Robert Burns
Robert Burns | |
---|---|
Born | Alloway, Ayrshire, Scotland | 25 January 1759
Died | 21 July 1796 Dumfries, Scotland | (aged 37)
Resting place | Burns Mausoleum, Dumfries |
Nickname | Rabbie Burns |
Occupation |
|
Language | Scots language |
Nationality | Scottish |
Literary movement | Romanticism |
Notable works | |
Notable awards | |
Military Service | |
Allegiance | Great Britain |
Service/ | British Volunteer Corps |
Years of service | 1795–96 |
Rank | Private |
Unit | Dumfries Volunteer Company |
Battles/wars | French Revolutionary Wars |
Spouse | Jean Armour |
Children | 12 |
Parents | |
Signature | |
Robert Burns (25 January 1759 – 21 July 1796), also known familiarly as Rabbie Burns,
He is regarded as a pioneer of the
As well as making original compositions, Burns also collected folk songs from across Scotland, often revising or adapting them. His poem (and song) "Auld Lang Syne" is often sung at Hogmanay (the last day of the year), and "Scots Wha Hae" served for a long time as an unofficial national anthem of the country. Other poems and songs of Burns that remain well known across the world today include "A Red, Red Rose", "A Man's a Man for A' That", "To a Louse", "To a Mouse", "The Battle of Sherramuir", "Tam o' Shanter" and "Ae Fond Kiss".
Life and background
Ayrshire
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2018) |
Alloway
Burns was born two miles (3 km) south of
He was born in a house built by his father (now the Burns Cottage Museum), where he lived until Easter 1766, when he was seven years old. William Burnes sold the house and took the tenancy of the 70-acre (280,000 m2) Mount Oliphant farm, southeast of Alloway. Here Burns grew up in poverty and hardship, and the severe manual labour of the farm left its traces in a weakened constitution.[6]
He was given irregular schooling and a lot of his education was with his father, who taught his children reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, and history and also wrote for them A Manual of Christian Belief.
By the age of 15, Burns was the principal labourer at Mount Oliphant. During the harvest of 1774, he was assisted by
Tarbolton
Despite his ability and character,
Robert Burns was
Mauchline
Robert and Gilbert made an ineffectual struggle to keep on the farm, but after its failure they moved to
Love affairs
Burns's first child,
Burns had encountered financial difficulties due to his lack of success as a farmer. In order to make enough money to support a family, he accepted a job offer from Patrick Douglas, an absentee landowner who lived in Cumnock, to work on his sugar plantations near Port Antonio, Jamaica. Douglas' plantations were managed by his brother Charles, and the job offer, which had a salary of £30 per annum, entailed working in Jamaica as a "book-keeper", whose duties included serving as an assistant overseer to the Black slaves on the plantations (Burns himself described the position as being "a poor Negro driver").[8] The position, which was for a single man, would entail Burns living on a plantation in rustic conditions, as it was unlikely a book keeper would be housed in the plantation's great house.[9][10] Apologists have argued in Burns's defence that in 1786, the Scottish abolitionist movement was just beginning to be broadly active.[11][12] Burns's authorship of "The Slave's Lament", a 1792 poem argued as an example of his abolitionist views, is disputed. His name is absent from any abolitionist petition written in Scotland during the period, and according to academic Lisa Williams, Burns "is strangely silent on the question of chattel slavery compared to other contemporary poets. Perhaps this was due to his government position, severe limitations on free speech at the time or his association with beneficiaries of the slave trade system".[13][14]
Around the same time, Burns fell in love with a woman named Mary Campbell, whom he had seen in church while he was still living in Tarbolton. She was born near Dunoon and had lived in Campbeltown before moving to work in Ayrshire. He dedicated the poems "The Highland Lassie O", "Highland Mary", and "To Mary in Heaven" to her. His song "Will ye go to the Indies, my Mary, And leave auld Scotia's shore?" suggests that they planned to emigrate to Jamaica together. Their relationship has been the subject of much conjecture, and it has been suggested that on 14 May 1786 they exchanged Bibles and plighted their troth over the Water of Fail in a traditional form of marriage. Soon afterwards Mary Campbell left her work in Ayrshire, went to the seaport of Greenock, and sailed home to her parents in Campbeltown.[9][10] In October 1786, Mary and her father sailed from Campbeltown to visit her brother in Greenock. Her brother fell ill with typhus, which she also caught while nursing him. She died of typhus on 20 or 21 October 1786 and was buried there.[10]
Kilmarnock volume
As Burns lacked the funds to pay for his passage to Jamaica, Gavin Hamilton suggested that he should "publish his poems in the meantime by subscription, as a likely way of getting a little money to provide him more liberally in necessaries for Jamaica." On 3 April Burns sent proposals for publishing his Scotch Poems to John Wilson, a printer in Kilmarnock, who published these proposals on 14 April 1786, on the same day that Jean Armour's father tore up the paper in which Burns attested his marriage to Jean. To obtain a certificate that he was a free bachelor, Burns agreed on 25 June to stand for rebuke in the Mauchline kirk for three Sundays. He transferred his share in Mossgiel farm to his brother Gilbert on 22 July, and on 30 July wrote to tell his friend John Richmond that, "Armour has got a warrant to throw me in jail until I can find a warrant for an enormous sum ... I am wandering from one friend's house to another."[15]
