Roads in the United Kingdom
The United Kingdom has a well developed and extensive network of roads totalling about 262,300 miles (422,100 km). Road distances are shown in miles or yards and UK speed limits are indicated in miles per hour (mph) or by the use of the national speed limit (NSL) symbol. Some vehicle categories have various lower maximum limits enforced by speed limiters. A unified numbering system is in place for Great Britain, whilst in Northern Ireland, there is no available explanation for the allocation of road numbers.[1]
The earliest specifically engineered roads were built during the
Although some roads have much older origins, the network was heavily developed from the 1950s to the mid-1990s to meet the demands of modern traffic. Construction of roads has become increasingly problematic with various opposition groups such as direct action campaigns and environmentalists. There are various ongoing and planned road building projects.
In the UK, road safety policy is part of transport policy. "Transport 2010; The 10 Year Plan" states that the basic principle is that "people travel safely and feel secure whether they are on foot or bicycle, in a car, on a train, or bus, at sea or on a plane".[2]
Road network
The UK has a road network totalling about 262,300 miles (422,100 km) of paved roads—246,500 miles (396,700 km) in Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) and 15,800 miles (25,500 km) in Northern Ireland.[3][4]
Administration
Responsibility for the road network differs between
Whilst generally they are trunk roads, several motorways are the responsibility of local authorities, for example the M275.[11]
Since 2008,
Classification
Numbered roads in the UK are signed as M (Motorway), A,
...a route, not being a route comprising any part of a motorway, in respect of which the Secretary of State —
(a) in the case of a trunk road is of the opinion, and
(b) in any other case after consultation with the traffic authority for the road comprised in the route is of the opinion,
that it provides the most satisfactory route for through traffic between places of traffic importance
A new standard was set in April 2015 to formally designate certain high-quality routes as Expressways,[17] but whether this will result in any existing road classifications changing is unclear.
Primary destinations
Primary destinations are usually
The status of both primary destinations and roads is maintained by the Department for Transport in combination with National Highways (for England), the Scottish Government and the Welsh Government.[specify] The concept of primary roads was introduced in the 1960s as part of a national reclassification of roads.[12]
Regional destinations
Regional destinations are commonly used on long-distance routes throughout the country alongside primary destinations. They are displayed on signs in capitals to distinguish them from towns and cities.[18] The boundaries of these regional destinations are not specifically defined and apply to generalised areas. The regions are: Mid Wales, North Wales, Scotland, South Wales, The East, The Lakes, The Dales, The Midlands, The North, The North East, The North West, The South, The South West and The West.
Signage
Signage on the UK network conforms broadly to European norms, though a number of signs are unique to Britain and direction signs omit European route numbers. All length distances are shown in miles or yards,[19] speed is in miles per hour[20] whilst height and width restrictions are required to be shown in feet and inches (though the metric measurements may optionally also appear). In September 2007 the European Commission ruled that the United Kingdom would never be required by them to convert signs to metric.[21]
The signage system currently in use was developed in the late 1950s and the early 1960s by the Anderson Committee, which established the motorway signing system, and by the Worboys Committee, which reformed signing for existing all-purpose (non-motorway) roads. It was introduced in 1965 and is governed by the Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions.[specify] Signs may be of an informative, warning or instructional nature.[specify] Instructional signs are generally circular, warnings are triangular and informative signs are rectangular or square.[specify] Motorway informative signs use white text on a blue background, primary routes are indicated by green directional and distance signs with yellow text, whilst secondary roads use black text on a white background.[22]
Driving
In the UK, vehicles are
UK speed limits are shown in mph.[20] With a few exceptions, they are in multiples of 10, ranging from 20 miles per hour (32 km/h) to 70 miles per hour (113 km/h). Unless a lower speed limit is posted on a road, the national speed limit applies, which varies between class of vehicles and the type of road. In a built-up area (usually indicated by street lights),[26] unless signs indicate otherwise, a limit of 30 miles per hour (48 km/h) applies. Other limits are shown in the table.[27][28][29]
