO), offers trips both within the kingdom and to its neighboring countries, including Egypt (via ferries from Safaga or Nuweiba) and Arab states of the Gulf Cooperation Council.[72]

Metro

The six line Riyadh Metro is currently under construction. The first line was expected to open by end of 2021,[73][74] but is now expected to open in 2024.

Railways

Ha'il and Northern Saudi Arabia are underway.[75]

Roads

Highways intersecting in Riyadh

The city is served by a major highway system. The main Eastern Ring Road connects the city's south and north, while the Northern Ring Road connects the city's east and west. King Fahd Road runs through the center of the city from north to south,[76] in parallel with the East Ring Road. Makkah Road, which runs east–west across the city's center, connects eastern parts of the city with the city's main business district and the diplomatic quarters.

Media

The 170 m (560 ft) Riyadh TV Tower, operated by the Ministry of Information, was built between 1978 and 1981. National Saudi television channels Saudi TV1, Saudi TV2,

Al-Watan, two English language newspapers; Saudi Gazette and Arab News, and one Malayalam language newspaper, Gulf Madhyamam.[77]

Development projects

Red Sea Global

In 2019, King Salman launched a plan to implement 1281[78] development projects in Riyadh. The project is planned to cost around US$22 billion.[79] The main goal of the plan is to improve the infrastructure, transportation, environment and other facilities in Riyadh and the surrounding area.[79] In the framework of Saudi Vision 2030, the plan will take care of constructing 15 housing projects, building a huge museum, establishing an environmental project, sports areas, medical cities, educational facilities, etc.[79] This includes the establishment of 14 electricity projects,[80] 20 sewage projects, 10 housing areas, 66 trading and industrial areas, a number of lakes covering 315,000 square meters, and advanced sports cities.[78] Since the announcment of the Vision, Riyadh has implemented various reforms to lay the foundation for the next steps of the Vision. [81]

Alongside the development project and in the aim of enhancing the artistic movement of the city, 1000 pieces of art are planned to be publicly displayed in the city by the end of 2030.[82] In the framework of Riyadh's development projects, an amount of SR 604 million has been awarded to develop and construct roads of Riyadh.[83] On 3 July 2020, Bloomberg reported that Saudi Arabia has allocated $20 billion on the mega-project of tourism and culture in Riyadh namely, "Diriyah Gate", while facing a double economic crisis after rise in coronavirus cases.[84]

The Ministry of Investment and the Royal Commission for Riyadh City (RCRC) announced on 13 July 2021 that they have partnered with SEK Education Group to open SEK International School Riyadh, its first campus in Saudi Arabia. The new international school will welcome students from Pre-K (age 3 years) to Grade 12 (age 17/18 years), and will become one of the few schools in Riyadh accredited to offer the International Baccalaureate (IB) Primary Years Programme (PYP), Middle Years Programme (MYP), and Diploma Programme (DP).

Events and festivals

Jenadriyah

Jenadriyah is an annual festival that has been held in Riyadh. It hosts a number of cultural and traditional events, such as camel race, poetry reading and others.[85]

Riyadh International Book Fair

It is one of the largest book fairs in the MENA region. It is usually held between March and April and it hosts a wide range of Saudi, Arab and international publishers.[86]

Riyadh Season

In the framework of the recent Saudi endeavor to promote tourism in the country, Riyadh Season was held as part of the Saudi Seasons initiative. The season took place in October 2019 and lasted until December 2019. It hosted a wide range of sports, musical, theatrical, fashion shows, circus, and various other entertainment activities.[87] Some of Riyadh Season events are BTS concert, Joy convention and Joy Expo, Ice Rink, WWE Events, Arabian concerts, Egyptian Theater, League of Legends, Real Madrid Interactive Expo and Ferrari Festival.[88]

Noor Riyadh

Noor Riyadh (Noor meaning light in Arabic) is an annual festival and one of the four major projects under the mandate of the Royal Commission for Riyadh City. It is the festival of light and art. In 2021, the festival will be launched on 18 March and will last until 3 April.[89]

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Bibliography

See also: Bibliography of the history of Riyadh

External links

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