On 31 July 1786 John Wilson published the volume of works by Robert Burns,
Burns postponed his planned emigration to Jamaica on 1 September, and was at Mossgiel two days later when he learnt that Jean Armour had given birth to twins. On 4 September Thomas Blacklock wrote a letter expressing admiration for the poetry in the Kilmarnock volume, and suggesting an enlarged second edition.[16] A copy of it was passed to Burns, who later recalled, "I had taken the last farewell of my few friends, my chest was on the road to Greenock; I had composed the last song I should ever measure in Scotland – 'The Gloomy night is gathering fast' – when a letter from Dr Blacklock to a friend of mine overthrew all my schemes, by opening new prospects to my poetic ambition. The Doctor belonged to a set of critics for whose applause I had not dared to hope. His opinion that I would meet with encouragement in Edinburgh for a second edition, fired me so much, that away I posted for that city, without a single acquaintance, or a single letter of introduction."[18]
Edinburgh
On 27 November 1786 Burns borrowed a pony and set out for Edinburgh. On 14 December William Creech issued subscription bills for the first Edinburgh edition of Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish dialect, which was published on 17 April 1787. Within a week of this event, Burns had sold his copyright to Creech for 100 guineas.[16] For the edition, Creech commissioned Alexander Nasmyth to paint the oval bust-length portrait now in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, which was engraved to provide a frontispiece for the book. Nasmyth had come to know Burns and his fresh and appealing image has become the basis for almost all subsequent representations of the poet.[19] In Edinburgh, he was received as an equal by the city's men of letters—including Dugald Stewart, Robertson, Blair and others—and was a guest at aristocratic gatherings, where he bore himself with unaffected dignity. Here he encountered, and made a lasting impression on, the 16-year-old Walter Scott, who described him later with great admiration:
[His person was strong and robust;] his manners rustic, not clownish, a sort of dignified plainness and simplicity which received part of its effect perhaps from knowledge of his extraordinary talents. His features are presented in Mr Nasmyth's picture but to me it conveys the idea that they are diminished, as if seen in perspective. I think his countenance was more massive than it looks in any of the portraits ... there was a strong expression of shrewdness in all his lineaments; the eye alone, I think, indicated the poetical character and temperament. It was large, and of a dark cast, and literally glowed when he spoke with feeling or interest. [I never saw such another eye in a human head, though I have seen the most distinguished men of my time.][20]
The new edition of his poems brought Burns £400. His stay in the city also resulted in some lifelong friendships, among which were those with
In Edinburgh, in early 1787, he met James Johnson, a struggling music engraver and music seller with a love of old Scots songs and a determination to preserve them. Burns shared this interest and became an enthusiastic contributor to The Scots Musical Museum. The first volume was published in 1787 and included three songs by Burns. He contributed 40 songs to volume two, and he ended up responsible for about a third of the 600 songs in the whole collection, as well as making a considerable editorial contribution. The final volume was published in 1803.[21]
Dumfriesshire
Ellisland Farm
On his return from Edinburgh in February 1788, he resumed his relationship with Jean Armour and they married in March 1788. He took out a lease on Ellisland Farm, Dumfriesshire, settling there in June. He also took up a training position as an exciseman or gauger, which involved long rides and detailed bookkeeping. He was appointed to duties in Customs and Excise in 1789. Burns chose the land of Ellisland a few miles north of the town of Dumfries, from Patrick Miller's estate at Dalswinton, where he had a new farmhouse and byre built. He and Jean moved in the following summer 1789 to the new farm house at Ellisland. In November 1790, he had written his masterpiece, the narrative poem "
Lyricist
After giving up his farm, he removed to Dumfries. It was at this time that, being requested to write lyrics for The Melodies of Scotland, he responded by contributing over 100 songs.[20] He made major contributions to George Thomson's A Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs for the Voice as well as to James Johnson's Scots Musical Museum.[citation needed] Arguably his claim to immortality chiefly rests on these volumes, which placed him in the front rank of lyric poets.[20] As a songwriter he provided his own lyrics, sometimes adapted from traditional words. He put words to Scottish folk melodies and airs which he collected, and composed his own arrangements of the music including modifying tunes or recreating melodies on the basis of fragments. In letters he explained that he preferred simplicity, relating songs to spoken language which should be sung in traditional ways. The original instruments would be fiddle and the guitar of the period which was akin to a cittern, but the transcription of songs for piano has resulted in them usually being performed in classical concert or music hall styles.[24] At the 3 week Celtic Connections festival Glasgow each January, Burns songs are often performed with both fiddle and guitar.