Type of vehicle | Speed limit | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Single carriageway | Dual carriageway | Motorway | |||||
mph | km/h | mph | km/h | mph | km/h | ||
Car/motorcycle, car-derived vans up to 2 tonnes
|
60 | 97 | 70 | 113 | 70 | 113 | |
Car with caravan or trailer
|
50 | 80 | 60 | 97 | 60 | 97 | |
coach up to 12 metres long
|
50 | 80 | 60 | 97 | 70 | 113 | |
coach 12 metres or longer
|
50 | 80 | 60 | 97 | 60 | 97[30] | |
Goods vehicle below 7.5 tonnes | 50 | 80 | 60 | 97 | 70 | 113 | |
Goods vehicle over 7.5 tonnes | England and Wales | 50 | 80 | 60 | 97 | 60 | 97 |
Scotland except A9 between Perth and Inverness | 40 | 64 | 50 | 80 | 60 | 97 | |
A9 between Perth and Inverness | 50 | 80 | 50 | 80 | N/A | N/A |
For a road to be classed as a dual carriageway, the two directions of
Taxes and charges
Motoring taxation
After the end of the
Tolls and congestion charges
Tolls or congestion charges are used for some major bridges and tunnels, for example the
Since 2006,
Before 14 December 2018, the M4's Second Severn Crossing (officially 'The Prince of Wales Bridge') included tolls. However, after being closed for toll removal for three days, the bridge opened up again on 17 December starting with a formal ceremony. Toll payment was scrapped and it marked history as it is believed to be the first time in 400 years that the crossing will be free.[37]
Since the abolition of tolls on the Forth and Tay Road Bridges in 2008,[38] there are no longer any toll roads in Scotland.[39]
Road traffic safety
This section needs to be updated.(November 2017) |
In June 2008, the Road Safety Foundation reported that 30 per cent of the primary route network in Great Britain failed to rate as safe, and a quarter of all motorways were outside the safest risk band.[40]
In 2006 the 8-mile (13 km) Cat and Fiddle Road between Macclesfield and Buxton was named as Britain's most dangerous road. The single-carriageway road has been the scene of 43 fatal or serious collisions since 2001, nearly three-quarters of them involving motorcyclists. When collisions involving motorcyclists are removed from the analysis, the A61 between Barnsley and Wakefield was found to be the most dangerous road in Britain.[41]
Between 2003 and 2006, the most improved safety record was for the A453 from the A38 to Tamworth in Staffordshire. This rural single carriageway saw an 88 per cent drop in the number of fatal or serious collisions in the last six years, taking it from a medium risk road to one of the safest. According to the Foundation, this has been achieved by introducing traffic lights, speed limit reductions and village pedestrian facilities.[42]
Research undertaken in July 2008 has shown that investment in a safe road infrastructure programme could yield a one-third reduction in road deaths, saving as much as £6 billion per year.[43] A consortium of 13 major road safety stakeholders have formed the Campaign for Safe Road Design, which is calling on the UK Government to make safe road design a national transport priority.[44]
History
Iron Age
The earliest evidence of engineered roads dates back to the 1st century BC. A metalled and cambered road, 1.5 metres high and six metres wide, was unearthed at Bayston Hill quarry, near Shrewsbury.[45] A timber road was preserved in peat in Geldeston, Norfolk, with tree rings suggesting a date of 75 BC, probably built by the Iceni tribe.[46]
Roman Britain
Roads built in the first phase of Roman occupation (43–68 AD) connected London with the ports used in the invasion (
Few Roman roads extended into Scotland due to their inability to subjugate the local population. Part of the Scottish Lowlands came under Roman control in 142, and the Antonine Wall was constructed on the northern boundary. However, the Roman legions withdrew in 164 to their former northern boundary, Hadrian's Wall.
The primary function of Roman roads was to allow the rapid movement of troops and military supplies, but it also provided vital infrastructure for trade and the transport of goods. The roads were paved, a first for the island, and could carry heavy goods in all weathers.[48] Following the Roman withdrawal from Britain, road maintenance became a very ad hoc activity.
Medieval roads
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2008) |
A network of roadways was developed in Britain in the
The "Four Highways" of medieval England
The Icknield Way was one of four highways that appear in the literature of the 1130s. Henry of Huntingdon wrote that the Ermine Street, Fosse Way, Watling Street and Icknield Way had been constructed by royal authority.
Early modern era
The first legislated control in
In the second half of the 18th century, turnpike trusts became numerous, with trusts also set up in Wales and lowland Scotland.