Thomson as a publisher commissioned arrangements of "Scottish, Welsh and Irish Airs" by such eminent composers of the day as Joseph Haydn and Ludwig van Beethoven, with new lyrics. The contributors of lyrics included Burns. While such arrangements had wide popular appeal,[25][26][27][28] Beethoven's music was more advanced and difficult to play than Thomson intended.[29][30]
Burns described how he had to master singing the tune before he composed the words:
My way is: I consider the poetic sentiment, correspondent to my idea of the musical expression, then chuse my theme, begin one stanza, when that is composed—which is generally the most difficult part of the business—I walk out, sit down now and then, look out for objects in nature around me that are in unison or harmony with the cogitations of my fancy and workings of my bosom, humming every now and then the air with the verses I have framed. when I feel my Muse beginning to jade, I retire to the solitary fireside of my study, and there commit my effusions to paper, swinging, at intervals, on the hind-legs of my elbow chair, by way of calling forth my own critical strictures, as my, pen goes.
Burns also worked to collect and preserve Scottish
Many of Burns's most famous poems are songs with the music based upon older traditional songs. For example, "Auld Lang Syne" is set to the traditional tune "Can Ye Labour Lea", "A Red, Red Rose" is set to the tune of "Major Graham" and "The Battle of Sherramuir" is set to the "Cameronian Rant".
Political views
Burns alienated some acquaintances by freely expressing sympathy with the French,[31] and American Revolutions, for the advocates of democratic reform and votes for all men and the Society of the Friends of the People which advocated Parliamentary Reform. His political views came to the notice of his employers, to which he pleaded his innocence. Burns met other radicals at the Globe Inn Dumfries. As an Exciseman he felt compelled to join the Royal Dumfries Volunteers in March 1795.[32]
Failing health and death
Latterly Burns lived in Dumfries in a two-storey red sandstone house on Mill Hole Brae, now Burns Street. The home is now a museum. He went on long journeys on horseback, often in harsh weather conditions as an Excise Supervisor, and was kept very busy doing reports. The father of four young children, he was also frequently occupied as a song collector and songwriter.
As his health began to give way, he aged prematurely and fell into fits of despondency.[31] Rumours of intemperance (alleged mainly by temperance activist James Currie)[33][34] may have been overstated.[35] Hard manual farm labour earlier in his life may have damaged Burns's health.[36] Burns possibly had a long-standing rheumatic heart condition,[37] perhaps beginning when he was 21, and a bacterial infection, possibly arising from a tooth abscess, may have exacerbated this.[38]
On the morning of 21 July 1796, Burns died in Dumfries, at the age of 37.
The funeral took place on Monday 25 July 1796, the day that his son Maxwell was born. He was at first buried in the far corner of St. Michael's Churchyard in Dumfries; a simple "slab of freestone" was erected as his gravestone by Jean Armour, which some felt insulting to his memory.[39] His body was eventually moved to its final location in the same cemetery, the Burns Mausoleum, in September 1817.[40] The body of his widow Jean Armour was buried with his in 1834.[37]
After Burns death
Armour had taken steps to secure his personal property, partly by liquidating two promissory notes amounting to fifteen pounds sterling (about 1,100 pounds at 2009 prices).[41] The family went to the Court of Session in 1798 with a plan to support his surviving children by publishing a four-volume edition of his complete works and a biography written by James Currie. Subscriptions were raised to meet the initial cost of publication, which was in the hands of Thomas Cadell and William Davies in London and William Creech, bookseller in Edinburgh.[42] Hogg records that fund-raising for Burns's family was embarrassingly slow, and it took several years to accumulate significant funds through the efforts of John Syme and Alexander Cunningham.[37]
Burns was posthumously given the freedom of the town of Dumfries.[33] Hogg records that Burns was given the freedom of the Burgh of Dumfries on 4 June 1787, 9 years before his death, and was also made an Honorary Burgess of Dumfries.[43]
Through his five surviving children (of 12 born), Burns has over 900 living descendants as of 2019.[44]
Removal of Burns's skull
Armour died on 26 March 1834 and was interred into the Burns Mausoleum on 31 March 1834. The opening of the mausoleum provided an opportunity to exhume Burns body by a local group who believed in phrenology, a pseudo-science whose practitioners believed an individual's personality could be predicted by measuring the skulls.[45]
The group was led by Archibald Blacklock, a surgeon, and John McDiarmid, Dumfries Courier editor and phrenologist. Other members of the group included Adam Rankine, James Kerr, James Bogie, Andrew Crombie and their assistants.
The night before Armour's funeral, the group was supposedly granted permission to exhume Burns's body by Armour's brother, Robert Armour.
The group attempted to entered the mausoleum at 7pm. There were many people present in the graveyard and they decided to try again later that evening.
The skull was removed and taken to James Fraser, a local plasterer of Queensbury Street, Dumfries. The skull was later returned to the tomb.
A plaster cast was sent to George Combe, a Scottish lawyer and practitioner of phrenology based in Edinburgh. Combe published a report about his findings, entitled ‘Phrenological development of Robert Burns. From a cast on his skull moulded at Dumfries, the 31st day of March, 1834’.[46]
Number of plaster casts
It is unknown how many casts were made by Fraser, with some sources reporting three were made.[47] Six casts are known though some may be copies of the original cast.
- Anatomical Museum, University of Edinburgh[48]
- The Hunterian, University of Glasgow[49]
- Writers' Museum, a museum in Edinburgh[50]
- Dumfries Museum
- East Ayrshire Museums
- National Trust for Scotland's Robert Burns Birthplace Museum
Literary style
Burns's style is marked by spontaneity, directness, and sincerity, and ranges from the tender intensity of some of his lyrics through the humour of "Tam o' Shanter" and the satire of "Holy Willie's Prayer" and "The Holy Fair".[20]
Burns's poetry drew upon a substantial familiarity with and knowledge of Classical, Biblical, and English literature, as well as the Scottish Makar tradition.[51] Burns was skilled in writing not only in the Scots language but also in the Scottish English dialect of the English language. Some of his works, such as "Love and Liberty" (also known as "The Jolly Beggars"), are written in both Scots and English for various effects.[52]
His themes included
The strong emotional highs and lows associated with many of Burns's poems have led some, such as Burns biographer Robert Crawford,[54] to suggest that he suffered from manic depression—a hypothesis that has been supported by analysis of various samples of his handwriting. Burns himself referred to suffering from episodes of what he called "blue devilism". The National Trust for Scotland has downplayed the suggestion on the grounds that evidence is insufficient to support the claim.[55]
Influence
Britain
Burns is generally classified as a proto-
Canada
Burns had a significant influence on Alexander McLachlan[56] and some influence on Robert Service. While this may not be so obvious in Service's English verse, which is Kiplingesque, it is more readily apparent in his Scots verse.[57]
Scottish Canadians have embraced Robert Burns as a kind of patron poet and mark his birthday with festivities. 'Robbie Burns Day' is celebrated from
United States
In January 1864, President Abraham Lincoln was invited to attend a Robert Burns celebration by Robert Crawford; and if unable to attend, send a toast. Lincoln composed a toast.[69]
An example of Burns's literary influence in the US is seen in the choice by novelist John Steinbeck of the title of his 1937 novel, Of Mice and Men, taken from a line in the second-to-last stanza of "To a Mouse": "The best laid schemes o' mice an' men / Gang aft agley." Burns's influence on American vernacular poets such as James Whitcomb Riley and Frank Lebby Stanton has been acknowledged by their biographers.[70] When asked for the source of his greatest creative inspiration, singer-songwriter Bob Dylan selected Burns's 1794 song "A Red, Red Rose" as the lyric that had the biggest effect on his life.[71]
The author
Russia
Burns became the "people's poet" of Russia. In
Honours
Landmarks and organisations
Burns clubs have been founded worldwide. The first one, known as The Mother Club, was founded in Greenock in 1801 by merchants born in Ayrshire, some of whom had known Burns.[75] The club set its original objectives as "To cherish the name of Robert Burns; to foster a love of his writings, and generally to encourage an interest in the Scottish language and literature." The club also continues to have local charitable work as a priority.[76]
Burns's birthplace in Alloway is now a National Trust for Scotland property called the Robert Burns Birthplace Museum. It includes: the humble Burns Cottage where he was born and spent the first years of his life, a modern museum building which houses more than 5,000 Burns artefacts including his handwritten manuscripts, the historic Alloway Auld Kirk and Brig o Doon which feature in Burns's masterpiece 'Tam o Shanter', and the Burns Monument which was erected in Burns's honour and finished in 1823. His house in Dumfries is operated as the Robert Burns House, and the Robert Burns Centre in Dumfries features more exhibits about his life and works.