Also, in England, the process of land owners enclosing land had been happening since medieval times.[53] During the 17th century a practice developed of obtaining authorisation by Act of Parliament. The statutory process included the appointment of enclosure commissioners. Commissioners were given authorisation to replace old roads and country lanes with new roads that were wider and straighter than those they replaced. Straight roads of early origin, if not Roman were probably enclosure roads. They were established in the period between 1750 and 1850.[54][55][56]
The high cost of tolls, on the turnpikes, caused social unrest in
After complaints about the
1900–1950
The
High unemployment after the end of World War I led the Minister of Transport to provide grant funding to the county councils to improve roads, particularly where labour was recruited from areas of high unemployment and adjoining areas, and men with dependants. Two unemployment relief programmes were run, the first from 1920 to 1925 and the second from 1929 to 1930.[61] Government grants were limited to trunk roads and bridges, with the money coming from the Road Fund.[61] Some 500 miles (800 km) of bypasses were built by 1935, about half of what was originally planned at the start of the programmes.[61] In 1930, responsibility for all roads was vested in the county councils.[49] The first inter-urban new road built in the UK was the East Lancs Road, which was built between 1929 and 1934 at a cost of £8 million.[51][64]
For the first time since the
During World War II, government plans were drawn up to create a new network of high-speed routes across the country.[62] The passing of the Special Roads Act 1949 gave the government legal powers to build roads that were not automatically rights of way for certain types of user.
1950–1979
In 1958, the first motorway was opened as the
In 1963, a report on urban transport planning policy,
In 1966, a revision of design standards was proposed which would, it was stated, save "acres of land" and £22,000 per mile in construction costs. The revision involved reducing from 10 ft (3 m) to 5 ft (1.5 m) the width of roadside grass verges on newly constructed "rural" motorways, and removing 1 foot (0.3 m) of the width of the "marginal strips" that separated each carriageway from the central reservation.[75]
The 1968-9 Ministry of Transport report Roads in England planned to complement the new interurban routes with £1bn of new urban trunk roads outside London in order to "alleviate traffic congestion", complemented by parking controls, traffic management and public transport.[76]
The first 1,000 miles (1,600 km) of motorway had been built by 1972[77] and more motorways opened into the 1980s.[78]
Roads outside urban areas continued to be built throughout the 1970s, but the urban routes soon ran into opposition. Plans by the
Work on planning motorways in Northern Ireland had begun before the Second World War, but the legal authority for motorways was not provided for until the Special Roads Act (Northern Ireland) 1963, similar to that in the 1949 Act.[82] The first motorway to open was the M1 motorway in 1962, though did so under temporary powers until the Special Roads Act had been passed.[83] Work on the motorways continued until the 1970s, when the oil crisis and The Troubles both intervened, causing the abandonment of many schemes.[84]
1979–1997
The
This road building programme continued into the start of the premiership of
The Standing Advisory Committee on Trunk Road Assessment had also concluded in 1994 that building new roads simply generated more traffic, and was therefore largely self-defeating.
A major
The last new motorway in the United Kingdom (The M3 motorway in Northern Ireland) opened in 1994.[96] In 1996 the total length of motorways reached 2,000 miles (3,200 km).[97]
1997–present day
After the election of the Labour government in 1997, most remaining road schemes were cancelled[98][99] and problem areas of the road network subject to multi-modal studies to investigate non-road alternatives, following the introduction of the A New Deal for Trunk Roads in England White Paper.[100]
In 1998, it was proposed to transfer parts of the English trunk road network to local councils, retaining central control for the network connecting major population centres, ports, airports, key cross-border links and the
In 2002, the government proposed a new major road building program with 360 miles (580 km) of the strategic road network to be widened, 80 major new trunk road schemes to improve safety and 100 new bypasses on trunk and local roads.[102] The protesters reformed.[103]
In 2004, the Government announced in the Queen's speech a major new funding source from transport schemes, the
In 2007, a new
Traffic has increased by 80% between 1980 and 2005 whilst road capacity has increased by 10%.[106]
On 4 June 2018, a change in the law meant that learner drivers, who had previously been banned from driving on motorways, were allowed to use them when accompanied by a driving instructor in a car with dual controls.[107][108] As motorway driving is not offered as part of the practical driving test in the United Kingdom, these measures were put in place in an effort to teach motorway safety.[109][110]
In the 2020s, there was a policy shift away from "predict and provide" to "decide and provide" in which transport planning aims to achieve a desired level of road use rather than unconstrained growth as before, also aiming to secure
Naming
See also
References
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External links
- Highways England network map
- Map of Scottish Trunk Roads
- Interactive Map of Average Daily Traffic for every major UK Road
- International Transport Statistics Database: Transport in Great Britain
- EuroRAP GB Tracking Survey Results 2008
- Pathetic Motorways, a list of unusual or "lost" motorways in Britain
- The Motorway Archive