Significant 19th-century monuments to him stand in Alloway, Leith, and Dumfries. An early 20th-century replica of his birthplace cottage belonging to the Burns Club Atlanta stands in Atlanta, Georgia. These are part of a large list of Burns memorials and statues around the world.
Organisations include the Robert Burns Fellowship of the University of Otago in New Zealand, and the Burns Club Atlanta in the United States. Towns named after Burns include Burns, New York, and Burns, Oregon.
In the suburb of Summerhill, Dumfries, the majority of the streets have names with Burns connotations. A British Rail Standard Class 7 steam locomotive was named after him, along with a later Class 87 electric locomotive, No. 87035.[77] On 24 September 1996, Class 156 diesel unit 156433 was named The Kilmarnock Edition at Girvan station to launch the new Burns Line services between Girvan, Ayr and Kilmarnock, supported by Strathclyde Partnership for Transport.[78]
Several streets surrounding the
There is a statue of Burns in The Octagon, Dunedin, in the same pose as the one in Dundee. Dunedin's first European settlers were Scots; Thomas Burns, a nephew of Burns, was one of Dunedin's founding fathers.
A crater on Mercury is named after Burns.
In November 2012, Burns was awarded the title Honorary Chartered Surveyor[79] by The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, the only posthumous membership so far granted by the institution.
The oldest statue of Burns is in the town of Camperdown, Victoria.[80] It now hosts an annual Robert Burns Scottish Festival in celebration of the statue and its history.[81]
In 2020, the Robert Burns Academy in Cumnock, East Ayrshire opened and is named after Burns as an honour of Burns having spent time living in nearby Mauchline.[82]
Stamps and currency
The Soviet Union was the first country in the world to honour Burns with a commemorative stamp, marking the 160th anniversary of his death in 1956.[83]
The UK postal service, the
Burns was pictured on the Clydesdale Bank £5 note from 1971 to 2009.[85][86] On the reverse of the note was a vignette of a field mouse and a wild rose in reference to Burns's poem "To a Mouse". The Clydesdale Bank's notes were redesigned in 2009 and, since then, he has been pictured on the front of their £10 note.[86] In September 2007, the Bank of Scotland redesigned their banknotes to feature famous Scottish bridges. The reverse side of new £5 features Brig o' Doon, famous from Burns's poem "Tam o' Shanter", and pictures the statue of Burns at that site.[87]
In 1996, the Isle of Man issued a four-coin set of Crown (5/-) pieces on the themes of "Auld Lang Syne", Edinburgh Castle, Revenue Cutter, and Writing Poems.[88] Tristan da Cunha produced a gold £5 Bicentenary Coin.[89]
In 2009 the Royal Mint issued a commemorative two pound coin featuring a quote from "Auld Lang Syne".[90]
Musical tributes
In 1976, singer Jean Redpath, in collaboration with composer Serge Hovey, started to record all of Burns's songs, with a mixture of traditional and Burns's own compositions. The project ended when Hovey died, after seven of the planned twenty-two volumes were completed. Redpath also recorded four cassettes of Burns's songs (re-issued as 3 CDs) for the Scots Musical Museum.[91]
In 1996, a musical about Burns's life called
Alfred B. Street wrote the words and Henry Tucker wrote the music for a song called Our Own Robbie Burns[94] in 1856.
Burns suppers
Burns Night, in effect a second
The format of Burns suppers has changed little since. The basic format starts with a general welcome and announcements, followed with the Selkirk Grace. After the grace comes the piping and cutting of the haggis, when Burns's famous "Address to a Haggis" is read and the haggis is cut open. The event usually allows for people to start eating just after the haggis is presented. At the end of the meal, a series of toasts, often including a 'Toast to the Lassies', and replies are made. This is when the toast to "the immortal memory", an overview of Burns's life and work, is given. The event usually concludes with the singing of "Auld Lang Syne".
Greatest Scot
In 2009,
Crater
A crater on the planet Mercury has been named after Burns.
See also
- Agnes Burns (sister)
- Alexander Tait (poet)
- Annabella Burns (sister)
- Elizabeth 'Betty' Burns
- Elizabeth Riddell Burns
- Glenriddell Manuscripts
- James Glencairn Burns (son)
- Jean Lorimer (Chloris)
- John Burns (farmer) (brother)
- List of 18th-century British working-class writers
- People on Scottish banknotes
- List of Robert Burns memorials
- Poems by David Sillar
- Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect (London Edition)
- Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect (Second Edinburgh Edition)
- Robert Aiken
- Robert Burns and the Eglinton Estate
- Robert Burns Junior (eldest son)
- Robert Burns's Commonplace Book 1783–1785
- Robert Burns's diamond point engravings
- Robert Burns's Interleaved Scots Musical Museum
- The Holy Tulzie
- The World of Robert Burns (educational software)
- William Burns (saddler) (brother)
- William Nicol Burns (son)
- Thomas White (headteacher)
Notes
References
- ^ O'Hagan, A: "The People's Poet Archived 25 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine", The Guardian, 19 January 2008.
- ^ "Scotland's National Bard". scottishexecutive.gov.uk. Scottish Executive. 25 January 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2009.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Hall of Fame: Robert Burns (1759–1796)". National Records of Scotland. 31 May 2013. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
- ^ "Burnes, William". The Burns Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
- ^ "Robert Burns 1759 – 1796". The Robert Burns World Federation. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
- ^ a b c d Cousin 1910, p. 62.
- ^ "Mauchline kirk session records, National Archives of Scotland". 'The Legacy of Robert Burns' feature on the National Archives of Scotland website. National Archives of Scotland. 1 July 2009. Archived from the original on 8 October 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
- ISBN 9780748636501.; "Letter of Charles Douglas to Patrick Douglas dated Port Antonio 19th June 1786 (page 3 of 3) – Burns Scotland". Archivedfrom the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
- ^ a b Burns 1993, p. 19
- ^ a b c "Highland Mary (Mary Campbell)". Famous Sons and Daughters of Greenock. Nostalgic Greenock. Archived from the original on 20 February 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
- ^ "Feature on The Poet Robert Burns". Robert Burns History. Scotland.org. 13 January 2004. Archived from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
- ^ "Folkin' For Jamaica: Sly, Robbie and Robert Burns". The Play Ethic. 1 January 2009. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
- ^ Mullen, Stephen (4 March 2016). "The myth of Scottish slaves". Sceptical Scot. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
- ^ Williams, Lisa (9 October 2016). "Remaking our histories: Scotland, Slavery and Empire". National Galleries Scotland. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
- ^ Burns 1993, pp. 19–20
- ^ a b c Burns 1993, p. 20
- ^ a b "The Twa Dogs" Archived 6 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine – National Trust for Scotland
- Blackie and Son. Archivedfrom the original on 3 February 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
- ^ National Galleries of Scotland. "Artists A-Z − − N − Artists A-Z − Online Collection − Collection − National Galleries of Scotland". Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f Cousin 1910, p. 63.
- ^ "Robert Burns Country: The Burns Encyclopedia: Johnson, James (c. 1750 — 1811)". www.robertburns.org. Archived from the original on 25 October 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
- ^ a b Robert Burns: "Poetry – Poems – Poets Archived 12 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine." Retrieved on 24 September 2010
- ^ "Diploma of the Royal Company of Archers". Burns Scotland. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
- ^ David Sibbald. "Robert Burns the Song Writer". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
- ^ "Folksong Arrangements by Haydn / Folksong Arrangements by Haydn and Beethoven / Projects / Home – Trio van Beethoven". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
- ^ "Thomson's Select Melodies of Scotland, Ireland and Wales (Thomson, George)". Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
- ^ "25 Schottische Lieder, Op.108 (Beethoven, Ludwig van)". Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
- ^ "12 Schottische Lieder, WoO 156 (Beethoven, Ludwig van)". Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
- ^ "Ludwig and Rabbie: a partnership that ended in tears". Archived 1 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Independent, 2 December 2005. Retrieved 23 December 2015
- ^ Beethoven-Haus Bonn (1 April 2002). "Beethoven-Haus Bonn". Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
- ^ a b Cousin 1910, p. 64.
- ^ "MS: 'The Dumfries Volunteers' – Robert Burns Birthplace Museum". Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
- ^ a b Robert Burns: "The R.B. Gallery Archived 19 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine." Retrieved on 24 September 2010
- ^ Hughes, David (25 January 2023). "From his poems and children to his death, everything you need to know about Robert Burns". inews.co.uk.
- ^ Mair, George (4 August 2023). "The fake news about Rabbie Burns". The Edinburgh Reporter.
- ^ "Final years - Robert Burns - National Library of Scotland". digital.nls.uk.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-84596-412-2. p. 321.
- ^ "Burns fell ill in 1781 when he was 21 and developed what is thought to have been acute rheumatic fever. Before he died, it was noted that he had slowed down, complained repeatedly of joint pains and lost weight remarkably fast. Purdie said Burns's rheumatic fever led to a weakened heart, which eventually killed him. But his rapid decline may have begun with toothache. He told the podcast host, NTS president Jackie Bird: “The problem which occurs through toothache is apical root abscess – a highly infectious and very dangerous condition in the root of a tooth where bacteria spill from the tooth into the bloodstream and if you've got a heart which is affected by the long term effects of rheumatic fever then there's going to be a problem." https://theedinburghreporter.co.uk/2023/08/the-fake-news-about-rabbie-burns/#
- ^ "Thomas Hamilton, architect – Joe Rock's Research Pages". Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
- ^ "Robert Burns Mausoleum". Undiscovered Scotland. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
- ^ "Testament Dative and Inventory of Robert Burns, 1796, Dumfries Commissary Court (National Archives of Scotland CC5/6/18, pp. 74–75)". ScotlandsPeople website. National Archives of Scotland. Archived from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
- ^ "Appointment of judicial factor for Robert Burns's children, Court of Session records (National Archives of Scotland CS97/101/15), 1798–1801". 'The Legacy of Robert Burns' feature on the National Archives of Scotland website. National Archives of Scotland. 1 July 2009. Archived from the original on 8 October 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
- ISBN 978-1-84596-412-2. p. 154.
- ^ "Burness Genealogy and Family History – Person Page". Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
- ^ Alexander, Michael (23 January 2021). "Robert Burns: The remarkable night a surgeon robbed the National Bard's grave and stole his skull". The Courier. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ^ Alexander, Michael (23 January 2021). "Robert Burns: The remarkable night a surgeon robbed the National Bard's grave and stole his skull". The Courier. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ^ "Cast of the Cranium of Robert Burns". heritage.rcpsg.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ^ "Cast of the skull of Robert Burns". www.umis.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ^ "Cast of the Cranium of Robert Burns". heritage.rcpsg.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ^ "Plaster cast of the skull of Robert Burns". Capital Collections. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ^ Robert Burns: "Literary Style Archived 16 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine." Retrieved on 24 September 2010
- ^ Robert Burns: "some hae meat Archived 8 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine" Retrieved on 24 September 2010
- ^ Red Star Cafe: "to the Kibble Archived 12 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine" Retrieved on 24 September 2010
- ^ Rumens, C (16 January 2009). "The Bard, By Robert Crawford". Books. London: The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 January 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
- ^ Watson, J (7 June 2009). "Bard in the hand: Trust accused of hiding Burns's mental illness". Scotland on Sunday. Archived from the original on 10 June 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
- ISBN 978-1439270974, Chapter "Alexander McLachlan: 'The Robert Burns' of Canada", contribution of Edward J. Cowan, pp. 131–149
- ^ Burness, Edwina (January 1986). "Burness, Edwina (1986) "The Influence of Burns and Fergusson on the War Poetry of Robert Service," Studies in Scottish Literature:Vol. 21: Iss. 1". Studies in Scottish Literature. 21 (1). Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ "Haggis stress". The Western Start. 25 January 2013. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
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- ^ "Happy Robbie Burns Day from the 'Bard' Himself!". McMaster University Library. 24 January 2013. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
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- ^ "In Sir John A.'s Footsteps: The Virtual Tour". City of Kingston (Ontario). n.d. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ "Gung HAGGIS Fat Choy: Toddish McWong's Misadventures in Multiculturalism". Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
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- ^ Crawford, Robert. "The Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress." Robert Crawford to Abraham Lincoln, Saturday, 23 January 1864 (Invitation to attend Robert Burns celebration). 23 January 1864. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/malquery.html Archived 19 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 20 January 2013). Lincoln's toast: see Collected Works, VIII, 237.
- ^ See, e.g., Paul Stevenson, "Stanton—the Writer with a Heart" in Atlanta Constitution, 1925 January 18, p. 1; republished by Perry, LL; Wightman, MF (1938), Frank Lebby Stanton: Georgia's First Post Laureate, Atlanta: Georgia State Department of Education, pp. 8–14
- ^ Michaels, S (6 October 2008). "Bob Dylan: Robert Burns is my biggest inspiration". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
Dylan has revealed his greatest inspiration is Scotland's favourite son, the Bard of Ayrshire, the 18th-century poet known to most as Rabbie Burns. Dylan selected A Red, Red Rose, written by Burns in 1794.
- Sparknotes. Archivedfrom the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
When [Holden] tries to explain why he hates school, she accuses him of not liking anything. He tells her his fantasy of being "the catcher in the rye," a person who catches little children as they are about to fall off of a cliff. Phoebe tells him that he has misremembered the poem that he took the image from: Robert Burns's poem says "if a body meet a body, coming through the rye," not "catch a body."
- ^ "Burns Biography". Standrews.com. 27 January 1990. Archived from the original on 11 December 2004. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
- ^ Trew, J (10 April 2005). "From Rabbie with love". Scotsman.com Heritage & Culture. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
- ^ Gordon, Carl (7 May 1980). "Oldest Burns club opens its doors to the lassies". The Glasgow Herald. p. 4. Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
- ^ a b "Congratulation Greenock Burns Club". The Robert Burns World Federation Limited. Archived from the original on 26 January 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
- ^ Poet in motion – Robert Burns takes to the rails for the third time Rail issue 282 3 July 1996 page 52
- ^ Naming Notes Rail issue 290 23 October 1996 page 53
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- ^ "Camperdown's Robert Burns Festival". Victorian Government. Archived from the original on 13 June 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
- ^ "Burns House Museum, Mauchline – Museums". Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
- ^ Robert Burns World Federation Limited Burns chronicle, Volume 4, Issue 3 p.27. Burns Federation, 1995
- ^ "Stamps show great British designs". BBC. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
- ^ "Current Banknotes : Clydesdale Bank". The Committee of Scottish Clearing Bankers. Archived from the original on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 15 October 2008.
- ^ a b "Clydesdale launches Homecoming bank notes". The Herald. 14 January 2009. Archived from the original on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ "Current Banknotes : Bank of Scotland". The Committee of Scottish Clearing Bankers. Archived from the original on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2008.
- ^ Pobjoy Mint Archived 25 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved : 27 November 2011
- ^ £5 Coin Archived 15 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved : 27 November 2011
- ^ "The 2009 Robert Burns £2 Coin Pack". Archived from the original on 18 December 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
- ^ "THE SONGS OF ROBERT BURNS from the Scots Musical Museum". Jean Redpath Sings. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
- ^ "Clarinda – The Musical – No woman shunned Robert Burns' advances, until he met Clarinda!". Clarindathemusical.com. Archived from the original on 9 October 2006. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
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Bibliography
- Burns, R (1993). ISBN 1-84195-380-6.
- Burns, R (2003). Noble, A; Hogg, PS (eds.). The Canongate Burns: The Complete Poems and Songs of Robert Burns. Edinburgh: Canongate Books. ISBN 1-84195-380-6.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cousin, John William (1910). "Burns, Robert". A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons. pp. 62–64 – via Wikisource.
- Dietrich Hohmann: Ich, Robert Burns, Biographical Novel, Neues Leben, Berlin 1990 (in German)
External links
Biographical information Works by or about Robert Burns at Wikisource
Quotations related to Robert Burns at Wikiquote
Media related to Robert Burns at Wikimedia Commons
- Robert Burns website at National Library of Scotland
- Legacy of Robert Burns Archived 8 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine at National Archives of Scotland
- "Archival material relating to Robert Burns". UK National Archives.
- Guide to Robert Burns collection at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University
- Works by Robert Burns at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Robert Burns at Internet Archive
- Works by Robert Burns at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Works by Robert Burns at Open Library
- Robert Burns at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)
- Modern English translations of poems by Robert Burns
- Cousin, John William (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons, p. 57
- Robert Burns Archived 7 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine at the British Library
- To Robert Burns historical marker near Burns Cottage in Atlanta, Georgia
- The Papers of Robert Burns at Dartmouth College Library